ENTREPRENEURSHIP & SMALL BUSINESS OWNERSHIP IN CALIFORNIA A

ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP & SMALL BUSINESS OWNERSHIP IN CALIFORNIA A Community College Perspective MARCH 2013 CENTER OF ECELLENCE Hosted at Modesto Junior College Modesto, CA 95350 (209) 575-6908 marquezm@mjc.edu Hosted at City College of San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94103 (415) 452-5529 jcarrese@ccsf.edu www.coeccc.net An Initiative of

Mission: The Centers of Excellence, in partnership with business and industry, deliver regional workforce research customized for community college decision making and resource development. Vision: We aspire to be the premier source of regional economic and workforce information and insight for community colleges. 2013 Chancellor s Office, California Community Colleges Centers of Excellence, Economic and Workforce Development Program Please consider the environment before printing. This document is designed for double-sided printing. Real-time data to advance community colleges 2

Contents Executive Summary... 4 Introduction... 5 Entrepreneurship and Small Business Ownership Overview... 5 Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners in the United States... 6 Entrepreneurial Sectors... 7 Defining Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners... 10 Data Limitations... 10 Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners in California... 11 Small Business Ownership Activity by Region... 12 Entrepreneurship Education Offerings... 27 College Entrepreneurship Survey... 31 Conclusion and Recommendations... 40 References... 41 Appendix A: How to Use this Report... 42 Appendix B: Industry Specific Entrepreneur Businesses in California... 43 Appendix C: Industry Specific Entrepreneur Businesses by Region... 46 Real-time data to advance community colleges 3

CALIFORNIA S ENTREPRENEURS AND SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS PROVIDED NEARLY 1.4 MILLION JOBS AND $290 BILLION IN SALES IN 2012. SOURCE: INFO USA DATABASE Executive Summary The Centers of Excellence (COE) studied entrepreneurship and small business ownership in California to better understand the breadth and depth of these sectors. Both entrepreneurship and small business ownership are key contributors to California s economic development and job growth. This report examines entrepreneurship and small business ownership from the community college perspective to determine what education, training, and support can help develop entrepreneurial activity in California. From an educational perspective, entrepreneurship can be divided into four sectors: Business Incubators Rural Entrepreneurship Youth Entrepreneurship Career Technical Education Entrepreneurship It is important to recognize the distinction between entrepreneurship and small business ownership. Entrepreneurs develop new ideas for consumers, and once the new idea is implemented they move on to a new innovation. Small business owners start a business, then grow and sustain the business with the purpose of supporting themselves and their families (Source: The Wall Street Journal). California is 5 th in the nation for entrepreneurial growth and 2 nd for overall entrepreneurial activity. Across the 14 regions of California, there are more than 283,000 entrepreneurial businesses employing nearly 850,000 individuals. Fifteen percent of these businesses fall within the Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Sector. The top 5 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services industries in California are: Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Custom Computer Programming Services Engineering Services Offices of Lawyers Computer Systems Design Services Nearly every community college in California provides coursework or program offerings to support entrepreneurs and small business owners. However, there are potential gaps or opportunities to supplement curricular offerings for these individuals. Based on research conducted for this report, the following action steps are recommended for California Community Colleges: Work with Business and Entrepreneurship Centers (BEC) to facilitate creation of industry cluster-based entrepreneurial networks Develop entrepreneurship programs based on regional industries Adapt curriculum and course offerings to reflect both small business ownership and entrepreneurs Offer specialized entrepreneurial coursework Course offerings should include local, state, and national policy regarding entrepreneurial efforts Real-time data to advance community colleges 4

Introduction Entrepreneurship and small business ownership in the United States represents the third largest economy in the world. Small businesses employ more than 50% of total private non-farm GDP. 1 Entrepreneurship and small business represent driving forces that have stimulated the economy, jobs and wealth preservation. The intent of this report is to provide California Community Colleges with data and insight into entrepreneurship and small business ownership, as well as how community colleges can support the development of an entrepreneurial pipeline into the state s economy. This report also provides recommendations for community colleges interested in exploring opportunities that may exist within regional labor markets to develop and implement education programs. The California Community Colleges Chancellor s Office charged the Economic and Workforce Development Program (EWD) with identifying industries and occupations with unmet employee development needs. The Centers of Excellence (COE) are one initiative within EWD. Appendix A contains further information on the initiative and how to use the report. The COE would like to thank the Business and Entrepreneurship Center (BEC) initiative for their participation and support in this project. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Ownership Overview Entrepreneurs and small business owners are critical to California s economic development as contributors to innovation and new job growth. Additionally, these individuals provide local business revenue, create networks, invest in local projects, and support community efforts. Many states and local communities have implemented strategies to develop and foster entrepreneurs and small business owners. However, little research exists that examines the role of community colleges in entrepreneurial education within California. This report examines entrepreneurship and small business ownership to determine: Defining entrepreneurship and small business ownership from a community college perspective The extent of industry concentrations of entrepreneurs and small businesses Regional similarities and differences of entrepreneurial companies Existing education programs; challenges within programs; interest in developing new programs The scope and methodology of this scan is different than traditional COE environmental scans. The intent of this report is to gauge the activity in the economy of entrepreneurs and small business owners, then disseminate the information to community colleges for program and course development. This report will examine entrepreneurs and small business ownership from a skills perspective rather than a traditional supply/demand perspective. Entrepreneurship vs. Small Business Ownership In many instances, the terms entrepreneur and small business owner are used interchangeably. However, it is worth noting the growing body of literature distinguishing between an entrepreneur and a small business owner. According to Bo Fishback, Vice President of Entrepreneurship at the Kauffman Foundation, there is a significant difference between an entrepreneur and a small business owner. Entrepreneurs generate new ideas and bring their ideas to the marketplace. Once an entrepreneur successfully implements the new idea, they move on to the next innovation. Small business owners, on the other hand, start a business and grow the business large enough to support themselves and their families. Fishback agrees that many small 1 Source: Wall Street Journal Real-time data to advance community colleges 5

