GREECE GENERAL Area...... 30,000 sq. km. Population (xi-i928s).... 6,249,000 Density per sq. km..... 48.1 Length of railway system (1930).. 2,504 km. I. Army. A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS i. Ministry ol War. The central administration in the Ministry of War includes: The Minister's Secretariat; The General Directorate of the Ministry; Office of the Director of Personnel; Office of the Director of Infantry; Office of the Director of Artillery; Office of the Director of Engineers; Office of the Director of Cavalry; Office of the Director of Intendance; Office of the Director of Recruiting; Office of the Director of Accountancy; Office of the Director of Military Justice; Office of the Director of the Medical Service Office of the Director of the Veterinary Service Office of the Director of Train. Every office possesses a distinctive organisation of its own, but, generally speaking, all include a Director's Secretariat, a Personnel Department, a Supplies Department, a Department for investigations and enquiries, and various separate sub-offices for certain special questions.
GREECE 491 2. Army General Staff. The work of the Army General Staff includes the organisation of the army, the formation of units, recruiting, army supplies, military training, etc. It has at its head a General Officer known as the Chief of the Army General Staff; he is assisted by two Deputy Chiefs. The Army General Staff comprises four Departments: Department I : Organisation and mobilisation of the army, formation of units, recruiting. Department II : Intelligence service, study of foreign army organisations, political questions, topographical service, cypher section. Department III Military operations, general training of the army. Department IV Rail and sea transport, supplies, lines of communication. The military history service is also attached to the Army General Staff. 3. Supreme Council of National Defence. The Supreme Council of National Defence is presided over in time of peace by the Prime Minister. It decides all special defence questions which involve the co-operation of different Ministries. 4. Supreme Military Council. The Supreme Military Council, which is presided over by the Minister of War, deals in time of peace with questions relating to organisation and training of the Army, the construction of defence works, etc. 5. Permanent Inspectorates. There are two army corps inspectorates, a general inspectorate of military schools and permanent inspectorates for the following arms and services: i. Infantry. 7. Intendance. 2. Artillery. 8. Accountancy. 3. Cavalry. 9. Medical service. 4. Engineers. Io. Veterinary service. 5. Munitions. ii. Train. 6. Recruiting. The inspectorates are governed by special regulations. The Head of the Army General Staff is also Special Inspector of the officers on staff service. 6. Army Topographical Service. This service is under the direct orders of the Ministry of War (Army General Staff). Its work is to prepare and publish military maps ; geodesical, topographical and cartographical works; and scientific treatises dealing with meteorology, magnetic observations, etc.
492 GREECE B. RECRUITING SYSTEM Duration of Military Service. - Every Greek citizen is liable to personal military service. Men who have reached the age of 21 are called to the colours for i8 months' service, which may be reduced to I4, the Minister of War having the right to grant leave for an indefinite period after the completion of 14 months' service. Each contingent is called up in two batches: the first batch on May Ist and the second on September Ist. Men liable to four months' service may be excused from serving on payment of 2,500 drachmae, or of 1,500 drachmae if they belong to the category exempted from military service owing to naturalisation. Postponement of Service. - A postponement of service is granted to university students and certain other official schools to enable them to complete their studies. They are also allowed an interval of three months after the conclusion of their examination. The postponement may not exceed three years, reckoned from the day on which it is granted. Voluntary Engagements. - Any Greek citizen who has reached the age of i8 may engage voluntarily for I8 months' actual service. Supplementary Service. - In peace time men who have failed to appear when their class was called up, have to serve in addition to their ordinary period of service: for absence not exceeding one month, three months of supplementary service; for absence not exceeding three months, six months' supplementary service; for absence not exceeding six months, nine months' supplementary service ; in case of absence exceeding six months, the supplementary service lasts one year. Exemptions from this supplementary service cannot be purchased. One exception alone is made in favour of persons who are residing abroad at the date when their service should begin; they may purchase exemption from the supplementary service on payment of 500 drachmae per month of service. Army Reserve. - The Army Reserve consists of two categories "A " and "B ". Men who have completed their normal Army service are drafted into Reserve " A ", where they remain till they have reached the age of 40; they are then transferred to Reserve "B " where they remain till the age of 50. The contingents are called to the colours in two batches: in March and in September. The country is divided into 37 Recruiting Districts, each of which contains i regiment (or battalion) of infantry (or Evzones).
