BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) AUSTRALIA GENERAL Area.... 2,974,581 square miles. Population..... per sq. mile: 5,436,7941 1.8. Army. A. HIGH ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL' I. MILITARY BOARD. The military forces of Australia are administered by a Military Board similar to the Army Council in Great Britain. It has been constituted to impose on it a full measure of responsibility, and consists of: The Minister for Defence (President). Chief of the General Staff.; Adjutant-General. Quartermaster-General. Finance Member. Secretary. 2. AVIATION. To deal with aviation policy the Minister of Defence is assisted by a War Council, which includes officers of the Navy, Army and Air Board and an independent Controller of Civil Aviation. 3. COUNCIL OF DEFENCE. The Council of Defence has been restored to deal with policy, to ensure its continuity, and to co-ordinate the requirements of sea, air and land. It is composed of: The Prime Minister (President). The Treasurer of the Commonwealth. 1 This was correct for 1921. Since then, an Act has been passed creating a single Ministry of Defence, to include the Navy as well. Details are not yet to hand.
AUSTRALIA 201 The Minister of the Navy. The Minister for Defence. The first and second Members of the Naval Board, and another Senior Naval Officer, to be nominated by the Minister for the Navy. The Inspector-General of the Military Forces. The Chief of the General Staff. A Senior Officer of the Citizen Military Force. 4. COMMONWEALTH SECTION OF THE IMPERIAL GENERAL STAFF. A Commonwealth Section of the Imperial General Staff has been formed at Headquarters, Melbourne. 5. THE STAFF CORPS AND INSTRUCTIONAL CORPS. The Staff Corps and Instructional Corps, into which have been absorbed the old Administrative and Instructional Staff, are a permanent body of officers and N.C.O.s. In addition to providing officers to fill appointments on the Headquarter and District Staffs, it furnishes officers and N.C.O.s for the instruction of Citizen Forces. 6. ORGANISATION. - GENERAL PROGRESS 1 The Divisional Organisation came into operation on May ist, I92I. Under this system, a War Organisation is being applied to peace conditions with a minimum of Permanent Staffs and Forces. The numbers of Units and Formations have been altered to correspond with those of the Australian Imperial Force, and every effort is being made to maintain the great traditions established by these Units in the Great War. Commissioned ranks have been filled from the demobilised A.I.F., and voluntary enlistment from the same source has to a large extent supplied N.C.O.s and the cadres for most units. 7. RADIO-TELEGRAPH BOARD. A Radio-telegraph Board has been established, with representatives from the Army and Navy and Postmaster-General's Department, with a view to securing close co-operation between technical officers and the Departments dealing with wireless, which is necessary to prevent overlapping of effort and expenditure. 1 In May 1922, owing to the necessity for economy, it was decided to effect a reduction in the Army. The existing organisation of the Forces is retained, and the necessary economies will be effected by a decrease in the annual training establishment and in a limitation of the amount of training. The Staff Corps and all permanent units are being also reduced.
202 BRITISH EMPIRE B. MILITARY DISTRICT AREA Australia is divided for administration into six Military Districts, which correspond with the six States, viz., Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. C. CONSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION OF MILITARY FORCES i. GENERAL. The Military Forces of Australia are constituted under the Defence Acts I903-i918, and consist of a Permanent Force and the Citizen Force. All male inhabitants who have resided in Australia for six months and are British subjects and are between the ages of I8 and 60 are, in time of war, liable to serve in the Citizen Force. The amendment of igog provided for the introduction of a system of universal training, with regulations for registration, etc. The clauses of this Act were, by proclamation, made operative on January Ist, I9II. All boys on attaining the age of I2 years have to be registered, and they undergo cadet training at school. In March of the year in which they attain the age of 14 years they have to register again, and they are then trained 1 in battalions as senior cadets. At the age of i8 years, senior cadets, except those residing outside a training area or those who are physically unfit, join units of the Citizen Force. On an average about I7,ooo are transferred annually. The Citizen Force is maintained for home defence only, but the Act permits individuals to volunteer for service overseas. In time of war the force becomes subject to the Army Act where not inconsistent with the local enactments. 2. PERMANENT FORCE. (a) The Permanent Force is organised in such a manner as to enable it to carry out administrative and instructional duties, and form the nucleus of the technical services required. Permanent Units (Field and Garrison Artillery and Engineers) retain their own identity, but their organisation and distribution has been adjusted so that their principal function, viz., the instruction of the Citizen Forces, is given its proper degree of prominence. The officers of the Permanent Force have been united in one Corps, which is known as the " Staff Corps ". Warrant officer and N.C.O. instructors have been organised as the " Instructional Corps " 1 Owing to the present state of financial stringency, and the consequent reduction in the Army, senior cadet training will be limited in each year to the two oldest quotas, i.e., to sixteen- and seventeen-year-old lads.