business owners start out as entrepreneurs but then settle into running their business rather than creating and implementing new innovative strategies. 2 Greg Watson, professor at the University of Illinois, asserts that entrepreneurship is much more than starting a business. Watson states that entrepreneurship is a process where individuals identify ideas or opportunities, allocate resources, and create value. Entrepreneurs become successful when they initiate change and create economic value through their solutions. 3 According to the National Governor s Association (NGA), while there are several commonalities between entrepreneurs and small business owners some important differences between the two exist. Controlled growth and continued profitability are the primary goals of small business owners while entrepreneurs are focused on rapid growth and productivity gains. 4 Table 1: Entrepreneur vs. Small Business Owner Entrepreneur Generates new, revolutionary ideas, bringing them to the marketplace Once entrepreneurs create one idea, they often move on to the next one The focus for entrepreneurs is geared toward rapid growth and productivity gains Entrepreneurs can be found in nearly every industry sector, including non-profit organizations Small Business Owner Generates ideas for specific products or services; business is started to sell products or service Business is grown enough to support the small business owner The focus for small business owners is controlled growth and continued profitability Product or service is specific and already exists in the marketplace Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners in the United States According to The Kauffman Entrepreneur Index, 5 a 2012 study released by the Kauffman Foundation, California is 5 th in the nation for entrepreneurial growth and 2 rd in the nation for overall entrepreneurial activity (tied with Texas). States experiencing the largest increases in entrepreneurial activity rates over the past decade were Nevada (0.23 percentage points), Georgia (0.18 percentage points), Massachusetts (0.16 percentage points), Tennessee (0.15 percentage points), California (0.13 percentage points), Louisiana (0.12 percentage points), and Florida (0.12 percentage points). The states with the highest rates of overall entrepreneurial activity were Arizona (520 per 100,000 adults), Texas (440 per 100,000 adults), California (440 per 100,000 adults), Colorado (420 per 100,000 adults), and Alaska (410 per 100,000 adults). The Kauffman Entrepreneur Index also examines entrepreneurs by industry sector. In the United States, construction was the industry sector with the highest rate of entrepreneurs in 2011. Conversely, manufacturing had the lowest rate of entrepreneurs. Table 2 below contains rates of U.S. entrepreneurial activity in 2011. Table 2: 2011 Entrepreneurial Activity Index by Industry Sector, United States Construction Services Trade Other Manufacturing Index Businesses Index Businesses Index Businesses Index Businesses Index Businesses 1.68% 26,315 0.42% 249,309 0.30% 60,956 0.30% 56,807 0.11% 50,375 2 Source: Why small business owners aren t always entrepreneurs, The Wall Street Journal, www.wsj.com 3 Source: www.gregwatson.com/entrepreneurship 4 Source: nga.org 5 Source: http://www.kauffman.org/research-and-policy/kauffman-index-of-entrepreneurial-activity.aspx Real-time data to advance community colleges 6

Education and training opportunities for entrepreneurs have existed since the early 1970 s. As of 2007, nearly 2,000 community colleges in the U.S. offered some sort of curriculum to support entrepreneurship and/or small business development. 6 Entrepreneurial Sectors From the community college perspective, entrepreneurship can be divided into four sectors for education and training purposes: (1) Business Incubators; (2) Rural Entrepreneurship; (3) Youth Entrepreneurship; (4) Career Technical Education Entrepreneurship. Each sector has the opportunity for unique approaches from community colleges. Figure 1: Entrepreneur Segments for Community College Education Opportunities Entrepreneur Segments Business Incubators Business incubators provide support to new entrepreneurs that can accelerate the successful startup of a business. These incubators can provide an array of targeted resources and services such as rental space, flexible leases, shared basic business services and equipment, technology support services, and assistance in obtaining the financing necessary for company growth. Throughout the United States, many community colleges are hosting business incubators to foster economic development and job growth. In 2009, the National Business Incubator Association (NBIA) reported 30 community colleges in the United States hosting business incubators. NBIA also reports that 84% of incubator businesses stay within their communities. Business incubators also produce significant economic impacts in the local community. Research conducted by the U.S. Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration (EDA) found business incubators to be a more effective means of creating jobs than infrastructure development. Specifically, business incubators create up to 20 times more jobs than community infrastructure projects. The study shows that EDA investments on average produce between 2.2 and 5.0 jobs per $10,000 in federal spending, for a cost per job of $2,001 and $4,611. However, business incubators create between 46.3 and 69.4 jobs per $10,000 in federal investment for a cost per job of $144 and $216. 7 Business Incubator Example: Digital Media Center at Rancho Santiago Community College District The Rancho Santiago CCD hosts a business incubator at the Digital Media Center (DMC). The incubator was created to support Orange County digital media entrepreneurs develop and grow their business. The incubator can host 10-12 startup companies and provides basic business consulting, marketing support, human resource services, accounting, web design, and access to venture capital. Source: http://www.dmc-works.com 6 Source: University of Illinois at Urbana, 2007 7 Source: nacce.com/?statistics Real-time data to advance community colleges 7

Rural Entrepreneurship The economic downturn across the United States has resulted in a significant impact on rural economies. Many rural communities have seen important industries such as agriculture, mining, and tourism stagnate or decline. Talented young residents have left rural areas in search of better economic opportunities, which present unique challenges to companies that rely on a highly skilled workforce 8. As rural economies change, new strategies for sustaining rural communities, such as encouraging entrepreneurship, can provide economic stimulation. Rural entrepreneurship can boost local economies through local talent and resources and to help keep rural populations from declining even further. However, according to a study by the Kauffman Foundation (2001), rural entrepreneurs face a unique set of challenges. The figure below highlights specific challenges of rural entrepreneurship. Table 2: Challenges for Rural Entrepreneurs Lack of Entrepreneurial Culture Abscence of Industry Clusters Remoteness Networking Opportunities with Other Entrepreneurs Access to Capital Market Demand Rural Entrepreneurship Example: The Northeast Entrepreneur Fund In response to a declining mining industry, the Northeast Entrepreneur Fund, Inc., (NEF) was founded in 1989 in order to revitalize the local economy and teach residents of the community how to realize their dreams of entrepreneurship. Since its founding, NEF has helped 1,300 businesses to start, stabilize or expand, creating 3,500 jobs in the area. NEF provides entrepreneurs with training, technical assistance and loans as small as $100 and as large as $100,000. Source: www.entrepreneurfund.org 8 Source: Entrepreneurship in rural communities: An emerging strategy presents opportunities and challenges, The Minnesota Federal Reserve Real-time data to advance community colleges 8