GREECE 493 C. CADRES Recruiting and Promotion. Second-lieutenants are recruited from among the pupils at the Military School who have passed their leaving examination. Second-lieutenants for the different services are recruited from the pupils trained in an Army N. C. O.'s school. D. HIGHER UNITS The army on a peace footing includes: (a) 4 army corps; the first at Athens; the second at Larissa; the third at Salonica; the fourth at Cavalla. (b) io infantry divisions attached to army corps. (c) 2 infantry divisions attached directly to the Ministry of War. (d) 2 cavalry brigades. (e) I military command. Twelve divisional staffs are stationed, respectively, at Larissa, Athens, Patras, Nauplia, Canea, Seres, Drama, Janina, Cozani, Verria, Salonica and Comotini. The two cavalry brigade staffs are stationed, respectively, at Larissa and Salonica. The military command is stationed at Mytilene. E. ARMS AND SERVICES I. Arms. (a) Infantry: 23 regiments of infantry; i regiment of Evzones; 8 independent infantry battalions. 2 battalions of Evzones. An infantry regiment includes: i regimental headquarters; 2 battalions, of three infantry companies and one machine-gun company each. (b) Cavalry: 4 regiments. A cavalry regiment consists of: 2 half-regiments, of 2 squadrons and i machine-gun group each.
494 GREECE (c) Artillery: 8 regiments of mountain artillery. 3 groups of mountain artillery forming a unit (the mountain artillery is armed with Schneider 75 mm. and Schneider- Danglis). 2 regiments of field artillery (armed with Schneider 75 mm.). i regiment of heavy artillery (armed with Schneider I55 mm. long, Io5 and 85). 2 groups of heavy artillery forming a unit. (d) Engineers 2 regiments of sappers; i telegraph regiment; i railway regiment; I pontoon battalion; 2 depots; i squadron of mounted engineers. II, Services. (a) Medical Service. The Army Medical Service includes i supreme Army Medical Board; 4 general hospitals; i6 military hospitals; 2 ambulance sections; 4 medical depots; 2 garrison pharmacies; i depot. (b) Military Intendance. Includes : 2 garrison intendance' units; 2 clothing, camp and harness depots; 3 army food supply depots. (c) Accountancy Service. The Accountancy Service is under the direct control of the Ministry of War, and acts by delegation of his powers ; its duty is to inspect and audit the accounts of every administrative department of the Army. (d) Veterinary Service. Includes : 2 veterinary hospitals; 2 veterinary supply depots. (e) Recruiting Service. (f) Train. Includes: 4 motor transport groups; i independent motor transport company; 3 motor transport parks. (g) Military Justice. This service includes: i Court of Appeal; 6 permanent courts-martial.
GREECE 495 (h) Military Schools: Schools for advanced studies: Higher Military Training Centre trains higher officers (Colonels and Lieutenant-Colonels) to command higher units. Staff College. Students (Majors and Captains) obtain, after a two years' course of study and a final examination, the appointment of Staff Officer. P actical Training Schools: One such school exists for every arm. The study course is of five or six months' duration. In addition there are: i Practical Training School for Intendance I,,,,,, for the Train ; i,,,,,, for the Army Medical Service. Training Schools: Military School for the Evelpids. After a four years' course of study students are gazetted second-lieutenants in the various arms. School for Non-Commissioned Officers. To this school are admitted regular non-commissioned officers who have served two years as non-commissioned officers. They are gazetted second-lieutenants after a two years' course of study. Army Medical School. School for Reserve Officers. Physical Training School. Preparatory School for Non-Commissioned Officers. School for Army Artificers. F. GENDARMERIE It is the duty of the Gendarmerie to ensure public safety and order, to police the country and to enforce the law. It includes: i. The Gendarmerie General Headquarters; 2. The Directorate of Gendarmerie in the Ministry of the Interior; 3. The gendarmerie training school for officers, non-commissioned officers and gendarmes; 4. Seven Gendarmerie Directorates; 5. Thirty-eight regional gendarmerie headquarters situated in the chief towns of departments; 6. 155 directorates of public safety. The Gendarmerie is under the orders: i. Of the Ministry of War as regards its organisation, recruiting, training and discipline. 2. Of the Ministry of the Interior as regards the maintenance of public order. 3. Of other Ministries as regards the execution of laws or decrees for which those Ministries are responsible. The Gendarmerie is recruited: i. By the voluntary enlistment for a period of two years of young men not over thirty years of age who have served in the army and who possess the qualifications required by law.