AUSTRALIA 203 The period of enlistment in the Permanent Force is five years, with re-engagement for periods of three years. On completion of service, N.C.O.s and men pass into the Reserve in the same way as men of the Citizen Force (see paragraph 4 below). Officers, except graduates of Duntroon Military College, who must serve for ten years or buy their discharge, can resign at any time by giving three months' notice. 3. CITIZEN FORCE. The Citizen Force consists of: 2 Cavalry Divisions. 4 Divisions. 3 Mixed Brigades, which could, if necessary, be united in a Fifth Division. 5 Cavalry Regiments. Certain Garrison Troops. The addition of certain Non-divisional Troops of Artillery, Engineers, etc., will be made when equipment becomes available. 4. RESERVES. Theoretically, each man, on attaining the age of 26, passes into the Reserve, but no record is kept of his movements, and he is not required to report himself at any time. There exists, in fact, therefore, only the Reserve of Officers. The reorganisation of the Reserve Force is under consideration, and the proposal is that it shall consist of: (i) Ex-members of the A.I.F. who cannot join the Active Force, and British subjects who have seen active service otherwise than in the A.I.F. (ii) Ex-members of the Permanent Force. (iii) Ex-members of the Citizen Force. 5. RIFLE CLUBS. There are a certain number of Civilian Rifle Clubs, but their maintenance as a Reserve Force being no longer considered a military necessity, with the exception of certain guards on mobilisation, they, in November I92o0 ceased to be part of the Army organisation, and their administration was transferred to the Defence Secretariat. 6. CADETS. The Cadet organisation has been developed in order that all boys may be given, first, physical training, and, secondly, an introduction to military work.
204 BRITISH EMPIRE The reorganisation of the senior cadet battalions has been completed. An increase in the normal establishment of a battalion to 1,9I4 all ranks was necessary, owing to the reductions in the number of battalions in order to conform to the Citizen Force Battalions, with which the Cadet battalions are now definitely affiliated. 7. AVIATION. Owing to the isolated position of Australia and the limited radius of action of existing aircraft, which renders independent action impracticable, the Australian Air Board, in I92o, decided to confine the use of Australian aircraft to auxiliary work with the Army and Navy. They further recommended that the Air Force should be organised in two wings (Military and Naval), which would permit of a distribution closely following that of the Army and Navy respectively. The organisation of the Military Wing is not yet completed. There is a Government Aerodrome at Point Cook, in Victoria, which has accommodation for 60 machines. In addition, there are twelve licensed aerodromes for civil aviation in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia, not one of which has accommodation for more than six aeroplanes. D. AUTHORISED ESTABLISHMENT The peace establishment is approximately iio,ooo men. The personnel of the Air Force are all part of the Permanent Force, and the authorised establishment allows for 41 Officers and 239 other ranks. The actual strength on December 3Ist, I921, was 41 Officers and 225 other ranks. E. TRAINING I. PERMANENT FORCES. The Permanent Forces train throughout the 'year similarly to Units of the Regular Army in Great Britain. 2. CITIZEN FORCE. (a) Under the amended Defence Act, members of the Citizen Force between the ages of i8 and 22 years are required annually to train as under: 1 By a Military Board Instruction dated May 24th, 1922, the total annual training establishment will, in consequence of the reductions in the Army, be limited for the present to approximately 3I,000 of all ranks. (From " Notes on the Land Forces of British Dominions", December 3Ist, I922.)