Youth Entrepreneurs Youth entrepreneurship involves acquainting young people and students with the realities and opportunities of smallbusiness employment and ownership. A 2010 Harris Interactive Poll provides insight into the level of interest of youth ages 8-24 in becoming an entrepreneur. Highlights from the research include. 9 Interest in starting a business is consistent among tweens (eight- to 12-year-olds, 39%), teens (13- to 17-year-olds, 39%), and young adults (18- to 24- year-olds, 41%). Males (45%) are more likely than females (35%) to be attracted to business ownership. Youth who personally know another entrepreneur have the strongest interest in starting their own businesses. Education plays a role in young people s views on entrepreneurship. Youth who want to start a business, or know someone who has, are more likely than other youth to point to education as a factor both in piquing their interest in entrepreneurship and in preparing them to run a business. Youth Entrepreneurship Example: The Youth Entrepreneurship Program (YEP) The Youth Entrepreneurship Program (YEP) teaches California students how to make a job, instead of take a job. YEP offers a wide variety of programs that both motivate and educate high school and college students on how to take charge of their future. YEP offers competitions, such as Pitch It!, the Marketing Campaign Challenge and the Business Plan Competition where students can win scholarships, ipads, and more. YEP also offers several programs, such as business start-up consulting, guest speakers for your classroom, freelance projects, internships and more. Source: http://www.yepcalifornia.com/index.html Career Technical Education Entrepreneurship There is a growing trend to infuse career technical education (CTE) with entrepreneurship education. The purpose of this trend is to teach students skills by integrating entrepreneurship education with academic and technical curriculum that includes financial, people management, interpersonal/communication, and business planning skills. 10 In California, several community colleges have already developed program offerings to reflect this trend. Career Technical Education Entrepreneurship Example: Business Administration Program at Southwestern College Southwestern College, located in Chula Vista, California, offers several CTE Entrepreneurship certificates to students within their Business Administration program. After completion of 9 units of core courses, students have an option of five CTE Entrepreneurship options: Automotive Technology... 15 units Event and Convention Planning... 15 units Landscape Construction... 17 units Recording Arts... 17 units Web Design... 17 units Source: www.swccd.edu/pdfs/catalog/businessmanagement.pdf 9 http://www.kauffman.org/entrepreneurship/youth-entrepreneurship-survey-2010.aspx 10 Source: Increasing Small Business Participation in VET: A Hard Ask, S. Billett (2003) Real-time data to advance community colleges 9

Defining Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners In order to obtain business data related to entrepreneurs in California, the United States Small Business Administration (SBA) definition of a small business was used to define the parameters of data collection for this report. The SBA definition is as follows. 11 SBA defines a small business concern as one that is independently owned and operated, is organized for profit, and is not dominant in its field. Depending on the industry, size standard eligibility is based on the average number of employees for the preceding twelve months or on sales volume averaged over a threeyear period. Examples of SBA general size standards include the following: Manufacturing: Maximum number of employees may range from 500 to 1500, depending on the type of product manufactured; Wholesaling: Maximum number of employees may range from 100 to 500 depending on the particular product being provided; Services: Annual receipts may not exceed $2.5 to $21.5 million, depending on the particular service being provided; Retailing: Annual receipts may not exceed $5.0 to $21.0 million, depending on the particular product being provided; General and Heavy Construction: General construction annual receipts may not exceed $13.5 to $17 million, depending on the type of construction; Special Trade Construction: Annual receipts may not exceed $7 million; and Agriculture: Annual receipts may not exceed $0.5 to $9.0 million, depending on the agricultural product. Data Limitations There is no one singularly agreed upon method to define and count entrepreneurs and/or small business owners. As a result, a variety of figures and definitions of how many small businesses exist, the number of jobs, and what specific industries are associated with these companies. For example, secondary research conducted for this report revealed data indicating anywhere from 711,313 12 to 3,320,977 13 small businesses in California. Recognizing the existing differences in defining an entrepreneur and/or small business, it was necessary to adopt a single definition and data source for this report. For the purposes of this report, businesses registered as a small business enterprise defined the parameters of businesses to include. A small business enterprise is defined as, a business that is independently owned and operated; not dominant in the field of organization; located in California; and have 100 employees or less 14. Using this definition an employer database was compiled using InfoUSA Small Business Enterprise company data. As with any data, there are limitations to the extent of businesses included. As previously indicated, the definition and employer database were developed with a community college education and training perspective. It is not the intent of this report to count the number of small business in California, but to understand what education and training opportunities may exist. Some of the key limitations to the data include: Data does not include sole proprietors Data does not include home-based businesses 11 Source: U.S. Small Business Administration, http://www.sba.gov/content/what-sbas-definition-small-business-concern 12 Source: www.sba.gov/sites/default/files 13 Source: www.gaebler.com/number-of-small-businesses-in-california.htm 14 Source: California Department of General Services, www.dgs.ca.gov/pd/programs/osds/sbeligibilitybenefits.aspx Real-time data to advance community colleges 10