496 GREECE 2. By re-engagement of men who have previously served in the gendarmerie. 3. By re-engagement of gendarmes on completion of their period of service. 4. By the voluntary enlistment of young men not under 19 or over 25 holding the Diploma of the Faculty of Law or a leaving certificate from a secondary school. The number of these may not exceed ioo in each class of recruits. Those who possess the Diploma of the Faculty of Law are, after an entrance examination, admitted to the Gendarmerie School, and are, after one year's training, appointed non-commissioned officers in the gendarmerie. G. EFFECTIVES i. Number of Officers provided for by the Organisation of the Army (I931-32 Budget.) Gener- Colon- Lieu- Cap- Lieu- ieu- Totalnd als els tenant- Majorstains tenants als els Colonels tenants General Cadres. 36 13 17 39 105 Infantry.... 53 53 i86 620 658 675 2,245 Artillery.... 21 25 69 I72 I87 237 711 Cavalry... 6 9 21 55 58 65 214 Engineers.. - 9 9 26 75 70 75 264 Intendance. 5 Io 19 32-67 Transport Service - 2 6 7 20 23 27 85 Health Service. I 12 20 40 98 126 I37 434 Veterinary Service - I 5 6 13 i8 17 60o Pharmaceutical Service... - I 2 3. 6 13 23 48 Miscellaneous. I 12 22 94 I72 206 270 777 Total.. 39 135 I78 5Io 1,263 1,359 1,526 5,o010 2. Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates. (1931-32 Budget.) Sergeant-majors... 480 Sergeants... 3,715 Corporals... 6...445 Privates... 48,972 Total... 59,612 1 Not including 355 warrant officers.
GREECE 497 3. Officers, N.C.O.s and Privates. (Budgetary effectives 1930-3I.) Generals... 38 Colonels... 36 Lt.-Colonels... 184 Majors.. 5...18 Captains...,287 Lieutenants... 1,419 Second-Lieutenants...,567 Adjutants... 370 Total officers... 5,519 N.C.O.s...... 4,048 Corporals and privates.... 52,117 Total N.C.O.s and privates.. 56,165 General Total.... 61,684 II Navy. LIST OF UNITS (I930) NOTE.- The first date in brackets gives the date of the launching ship; of the the second that of its completion, The dash (-) signifies that the construction has not yet been completed or that the date of completion is not known. Armoured Cruiser: Giorgios A veroff Normal displacement: 9,960 tons. Length, 462 feet. (I910-1927') Beam, 69 feet. Maximum draught, 24 2/V feet. H.P. 19,ooo - 22.5 kts. Guns: 4 9.2-inch; 8 7.5-inch ; i6 i4-pdr. ; 2 3-inch. (A.A.) ; 4 3-pdr 3 torpedo-tubes submerged (I8-inch). Cruiser Mine-layer: Helle2 (I912-I913) Completely refitted in 1925-1927. 2 Newly reconstructed. 32 Normal displacement, 2,600 tons. Length, 322 feet. Beam, 39 feet. Draught, 14 feet. H.P. 7,5oo00 = 20.5 kts. Guns: 3 6-inch (A.A.); 2 3-inch; 4 6-pdr.; 2 torpedo tubes above water (I8-inch).
498 GREECE ii Flotilla leaders and destroyers (+ 2 building) No. Type Date of Displacement H. P. Max. T. tubes Max. launching Speed draught. tons feet 2 Leaders.... Bldg., 450 39.5 6 I03/4 4 Aetos.... 1910-I2 980 19,750 32 6 io 3 Thyella.. I906-07 390 6,700 30 1 3 Niki... 1905-07 350 6,600 30.5 2 9 i Smyrne... I907 400 6,000 30 2 9 6 torpedo-boats (not including 5 patrol vessels - ex-torpedoboats) : Aigli, Alkyone, Arethousa, Dafni, Doris, Thetis (all launched 1913 and refitted 1926). I20 tons. H.P. 2,600 = 25 kts. 6 submarines Date of No. Type launching Displacement H. P. Speed Tubes 730 1,420 14 4 Glavkos...... 1927-28 -- 8 930 1,200 9.5 2 Katsonis... 1926 6 775 i,oo000 9.5 Miscellaneous: 26 units (gunboats, mine-layers, patrol vessels, etc.). SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS. Number Total Depreciated Number Tonnage Tonnage' 1930 1930 I930 Cruiser and armoured cruisers.... 2 12,56o Destroyers and torpedo-boats.7 7,260 - Submarines.... 6 4,130 3,735 Miscellaneous vessels 2... 4 1,045 Total... 24,995 3,735 Personnel: about 14,000. The depreciated tonnage (on Jannuary ist, 1931) is calculated as follows: (i) For battleships, battle-cruisers, coast-defence ships, monitors, aircraft-carriers and miscellaneous vessels, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of i/2o per annum from date of completion. (2) For cruisers and light cruisers, a reduction of I /17 per annum from date of completion. (3) For torpedo craft and submarines, a reduction of I/I2 per annum from date of completion. 2 Under the heading Miscellaneous Yessels, only sloops, gunboats and river gunboats and despatch vessels are shown.