AUSTRALIA 205 Artillery and Engineers and Army Service Corps Units allotted to these arms: 25 days (of which not less than 17 shall be in camps of continuous training). Other Arms: i6 days ' (of which not less than 8 shall be in camps of continuous training). Training in the Citizen Forces commences on July Ist in the year in which the persons liable reach the age of I8 years, and continues for four years. A course of musketry similar to that laid down for the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom is also completed annually. From 25 to 26 years of age, one registration and attendance at one muster parade only are required. Recruits will join the Force at i8 years of age, about I8,ooo, including those who for some reason become exempt from training, reaching that age annually. Men will be liable to serve for eight years. (b) The training authorised for the Citizen Forces for the year I920-2I was as follows: 1896, i897 and 1898 quotas: Half-day parade. N.C.O.s may attend eight days' home training. 1899, 1900oo and I901 quotas: Four days' home training (compulsory). i902 quota: Eight days' continuous training and four days' home training (compulsory). Thus only the I902 quota went to camp. During the year 1921-22 two quotas (I902 and I903) only went to camp. The 1899, 1900oo and 1901 quotas had a limited amount of home training only. (c) The general method by which the instruction of the Citizen Forces is carried out is : (i) By the allotment of a small permanent instructional staff to each Training Area, Battalion Area and Brigade Area. (ii) By holding at convenient times and places classes of instruction for officers and N.C.O.s of the various arms. 3. CADETS. Senior Cadet training was completely revived during the year I920-2I, more attention being given to the physical, mental and moral development of the youth than to his military training, of which he only received sufficient to enable him to take his place in the Citizen Forces. The development of organised games and athletics has been taken in hand. Musketry training on a systematic progressive basis is carried out. The training of the Junior Cadets (12 to 14 years) is no longer the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence. 1 A whole day consists of not less than 6 hours' training.
206 BRITISH EMPIRE F. SCHOOLS I. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE. Under the Defence Act of 1910, a Military College was established at Duntroon (Federal Territory) to educate candidates for commissions in all arms of the Commonwealth Military Forces. A certain number of Cadets from New Zealand are also admitted each year 1. The establishment of the College allows for the admission of 30 Australians and 5 New Zealand Cadets annually, but the intake has now been reduced to 15 cadets in all. The normal course lasts 4 years, divided into 8 terms. The allotment of cadetship to the different States is liable to vary, but has usually been approximately : New South Wales, ii ; Victoria, 9; Queensland, 4; South Australia, 3 ; West Australia, 2 ; Tasmania, i. The State Senior Public Examinations take the place of an Entrance Examination. All. Cadets at the College join a " Corps of Staff Cadets ", which is part of the Permanent Military Forces of the Commonwealth. This Corps, which has an establishment of I5o, including Cadets from New Zealand, is organised on the lines of a Battalion of Infantry. Australian graduates are commissioned in the Staff Corps, and are immediately sent abroad to England or India for further training with a regular regiment. No fees are charged for equipment, instruction or maintenance of Cadets at the College. 2. ARTILLERY SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION. The School of Gunnery, which was reopened on January 5th, I92o, for the first time since the War, is now known as the Artillery Schools of Instruction, and is situated at South Head, Sydney. It is divided into three main branches, viz.: (a) Technical Artillery School - a modified form of the Ordnance College, Woolwich. (b) School of Artillery for practical instruction of all artillery of the Field Army, including anti-aircraft artillery. (c) Coast Artillery - to carry out instruction in Coast Artillery and Coast Defence work generally, including electric lighting. 3. SCHOOL OF MUSKETRY. The School of Musketry, located at Randwick, New South Wales, is to be developed into a Small Arms School, covering instruction in rifle, bayonet, revolver, bombing, light and heavy machine-guns and Stokes mortars. Five Musketry Courses were held during the year 1920-21, and, in addition to these courses, courses for Senior Cadet Officers have been concluded, a new departure which has been a success, I20 officers having done a special course to qualify them in musketry as Platoon Officers. 1 New Zealand has temporarily ceased to send cadets.
AUSTRALIA 207 4. CENTRAL TRAINING DEPOT. The Central Training Depot was established in August I921. Its functions are: (a) The training of applicants for appointment to the Australian Instructional Corps and refresher courses for members of this Corps. (b) The recruit training for all arms of the Permanent Forces. (c) Such other courses as may be considered necessary. G. MATERIAL, ARSENALS, ETC. (i) Policy. The development of the policy which aims ultimately at making Australia self-supporting in the production of munitions has been temporarily affected by the necessity for economy. By the development of the Munitions Supply Branch considerable progress had been made. (2) A Commonwealth Small Arms Factory is established at Lithgow, New South Wales. Raw materials are at present imported from England. (3) A Cordite Factory was opened at Maribyrnong, Victoria, during 1912. (4) The Colonial Ammunition Company, Melbourne, has been taken over by the Government. Most of the raw materials for the manufacture of the ammunition are procured from England. II. Navy. Number Total Depreciated Number Tonnage Tonnage 2 Cruisers and light cruisers... 6 29,830 9,842 Destroyers and torpedo-boats... 12 11,245 10,673 Submarines.... 6 7,200 3,750 Miscellaneous craft... 6 9,145 4,718 Officers Ratings Personnel: Active Service... 385 3,455 Auxiliary Services.. 43 130 3 sloops, i gunboat, i surveying vessel, i repair destroyer. 2 Depreciated tonnage (on January ist, 1924) is calculated as follows: (i) For battleships, battle cruisers, coast-defence ships, monitors, aircraft-carriers and miscellaneous craft, a reduction in original tonnage at the rate of 1/20 per annum from date of completion. (2) For cruisers and light cruisers, a reduction of i/ir per annum from date of completion. (3) For torpedo craft and submarines, a reduction of I/12 per annum from date of completion.