Data does not include non-profit organizations Data does not include businesses that do not report wage data For a company to be included, the company must be a registered small business enterprise in the State of California While there are limitations to the data, a significant advantage to using the small business enterprise data is that it allows for an in-depth analysis of industry sectors. This analysis will provide critical information to California Community Colleges to understand regional entrepreneurs and small business owners workforce needs from a curriculum development perspective. Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners in California Obtaining labor market data on entrepreneurs can be a particular challenge due to the vast breadth and depth of the sector. Entrepreneurs and small business owners can be found in every labor market sector and economic region of California. Across California, the top 3 sectors for entrepreneurs are Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services; Personal and Laundry Services; and Specialty Trade Contractors. These 3 sectors alone account for over 80,000 companies. Professional, technical, and scientific services account for 15% of entrepreneurial businesses in California. Figure 3 below lists the top 5 industry sectors for entrepreneurs in California. Appendix B contains full labor market data on all industry sectors in California. Figure 3: Top 5 Entrepreneur Industry Sectors, California Real-time data to advance community colleges 11

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services This sector consists of establishments specializing in performing professional, scientific, and technical activities for others. Services in this sector typically require a high degree of expertise and training. Establishments within this sector specialize according to expertise and provide these services to clients in a variety of industries and, in some cases, to households 15. In California, the largest professional, scientific and technical service businesses are: Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Custom Computer Programming Services Engineering services Offices of Lawyers Computer Systems Design Services Small Business Ownership Activity by Region Based on available small business data, there are nearly 300,000 registered small business enterprises in California in 2012. The combined number of employees for these businesses is over 800,000 individuals, 16 with an average of t employees per business. The table below highlights the number of businesses, sales and employment of entrepreneurs by region. Table 3: Small Business Ownerships Activity by Region, 2010 Region Number of Businesses Total Sales (x1,000) Total Employees San Francisco 26,429 $16,167,454 83,199 South SF Bay 9,650 $6,218,697 29,062 East Bay 31,537 $18,458,184 93,254 North Bay 22,333 $12,807,536 63,567 Silicon Valley 23,322 $14,427,507 74,469 Los Angeles/Orange County 167,921 $110,039,140 515,398 Inland Empire 35,100 $20,994,533 104,209 San Diego/Imperial County 40,219 $24,248,861 120,920 Central 41,059 $25,261,560 117,780 Mother Lode 3,654 $1,947,374 9,874 South Central 21,218 $12,682,742 63,543 Greater Sacramento 28,440 $16,003,429 83,642 Northern Coast 5,828 $3,391,673 16,420 Northern Inland 11,452 $6,503,353 30,433 California Total 468,930 $289,672,964 1,408,098 The number of companies and total employment varies by region. In terms of total number of employees, the Los Angeles/Orange Region has the largest number of jobs. Interestingly, the same industry Scientific, Professional, and Technical Services is the top entrepreneurial sector for each region in the state. The charts on the following pages detail how the jobs are distributed by the top five sectors for each of the state s economic regions. Appendix C details industry sector data by region. 15 Source: North American Classification System (NAICS), http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ 16 Source: Info USA database, 2012. Regions will not sum to California total due to rounding and other data characteristics. Real-time data to advance community colleges 12

The San Francisco Region consists of San Francisco and San Mateo Counties. The Region leads the state in the total number of jobs within the entrepreneurial sector. There are more than 26,000 total businesses in the Region, with 21% of these businesses within the professional, scientific, and technical services sector. The average number of employees at each firm is 3.1, the second highest in the state. Specific industries within each sector are found in the table below. Figure 4: Top Five Small Business Industry Sectors, San Francisco Region Table 4: Top Industries, San Francisco Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Food Services and Drinking Places Administrative and Support Services Specialty Trade Contractors Specific Industries Architectural Services Advertising Agencies Computer Systems Design Services Custom Computer Programming Services Research and Development in Biotechnology Pet Care Beauty Salons Linen Supply Parking Lots and Garages Photofinishing Laboratories Full Service Restaurants Snack and Non-alcoholic Beverage Bars Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages) Limited Service Restaurants Caterers Office Administration Services Telemarketing Bureaus Telephone Answering Services Tour Operators Security Guards and Patrol Services Drywall and Insulation Contractors Glass and Glazing Contractors Painting and Wall Covering Contractors Electrical Contractors Other Building Equipment Contractors Real-time data to advance community colleges 13

The South San Francisco Region contains San Benito, Santa Cruz, and Monterey Counties. The Region is a fairly small region, with less than 10,000 entrepreneur businesses and 29,000 jobs. The South SF Bay has an average of 3 employees per firm, consistent with the state average. Within the Region, 14% of entrepreneur businesses are contained in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector. Figure 5: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, South San Francisco Region Table 5: Top Industries, South SF Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Specialty Trade Contractors Personal and Laundry Services Food Services and Drinking Places Administrative and Support Services Specific Industries Offices of Lawyers Photography Studios Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Site Preparation Contractors Tile and Terrazzo Contractors Electrical Contractors Drywall and Insulation Contractors Linen Supply Cemeteries and Crematories Beauty Salons Pet Care Services (non-veterinary) Nail Salons Limited Service Restaurants Full Service Restaurants Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars Drinking Places Caterers Janitorial Services Security Guards and Patrol Services Landscaping Services Exterminating and Pest Control Services Temporary Help Services Real-time data to advance community colleges 14

The East Bay Region includes Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. The region contains more than 26,000 companies, with 17% of those companies in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector. Overall, the Region is one of the largest overall entrepreneurial geographies. The East Bay Region has an average of 3 employees per company, matching the state average. Figure 6: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, East Bay Region Table 6: Top Industries, East Bay Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Food Services Specialty Trade Contractors Administrative & Support Services Specific Industries Engineering Services Custom Computer Programming Services Research and Development in Biotechnology Architectural Services Testing Laboratories Beauty Salons Photofinishing Laboratories Industrial Launderers Pet Care Services One-hour Photofinishing Cafeterias, Grills, and Buffets Full Service Restaurants Caterers Snack and Non-alcoholic Beverage Bars Limited Service Restaurants Glass and Glazing Contractors Drywall Insulation Contractors Electrical Contractors Poured Concrete Foundation and Structure Contractors Site Preparation Contractors Janitorial Services Security Guards and Patrol Services Temporary Help Services Landscaping Services Tour Operators Real-time data to advance community colleges 15