GREECE 499 1913 Ka. NAVY DISTRIBUTION (IN %) OF TONNAGE OF THE NAVY AMONG THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF VESSELS' in 1913, I919 and 1930 NOTE. - Only units actually completed in the years in question have been considered.!''i? 3 NUMBER AND TONNAGE ;/ ~ i'i'il \ (in thousands of tons)... I913 1919 I930 Battleships a. armoured cruisers 14 25.1 6 50.4 I io.o... Cruisers. 2 11.8 i 2.6 15 2.6 Destroyers a. torpedoboats... 22 9.3 24 8.7 6i7 7.3 3 Submarines. 2 o.6 3 2 o.6 6 4.I Miscellaneous 8 3.4 8 3.1I 4 i.o 1B 2 Training-ship. '^^J^^^^^^ ^ 3 ^ Including Surface tonnage. I armoured cruiser of IO,II8 tons. 4 Including i armoured cruiser of 9,460 tons,. 5 Mine-layer. ^SJfff *atrols6 Excluding 5 obsolete torpedo-boats converted into patrol boats. 1Battleships Cruisers Destroyers and torpedo-boats Submarines Miscellaneous9 Battleships cruisers Destroyers and torpedo-boats Submarines Miscellaneous
500 GREECE NAVY NUMBER OF UNITS AND TONNAGE in 1913, 1919 and I930 30-30 20 20 0 I IT- 10.000 o -10.000 i - 20.000-20.000 30000 30000 40.000 40.000 50.000 50.000 Bat tleships Cruisers Destroyers Submarines Miscellaneous and torpedo-boats
GREECE 501 NAVY TOTAL TONNAGE 40.000 19 1919. - 65.4 1929.. 51.0 I930... 25.0 20.000 1915 1919 1929 1930 Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. i. The financial year covers the period from April ist to March 31st 2. The receipts and expenditure are divided into two main categories. The first includes current receipts and expenditure relating to State administration, whether ordinary or extraordinary, whilst the second records movements of capital. Movements of capital show, on the receipts side, proceeds of loans, repayment of loans granted by the State to third parties and proceeds of sales of State property, and on the expenditure side investments. During the course of the financial year supplementary expenditure may be voted in addition to that of the budget actually in force. 3. The budget of Greece is a gross budget and the receipts are shown in full without previous reduction by reason of corresponding expenditure, the only exception to the rule being the railway accounts. These are administered as an independent public undertaking, and in the State budget appears the net surplus, or, in the event of a deficit, a State loan to the railways to cover that deficit. 4. Expenditure for national defence is shown under the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Marine. Prior to I930-3I, in which year a Ministry of the Air Force was created, expenditure relating to the Air Force was included in that of the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Marine.