208 BRITISH EMPIRE III. Budget Expenditure on National Defence. A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. (i) The financial year covers the period from July ist to June 3oth. The estimates are voted in the autumn several months after the beginning of the financial year, the intervening period being provided for by permanent and temporary authorisations. The budget submitted to Parliament contains information regarding the results of the financial year just expired. Supplementary estimates contain, as a rule, only insignificant amounts. (2) The Government receipts and out-goings are shown in three distinct funds: (i) the Consolidated Revenue Fund, which is credited with all cash receipts of real revenue and debited with all expenditure to be paid out of such revenue; (ii) the Loan Fund, which is credited with proceeds of loans and debited with expenditure to be met out of them; (iii) the Trust Funds, which consist of funds administered by the State outside the annual budget. Defence expenditure proper is charged to the Consolidated Revenue Fund and, as regards a part of the outlay for new works and buildings, to the Loan Fund. Charges remaining from the War (war expenses, repatriation, land settlement) are to a great extent accounted for in the Trust Fund Accounts. In addition to these accounts, which are voted by Parliament, a table showing the cost of each department is attached to the budget and to the closed accounts. This table, which is more suitable for statistical purposes, has been used in the following review. It should, however, be noted that both the capital outlay and the interest on the liability incurred for defraying the outlay are included in the cost of the department concerned. Receipts collected by the Departments are shown on the revenue side of the budget, except in a few insignificant cases when they are set off against the corresponding expenditure. The Military and Naval receipts do not usually amount to much. (3) Under the terms of the Constitution Act, i9oo, the Commonwealth took over the control of all defence matters in March Igoi ; and its expenditure on armaments, etc., may now be broadly divided into : (a) Ordinary expenditure for the defence of Australia; and (b) Expenditure connected with the Great War. Group (b) really represents settlements of claims and does not constitute a development of the defence forces of the Commonwealth.
AUSTRALIA 209 B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. I. Summary of Defence Expenditure. TABLE I. 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 Closed Accounts Closed Accounts 's (ooo's omitted) Military and Munitions supply... 3,073 1,690 1,967 Naval Defence.... 2,952 2,374 2,501 Air Services... 286 273 423 Total... 6,311 4,337 4,891 Less amount estimated to remain unexpended at the end of the year... 400 Total expenditure, Department of Defence (excluding war expenditure) 6,3II 4,337 4,49I Index number of Defence expenditure.0. oo 67 71 Index number of wholesale prices : 1913 = Ioo... I 160O I71 1801 1921-22 = ioo0... Ioo 107 113 Defence expenditure reduced to pre-war price L's(ooo's omitted) level.... 3,900 2,500 2,500 Index number of Defence expenditure reduced to pre-war price, level... ioo 64 63 'Average, July 1923 to May I924. 14
210 BRITISH EMPIRE II. Analysis of Ordinary Defence Expenditure. Department of Defence. TABLE 2. 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 Closed Closed Estimates Accounts Accounts T. MILITARY AND MUNITIONS SUPPLY 's (ooo's omitted) Under ordinary votes and appropriations : Expenditure provided for on Estimates of the Department of Defence. 1,46o 1,230 1,388 Defence retirement... 255 40 Interest on transferred properties... 85 87 87 Audit..12............ II II Public Works staff, salaries and contingencies.... 24 7 13 Supervision of Works... 2 Rent of Buildings... I4 8 7 Repairs, maintenance, fittings, furniture, etc. 59 45 50 Overhaul of and repairs to boats and launches 2 I 2 Pensions and retiring allowances I 2 2 Government contributions under Superannuation Act.. i Interest on Treasury bills and Registered Stock.... 