The North Bay Region contains Marin, Napa, Sonoma, and Solano Counties. The Region is one of the larger regions in the state overall, with over 63,000 employees and 22,000 businesses. However, the average number of employees per company is 2.8, lower than the state average. Figure 7: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, North Bay Region Table 7: Top Industries, North Bay Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Specialty Trade Contractors Repair and Maintenance Administrative & Support Services Specific Industries Computer Systems Design Services Media Representatives Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Custom Computer Programming Services Offices of Lawyers Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services Beauty Salons Linen Supplies Diet and Weight Reducing Centers Nail Salons Drywall and Insulation Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Painting and Wall Covering Contractors Poured Concrete Foundation and Structure Contractors Appliance Repair and Maintenance General Automotive Repair Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance Automotive Glass Replacement Shops Car Washes Landscaping Services Temporary Help Services Office Administrative Services Janitorial Services Collection Agencies Real-time data to advance community colleges 16

The Silicon Valley Region consists of Santa Clara County and is home to over 23,000 entrepreneurial businesses. The Region is a significant hub for many entrepreneurs and is well-known as a prime location for technology. There is an average of 3.2 employees per company, the highest regional average in California. Figure 8: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Silicon Valley Region Table 8: Top Industries, Silicon Valley Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Specialty Trade Contractors Administrative and Support Services Repair and Maintenance Specific Industries Offices of Lawyers Engineering Services Computer Systems Design Services Custom Computer Programming Services Advertising Agencies Pharmacies and Drug Stores Food (Health) Supplement Stores Optical Goods Stores Cosmetics, Beauty Supplies, and Perfume Stores Other Health and Personal Care Stores Site Preparation Contractors Electrical Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Roofing Contractors Painting and Wall Covering Contractors Security Guards and Patrol Services Temporary Help Agencies Exterminating and Pest Control Services Locksmiths Investigation Services Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance Consumer Electronics Repair and Maintenance Car Washes Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance Automotive Glass Replacement Shops Real-time data to advance community colleges 17

The Los Angeles and Orange County Region is one of the most economically critical regions in the state. With more than 26,000 entrepreneur companies, the Region is responsible for 11% of the state s revenue and 10% of the workforce. The average number of employees per company is 3, consistent with the state average. Figure 9: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Los Angeles/Orange County Region Table 9: Top Industries, Los Angeles/Orange County Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Clothing and Clothing Accessory Stores Food Services and Drinking Places Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods Specific Industries Engineering Services Computer Systems Design Services Marketing Consulting Services Architectural Services Landscape Architectural Services Beauty Salons Coin-Operated Laundries and Dry Cleaners Linen Supply Parking Lots and Garages Industrial Launderers Women s Clothing Stores Jewelry Stores Shoe Stores Men s Clothing Stores Family Clothing Stores Full Service Restaurants Limited Service Restaurants Snack and Non-alcoholic Beverage Bars Drinking Places Cafeterias, Grills, and Buffets Electrical Apparatus and Equipment Wholesalers Automobile Wholesalers Industrial Supplies Merchant Wholesalers Hardware Merchant Wholesalers Recyclable Material Merchant Wholesalers Real-time data to advance community colleges 18

The Inland Empire Region consists of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. The Region is one of the largest regions in California in terms of number of employees and total number of businesses. The average number of employees per company is 3, consistent with the state average. Figure 10: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Inland Empire Region Table 10: Top Industries, Inland Empire Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Specialty Trade Contractors Personal and Laundry Services Repair and Maintenance Administrative and Support Services Specific Industries Architectural Services Payroll Services Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Offices of Lawyers Photography Studios, Portrait Masonry Contractors Drywall and Insulation Contractors Tile and Terrazzo Contractors Electrical Contractors Drywall and Insulation Contractors Photofinishing Laboratories Beauty Salons Linen Supply Funeral Homes and Funeral Services Cemeteries and Crematories Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Repair and Maintenance General Automotive Repair Re-upholstery and Furniture Repair Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance Car Washes Temporary Help Services Investigation Services Landscaping Services Exterminating and Pest Control Services Packaging and Labeling Services Real-time data to advance community colleges 19

The San Diego/Imperial County Region contains both San Diego and Imperial Counties. There are more than 26,000 companies and 78,000 employees. Nearly all entrepreneurial activity is located within San Diego County and is largely concentrated in the Research and Development sector. Each company has an average of 3 employees, the same as the state average. Figure 11: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, San Diego/Imperial Region Table 11: Top Industries, San Diego/Imperial Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Specialty Trade Contractors Repair and Maintenance Administrative and Support Services Specific Industries Computer Systems Design Services Offices of Lawyers Landscape Architectural Services Engineering Services Custom Computer Programming Services Cemeteries and Crematories Photofinishing Laboratories Beauty Salons Industrial Launderers Nail Salons Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Electrical Contractors Painting and Wall covering Contractors Site Preparation Contractors Flooring Contractors Appliance Repair and Maintenance Car Washes Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance General Automotive Repair Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning Services Telemarketing Bureaus Credit Bureaus Travel Agencies Security Guards and Patrol Services Real-time data to advance community colleges 20

The Central Region is one of the largest geographic Regions in California and consists of the following counties: Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Tulare. The Central Region has the second highest total sales in California, second to the Los Angeles/Orange County Region. With more than 76,000 employees, the region is a significant source or entrepreneurial activity. Each company employs an average of 2.9 individuals, slightly lower than the state average. Figure 12: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Central Region Table 12: Top Industries, Central Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Repair and Maintenance Specialty Trade Contractors Personal and Laundry Services Administrative & support Services Specific Industries Marketing Consulting Services Engineering Services Human Resources Consulting Services Photography Studios Process, Physical Distribution, and Logistics Consulting Services General Automotive Repair Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Repair and Maintenance Automotive Glass Replacement Shops Automotive Body, Paint, and interior Repair and Maintenance Car Washes Site Preparation Contractors Structural Steel and Pre-cast Concrete Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Painting and Wall Covering contractors Electrical Contractors Linen Supply Dry Cleaning and Laundry Services Photofinishing Laboratories Nail Salons Funeral Homes and Funeral Services Professional Employer Organizations Landscaping Services Telephone Answering Services Packaging and Labeling Services Employment Placement Agencies Real-time data to advance community colleges 21