502 GREECE B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. I. Summary of Defence Expenditure. TABLE.I927-28 I I928-29 I 1929-30 1930-31 Estimates Defence expenditure Drachmai (ooo, ooo's) Ministry of War... 1,467.6 I,215.3 1,358. 1 1,338.6 Ministry of the Marine... 436.2 490.0 502.7 419.3 Ministry of the Air Force..... - - 83.7 Total...... 1,903.8 1,705.3 i,86o.8 1.641.6 Index numbers of: % % % Retail prices Cost of living (I914 = Ioo)... 1,957 I49' 127 2 III 3 Since date of stabilisation, gold index: revised series. 2 New series. Average, April I930 to January I93I. The closed accounts represent expenditure actually effected during the financial year and the additional period of 4 months for which the accounts remain open. The figures for expenditure on national defence in the table above do not include military pensions. II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure. i. The following table shows the main headings of expenditure charged to the budgets of the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Marine for the years I927-28 to 1929-30. (For the succeeding year detailed data are not available.) Ordinary Expenditure: TABLE 21927-28 I 1928-29 1 I929-30 ~~~~~~~~~MINISTRY ~Drachmai Estimates OF WAR (ooo's) ~: Salaries... 372,250 404,000 39I,000 Provisions... 271,000 260,000 26o,000 Forage... 55,050 8o,ooo00 70,000 Travelling and transport expenses... 20,000 28,663 21,950 Heating and lighting... 7,500 8,500 9,046 Supply service... 102,000 6o,6oo00 150,465 Automobile service... I4,200 I2,355 I1,300 Engineering.. 13,500 i8,292 21,201 Cartographical service... 3,200 4,000 6,00o Aviation.... 7,200 7,100 i 1,00ooo Health service... 36,90 37,9oo 47,400 Artillery... I0,000 o,950 8,15o Purchase of horses... Io,ooo 7,900 Cavalry and veterinary service... 1,050 1,150 i,6oo Instruction... 2,500 3,180 4,203 Military courts... 300 i00oo i00oo Office supplies... 4,900 4,100oo 4,500 Unforeseen expenditure... 10 684 1,085 Total ordinary expenditure. 932,060 1,049,474 1,022,000
GREECE 503 TABLE 2 (continued). 1927-28 1928-29 1 929-30 Estimates Extraordinary Expenditure: Drachmai (ooo's) Supplies necessitated by mobilisation.. 409,750 I9,9II1 190,000 Miscellaneous expenses... 9,500 8,200 8,ooo Expenditure carried forward from previous years... 99,400 79,628 139,840 Constructions... 74,250 42,250 - Total extraordinary expenditure... 592,900 32,989 337,840 1927-28 surplus utilised for constructions... - - 150,000 Total expenditure of the Ministhy of War... 1,524,960 1,371,463 1,509,840 MINISTRY OF THE MARINE: Ordinary Expenditure : Salaries.1..... I19,I94 147,681.I5o,866 Provisions... 5 I,000 65,000 57,I00 Travelling and transport expenses... Ii, gooo 900,ooo Headquarters... 237 330 330 Naval instruction....... 3,701 15,099 12,267 Management of supplies (Clothing and material)... 7,o060o 34,270 29,850 Health service... 1,300 2,800 2,800 Hydroplanes...... 5,750 o0,700 6,900 Wireless telephony... 650 720 875 Lighthouses... 3,726 4,60 4,010 Hydrographical service.... 360 460 600 Artillery....... 2,300 10,400 8,590 Torpedoes...... I,ooo 1,500 1,850 Upkeep and repair of naval units... 39,300 59,800 52,800 Lighting.... 2,200 2,750 2,000 Buildings...... 2,850 4,550 2,600 Office expenses... 950 2,745 2,287 Motor service.... 470 I,ooo,ooo0 Requisitioning..... 700 i,600 600 Restitution... 1,935 2,185 2,846 Mercantile marine.... I3,803 i6,8o6 17,338 Total ordinary expenditure... 269,486 385,897 358,509 Extraordinary Expenditure: Construction of buildings and lighthouses... 12,300 17,385 Construction of ships and machinery... 106,545 I35,000 70,000 Material... 20,381 628 I,045 Liabilities carried forward from previous years.. 6,842 28,606 General expenditure....... 6,262 5,395 7,607 Total extraordinary expenditure... I52,380 187,oI4 78,652 1927-28 surplus utilised for constructions...- 20,000 Total expenditure of the Ministry of... the Marine... 421,866 572,911 457, 161
504 GREECE III. Receipts collected by the Various De/ence Departments. The receipts of the Administration of National Defence from the sale of horses, disused material, official publications, etc., are estimated at the following sums: TABLE 3. 1927-28 1928-29 1 1929-30 Estimates Drachmai (ooo's) Receipts collected by the Administration of National Defence.500 8oo 6oo IV. Expenditure referring to Previous Years. i. No interest on or redemption of public debt is charged to the national defence budget. 2. Military pensions are not shown in the national defence budget- they are charged to that of the Ministry of Finance. As from 1927-28 war pensions are charged to the budget of the Ministry of Social Welfare. Pensions have been estimated as follows: TABLE 4. 1927-28 I 928-29 1929-30 I 9 3 0-3 I ~ ~ Estimates Drachmai (ooo's) Army pensions.. 1.75,ooo 200,0000 182,203 1 arvy pensions.... 22,000 25,000 23,000 J War pensions... 218,000 240,000 230,000 223,000 Not available.