46 43 Sinking Fund...... 4 17 Interest on advances from Commonwealth Bank...-. I Destruction of prickly pear, Warwick Rifle Range............... Total: Ordinary votes and appropriations.. 1,926 1,482 1,62 New Works, buildings, sites, etc., paid from Revenue Royal Military College... Reserve of Rifles... 227 - Supply of heavy guns and reserve of gun ammunition... To credit of Trust fund, small arms ammunition account.... 77 Maribyrnong Research Laboratory.... 3 Other new works... 44 6 59 Munitions supply branch... 545 170 72 Total : New Works, etc., from Revenue... 961 179 131 New Works, buildings, sites, etc., paid from Loan Fund: Military... 132 12 37 Munitions supply... 54 17 178 Total: New Works, etc., from Loan Fund. i86 29 215 Total: Military and Munitions Supply... 3,073 1,690 1,967
AUSTRALIA 211I TABLE 2 (continued). I921-22 1922-23 I923-24 Closed Closed Estimates Accounts Accounts II. NAVAL DEPARTMENT L's (ooo's omitted) Under ordinary votes and appropriations Expenditure provided for in Estimates - Department of the Navy.... 2,275 2,010 2,087 Defence retirement. 45 Io - Interest on transferred properties... 9 Io Io Audit............... 3 4 4 Public Works staff - salaries and contingencies... I 9 5 Rent of buildings 4 2 I Repairs, maintenance, fittings, furniture,etc. 28 29 30 Pensions, and retiring allowances.. 2 i 2 Compensation paid under Defence Retrenchment Scheme... 6 I Interest on Treasury Bills and Registered Stock... Stock...9............. 39 34 Sinking Fund...3 6 Interest on Advance from Commonwealth Bank.... I Total: Ordinary votes and appropriations.. 2,376 2,124 2,180 New works, buildings, sites, etc., paid from Revenue : Construction of fleet.. 336 58 5 Reserve of Stores - Ammunition, Ordnance, Torpedo, Coal and Oil. 75 144 200 Naval Establishments.... 3 2 IO Coal hulks, yard, craft, boats and launches Victoria Barracks, Melbourne: alterations. 2 2 I Total: New works, etc., from Revenue.... 416 206 217 New Works, etc., paid from Loan Fund: Naval bases, dep6ts, works, establishments, etc................. etc i6o 44 ioo I04 Total: Naval Department... 2,952 2,374 2,50 III. AIR SERVICES.' Under ordinary votes and appropriations: Air Services... 147 I69 251 Rent of aerodromes, etc... 2 Public Works staff - salaries and contin- gencies.3............... 3 5 5 Repairs, maintenance, fittings, furniture 5 5 7 Interest on registered stock.... -- - 2 Total: Ordinary votes and appropriations. 155 179 267
212 BRITISH EMPIRE TABLE 2 (concluded). 1921-22 I922-23 I923-24 Closed Closed Estimates Accounts Accounts 's (ooo's omitted) New works, buildings, sites, etc., paid from Revenue Royal Australian Air Force: Aircraft equipment and plant... 881 30 7 Miscellaneous expenses... 29 25 80 Civil Aviation: Initial expenditure.... i - io Miscellaneous expenditure.... 4 21 27 Total: New works, etc., from Revenue.. 131 76 124 New Works, etc., paid from Loan Fund: Purchase of properties and sites. 2 i8 32 Total: Air Services... 286 273 423 Total: Department of Defence (excluding War Expenditure).... 6,311 I 4,337 4,89 I Less amount estimated to remain unexpended at end of year... - 400 Grand Total.... 6,3II 4,337 4,491 Includes acquisition of sites, provided in 1922-23 from Loan Fund for Works. 2 Paid from Revenue : "New works, buildings, sites, etc." I. Military Establishments. The Official Year-Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1922, mentions six factories in connection with the Defence Department as working on that date; the expenditure up to June 3 oth, I92I, on land, buildings, machinery and plant, factory fittings and furniture in connection with these factories was as follows : Small Arms Factory 357,I56 Cordite factory 276,263 Clothing factory 36,324 Harness factory 20,493 Woollen Cloth factory 204,083 Acetate of Lime factory 126,219 There are, besides, several Remount Depots, stables and veterinary h ospitals maintained for defence purposes.