The Mother Lode Region contains the following counties: Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, Inyo, Mariposa, Mono, and Tuolumne. The Region is the smallest in California, with just over 3,600 companies and 9,800 employees. A majority of the companies provide payroll, bookkeeping, and accounting services. Additionally, the region has the lowest average number of employees in the state with 2.7 employees per company (tied with the Northern Inland Region). Figure 13: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Mother Lode Region Table 13: Top Industries, Mother Lode Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Specialty Trade Contractors Food Services and Drinking Places Construction of Buildings Personal and Laundry Services Specific Industries Title Abstract and Settlement Offices Marketing Consulting Services Photography Studios Human Resources Consulting Services Veterinary Services Tile and Terrazzo Contractors Drywall and Insulation Contractors Electrical Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Site Preparation Contractors Drinking Places Full Service Restaurants Limited Service Restaurants Caterers Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars Commercial and Institutional Building Construction New Single-Family Housing Construction Residential Remodelers Industrial Building Construction New Housing Operative Builders Beauty Salons Coin Operated Laundries and Dry Cleaners Nail Salons Linen Supply Funeral Homes and Funeral Services Real-time data to advance community colleges 22

The South Central Coast Region includes San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties. The Region is home to over 21,000 businesses and 63,000 jobs. While tourism and hospitality are a significant industry sector in the Region, the largest numbers of entrepreneurial companies are engineering companies and offices of lawyers. Each of the companies has an average of 3 employees, consistent with the state average. Figure 14: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, South Central Coast Region Table 14: South Central Coast Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Specialty Trade Contractors Personal and Laundry Services Administrative & Support Services Repair and Maintenance Specific Industries Custom Computer Programmer Services Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Marketing Consulting Services Engineering Services Drywall and Insulation Contractors Electrical Contractors Structural Steel and Precast Concrete Contractors Site Preparation Contractors Painting and Wall covering Contractors Barber Shops Pet Care Beauty Salons Funeral Homes and Funeral Services Linen Supply Travel Agencies Collection Agencies Landscaping Services Security Systems Services Janitorial Services Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance Appliance Repair and Maintenance Car Washes Communication Equipment Repair and Maintenance Automotive Body, Paint and Interior Repair and Maintenance Real-time data to advance community colleges 23

The Greater Sacramento Region contains the following counties: El Dorado, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Yolo, and Yuba. The Region has over 26,000 companies and 77,000 employees. Many of the businesses in the Region are offices of lawyers and computer programming companies. The average number of employees per company is 3, consistent with the state average. Figure 15: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Greater Sacramento Region Table 15: Top Industries, Greater Sacramento Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Personal and Laundry Services Specialty Trade Contractors Administrative and Support Services Repair and Maintenance Specific Industries Engineering Services Offices of Lawyers Administrative Management Consulting Services Custom Computer Programming Services Process, Physical Distribution, and Logistics Consulting Services Beauty Salons Parking Lots and Garages Linen Supply Funeral Services Dry Cleaning and Laundry Services Drywall and Insulation Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Roofing Contractors Electrical Contractors Finishing Contractors Security Guards and Patrol Services Employment Placement Agencies Travel Agencies Janitorial Services Exterminating and Pest Control Services General Automotive Repair Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair & Maintenance Automotive Transmission Repair Home and Garden Equipment Repair and Maintenance Car Washes Real-time data to advance community colleges 24

California s Northern Coast Region contains Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, and Trinity Counties. The Region is one of the smallest regions in the state, with just over 5,600 companies and 16,000 jobs. However, the average number of employees per company is consistent with the state average of 3 employees per company. Figure 16: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Northern Coast Region Table 16: Top Industries, Northern Coast Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Specialty Trade Contractors Personal and Laundry Services Repair and Maintenance Food Services and Drinking Places Specific Industries Payroll Services Engineering Services Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services Media Representatives Human Resources Consulting Services Roofing Contractors Drywall and Insulation Contractors Electrical Contractors Site Preparation Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Beauty Salons Linen Supply Nail Salons Cemeteries and Crematories Pet Care Appliance Repair and Maintenance General Automotive Repair Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance Automotive Oil Change and Lubrication Shops Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance Full Service Restaurants Limited Service Restaurants Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars Drinking Places Caterers Real-time data to advance community colleges 25

The Northern Inland Region consists of the following counties: Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, and Tehama. The Region has just over 31,000 employees at 11,600 companies. With 2.7 employees per company, the Region has the lowest number of employees per company in California (tied with the Mother Lode Region). Figure 17: Top Five Entrepreneurial Industry Sectors, Northern Inland Region Table 17: Top Industries, Northern Inland Region Small Business Sector Professional, Technical, & Scientific Services Specialty Trade Contractors Repair and Maintenance Personal and Laundry Service Administrative and Support Services Specific Industries Custom Computer Programming Services Veterinary Services Testing Laboratories Human Resources Consulting Services Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling Painting and Wall Covering Contractors Drywall and Insulation Contractors Roofing Contractors Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Contractors Electrical Contractors General Automotive repair Automotive Body, Paint, and Interior Repair and Maintenance Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance Automotive Transmission Repair Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Beauty Salons Diet and Weight Reducing Centers One-Hour Photofinishing Linen Supply Funeral Homes and Funeral Services Extermination and Pest Control Services Investigation Services Landscaping Services Document Preparation Services Security guards and Patrol Services Real-time data to advance community colleges 26

Entrepreneurship Education Offerings An inventory of current entrepreneurship offerings at California Community Colleges was conducted to determine: 1) the extent of entrepreneurship education programs and courses currently offered; 2) locations of entrepreneurship education resources (e.g., Business and Entrepreneurship Centers, Small Business Development Centers). The inventory was conducted using the California Community College Chancellor s Office (CCCCO) Inventory of Approved Programs, Economic Modeling Specialist, Inc. (EMSI) Program tool, and a review of current college catalogs. Additionally, a comprehensive survey of California Community Colleges was conducted to obtain information regarding entrepreneurship education in California. The following table highlights California Community College Entrepreneurship offerings and the location of Entrepreneurship Centers throughout the state. Table 18: Community College Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Offerings Region College Degree/Certificate Program Courses Only Entrepreneurship Center Bakersfield Fresno City Merced Modesto Porterville Central Reedley College San Joaquin Delta Sequoias Taft West Hills Coalinga West Hills Lemoore Alameda Berkeley City Chabot Contra Costa East Bay Diablo Valley Laney Las Positas Los Medanos Merritt Ohlone American River Cosumnes River Greater Sacramento Folsom Lake Lake Tahoe Sacramento City Woodland Yuba Real-time data to advance community colleges 27

Region College Degree/Certificate Program Courses Only Entrepreneurship Center Barstow Cerro Coso Chaffey Copper Mountain Crafton Hills Desert Inland Empire Moreno Valley Mt. San Jacinto Norco College Palo Verde Riverside San Bernardino Victor Valley Antelope Valley Canyons Cerritos Citrus Coastline Cypress East LA El Camino El Camino Compton Center Fullerton Glendale Golden West Los Angeles/ Orange County Irvine LA City LA Harbor LA Mission LA Pierce LA Southwest LA Trade LA Valley Long Beach Mt San Antonio Orange Coast Pasadena Rio Hondo Saddleback Santa Ana Real-time data to advance community colleges 28

Region College Santa Monica Santiago Canyon West LA Degree/Certificate Program Mother Lode Columbia North Bay Marin Courses Only Entrepreneurship Center Napa Santa Rosa North Bay Solano North Coast Northern Inland San Diego/ Imperial San Francisco Silicon Valley South Central Mendocino Redwoods Butte Feather River Lassen Shasta Sierra Siskiyous Cuyamaca Grossmont Imperial MiraCosta Palomar San Diego City San Diego Mesa San Diego Miramar Southwestern Canada San Francisco San Mateo Skyline Deanza Evergreen Valley Foothill Gavilan Mission San Jose City West Valley Allan Hancock (local entrepreneurship center) Cuesta Moorpark Real-time data to advance community colleges 29

Region South SF College Oxnard Santa Barbara Ventura Degree/Certificate Program Courses Only Entrepreneurship Center Cabrillo Hartnell Monterey Note: Kern Community College District and Rancho Santiago Community College District each host a Business and Entrepreneurship Center (BEC). Business and Entrepreneurship Centers The Business and Entrepreneurship Center (BEC) program is a resource for community colleges to obtain resources, develop curriculum, implement specific programs or initiatives, and network with business and industry. There are seven BEC centers serving California Community Colleges. For more information, please visit: http://buildcalifornia.org. Real-time data to advance community colleges 30

College Entrepreneurship Survey Introduction The Centers of Excellence conducted a survey of California Community Colleges to provide in-depth information about educational offerings related to entrepreneurship and small business ownership. The survey was conducted in Spring of 2012 in partnership with the Business and Entrepreneurship Centers (BEC). Twenty-four Community Colleges responded to the survey. Basic Program Information Survey results indicate 25 colleges have an active program and four indicated a non-active program. Some colleges answered for more than one program. In terms of credit offerings, 80% of respondents indicate they have Forcredit Certificate or Degree programs, 7% have a Non-credit certificate program, 3% have a Not-for-credit training program and 13% offer courses only. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Figure 19: How would you describe this program? 80% For-cedit Certificate or Degree program 7% Non-credit Certificate program 3% Not-for-credit training 13% Courses only 17% Other There are five colleges that describe their program as Other. One of the Other respondents is unaware of any courses meeting the criteria in their CTE program, another defines their program/course as mentoring independent study, a third states that their program will start in Fall 2012 and the last two have only a course. Funding Eighty-seven percent of respondents use General Funds and 50% use Grant Funding. Seventeen percent of the respondents use Fee-based Funding and 13% indicate Other as their funding source. Drilling down into the data reveals that 80% of the respondents use a combination of General Funds and Grants to support their programs and all of the Fee-based respondents and 10% of the Other respondents use both General Funds and Grants.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 87% Figure 20: How is this program funded? 50% 17% General funds Grants Fee-based (student is paying) 13% Other One of the comments from those who indicate Other as their program funding source state that for the one class general funds are used. The next comment states Perkins, the third says plus a mini grant from the State this year, and the final comment is program income. Program Information Survey respondents specified the degree/certificate tracks that are available for students in this program with four sub-category response areas: Program Name TOP Code Credential Number of Units Program Name There are eighteen different program names distributed among twenty-five responses in this sub-category with two of them being N/A and N/a. Once these latter two are removed, the remaining qualified responses are organized into three program areas based on the program name. Those areas are Entrepreneurship, Business/Business Administration, and Small Business Development/Management. The majority of the program names fall under the Entrepreneurship category followed by that of Business/Business Administration. The results are depicted in Figure 21. Figure 21: Degree/Certificate Tracks Available - Program Name Small Business Development/Management 17% Business/Business Administration 22% Entrepreneurship 61% Real-time data to advance community colleges 32

Top Code All ten responses to the Top Code sub question are noted as being in the 500s with half of them specified as 506.40 - Small Business and Entrepreneurship, which cross-walks (or translates) into CIP Code 52.0703 Small Business Administration/Management. Credential Eleven of the twenty-three participants responding to this sub category indicate that they offer both degree and certificate tracks. One respondent indicates that they offer a degree track only, nine indicate a certificate track only and one offers only one three unit course. Figure 22: Degree/Certificate Tracks Available - Credentials 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Degree Certificate Courses Only Number of Units Nine respondents indicate offering only a certificated program, and all of them are seventeen or fewer units. Institutions offering both degrees and certificates tracks specify unit numbers that range from sixteen to sixty. The majority of institutions offering both tracks indicate roughly fifteen to thirty units for a certificate and sixty units for a degree. However, one of these dual providers has a couple of small ranges with forty-two to forty three units being one of them while other dual providers have large ranges such as eight to thirty-four units; both of these unit spreads are presumed to be certificate offerings because they are fewer than sixty units. Program Enrollment and Challenges Survey respondents provided information regarding enrollment capacity. Enrollment options are Neither which is described as classes being full, but not over-impacted, Over-subscribed which is not having enough seats available for all interested students and having to turn them down, and Under-subscribed is described as having more seats than interested students. Real-time data to advance community colleges 33

Of the twenty-six respondents to this question, the majority indicate that Neither situation is applicable because their classes are full, but not impacted. One quarter of them indicate that their courses are oversubscribed and the remaining respondents report under-subscribed enrollments. The results are contained in Figure 23. Figure 23: Enrollment 14% 25% 61% Neither Over-subscribed Under-subscribed When the colleges are asked what factors are influencing course and program impacts, respondents overwhelmingly (ninety-six percent) report that Fiscal/Budget issues are the predominant force. Lack of institutional support is noted as a factor by eleven percent and low student interest and/or enrollments is noted by seven percent of the respondents. Real-time data to advance community colleges 34

100% Figure 24: Factors Influencing Programs 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiscal/Budget impacts Low student interest and/or enrollment Lack of institutional support Entrepreneurship survey participants are asked to look forward into the next fiscal year and then anticipate how their program/course offerings will be impacted. Almost three quarters of the respondents indicate that their offerings will remain the same and just over one-fifth of them report course offering decreases. Figure 24: In the next fiscal year... 22% 8% Course offerings will be decreased Course offerings will be increased Stay the same 70% Curriculum Development and Partnerships Real-time data to advance community colleges 35

Survey respondents indicated whether or not their CTE programs currently linked to an Entrepreneurship curriculum. The majority of respondents affirmed that this is the case. Figure 25: CTE Program & Entrepreneurship Curriculum Linkages 59% 41% No Yes Community Involvement The next area of survey inquiry is if and how employers are involved in the respondents Entrepreneurship program(s). Over four-fifths of the colleges have employers serve as advisory board members and almost half have employers serve as adjunct instructors. Nearly 40% offer internships for students and provide technical assistance defined as curriculum development and direct assistance to students. Just over one-fifth of employers donates supplies or equipment and also has some type of Other employer involvement in their Entrepreneurship program. Other employer involvement includes guest speaking and the provision of scholarships. Real-time data to advance community colleges 36

Figure 27: Type of Employer Involvement Served as advisory board members 82% Served as adjunct instructors 46% Provided technical assistance Offered internships for students 39% 39% Other (please specify) Donated supplies/equipment 21% 21% Programs are also asked to report on involvement of, and interaction with, other organizations beyond employers. Six out of ten participants indicate that they have K-12 and California Community College Economic Development Initiative Centers. Additionally, half of the respondents indicate involvement of Local Government and Workforce Agencies. Other organizational partnerships include Foundations and 4- Year Universities and Colleges as well as Others. Overall, community colleges report partnering with the following organizations: K-12 (65% of colleges responding to this survey question) California Community Colleges Economic and Workforce Development Initiative Centers (e.x., Business and Entrepreneurship Centers) (62%) Local Government and Workforce Agencies (WIBs EDAs) (50%) 4-Year Universities and Colleges (38%) Foundations (31%) Other (31%) o Banks o Youth Programs o Chamber of Commerce o Small Business Administration Groups o Small Business Development Centers o SCORE When asked to provide a brief description of a specific partnership, the following responses are obtained: 2-2-2With local high school and university California State University Fresno Lyle s Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Chamber informs biz of our programs, we may do a mini seminar there Extensive work with both the BEC and the Local SBDC Grants to provide workshops for students and provide stipends for curriculum development Guest speakers come to specific classes to discuss specific topics covered for that evening Real-time data to advance community colleges 37

Internship with Lynda.com Lyles Center at Fresno State as a Coleman Scholar Partnered with state-wide entrepreneurship initiatives/centers, local WIA, and private companies U.S. bank provides us with sponsorship money to expose youth to entrepreneurship. We have been working very closely with the Lyles Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at CSU Fresno for the past 5 years. They have provided over $1.5 million in support to 10 community colleges involved in the Community College Entrepreneurial Pathway. We also work our own Center for International Trade to provide information on international entrepreneurship topics such as exporting and importing for entrepreneurs. We have linked with the local SBDC agency to provide their training program. This program is basically patterned after the College s Small Business course. We have partnerships with industry professionals who teach some of our entrepreneurship academy curriculum. We have partnerships with high school faculty who work with us on developing global entrepreneurship curricula. We partner with chambers of commerce to place student interns with small businesses to develop marketing plans. Challenges Community college respondents rated potential program challenges as Significant Challenge, Some Challenge, or Not an Issue (Figure 28). Fifteen percent of programs identify lack of employment opportunities for students as the most significant challenge they face. Student awareness of entrepreneurship as an educational opportunity is also rated as a significant challenge by eleven percent of the respondents. Low student completion rates, difficulty hiring qualified faculty, keeping curriculum current with new entrepreneurship trends and low student enrollment are all equally considered a significant challenge by 4% of the respondents, but these two latter issues are not an issue for 70% of the programs. Figure 28: Program Challenges Lack of employment opportunities for students 15% 44% 41% Student awareness of entrepreneurship as an educational opportunity 11% 74% 15% Keeping curriculum current with new entrepreneurship trends 4% 26% 70% Low student completion rates 4% 52% 44% Difficulty hiring qualified faculty 4% 44% 52% Low student enrollment 4% 26% 70% Signifcant challenge Some challenge Not an issue Real-time data to advance community colleges 38