AUSTRALIA 213 2. Expenditure by the Military Services for Civil Purposes. Table 2 shows Civil Aviation as a part of the Defence Air Service. Some of the factories above referred to (e. g. the Harness, Saddlery and Leather Accoutrements Factory and the Clothing Factory) serve some non-military purposes also. III. Receipts in connection with Military Expenditure. In the statement of the Details of Revenue, the following amounts are shown: TABLE 3. 1921-22 1922-23 i923-24 Closed Accounts Closed Accounts Estimates Military Receipts... 87,663 II9,889 85,000 Balance of Defence Trust Accounts.... 203,085 102,419 Io,ooo Navy... 62,635 Io03,513 135,000 Interest on Loans to States for Soldier Land settlement.. 791,619 I,I128,613 1,300,000 Payment on account of Army of Occupation... 835,000 Repayment of States' proportion of Pensions : Defence. 992 1,856 1,200 Total... 1,980,994 1,456,290 1,531,200
214 BRITISH EMPIRE IV. Expenditure referring to previous Years. i. Debt Service. No interest on or amortisation of public debt is charged to the ordinary vote for the Department of Defence. Table 2 above shows the following amounts as coming under the total cost of the Defence Department: TABLE 4. 1921-22 1922-23 I923-24 Closed Accounts Closed Accounts Military & Interest on Treasury bills and Registered Stock... 9,865 45,702 42,845 Sinking Fund.... - 3,884 17,069 Interest on advances from the Commonwealth Bank..... 542 245 Total: Military... 9,865 50,128 60, 159 Naval Interest on Treasury Bills and Registered Stock.. 8,9II 39,054 34,I86 Sinking Fund... 3,290 5,467 Interest on Advances from the Commonwealth Bank.... -- 806 360 Total: Naval... 8,911 43,150 40,013 Air Service Interest on Registered Stock... - 1,967 Sinking Fund...- 238 Interest on Advances from the Commonwealth Bank..... 328 I50 Total: Air Service...... - 328 2,355 Grand Total.... 18,776 93,606 102,527 The Consolidated Revenue Fund further amounts under War and Repatriation Services: shows the following I921-22 I922-23 I923-24 Closed Accounts Closed Accounts Estimates Interest and Sinking Fund 2I,075,693 20,8o01,912 20,588,682
AUSTRALIA 215 2. Pensions. do not come within the estimates for the Department of Defence. In so far, however, as they form part of the total cost of the Department, they are indicated in Table 2 thus : TABLE 5. 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 Closed Closed Estimates Accounts Accounts Pensions and Retiring Allowances: Military... 1,076 1,503 i,6io Naval... 1,557 I,418 1,540 Defence Retirement: Army... 255,000 40,000oo Navy... 45,000 io,ooo - Government contribution under the Superannuation Act: Military... - 158 650 Naval... -- 121 450 Compensation to officers of Naval Works Staff, retired under Defence Retrenchment scheme..... -- 6,127 1,386 Total... 302,633 59,327 5,636 War Pensions form part of the charges on War and Repatriation Services; and the amounts disbursed for the last three years are as follows : 1921-22 Closed Accounts.... 7,028,379 I922-23 Closed Accounts... 7,I34,967 I923-24 Estimates... 7,000,000 3. War and Repatriation Services. In order effectively to solve the problem of the returned soldier, a Department of Repatriation was organised in 1918. The four main principles upon which it is based are: (i) to secure the re-establishment of returned soldiers in the industrial life of the community to the fullest extent that circumstances permit ; (2) to sustain these soldiers until an opportunity for such re-establishment is assured; (3) to provide for the care and education of the dependents of soldiers who died on active service, as well as the dependents of soldiers who, on account of injuries sustained, are unable to provide for those formerly dependent on them;
216 BRITISH EMPIRE and (4) to provide medical treatment after discharge for returned nurses, sailors and soldiers who are suffering from disabilities caused or aggravated by war service. The sums devoted to Repatriation Services reveal the magnitude of the functions performed by this Department. 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 Closed Accounts Closed Accounts Estimates Total War and Repatriation Expenditure from Revenue and the Loan Fund... 38,914,I4I 31,863,I66 35,545,385 Some of the more important items in the expenditure on War and Repatriation Services are : TABLE 6. 1921-22, 1922-23 1923-24 Closed Accounts Closed Accounts Australia's War indebtedness to the j 's (ooo's omitted) Government of the United Kingdom: Interest... 4,530 4,484 4,431 Payment in reduction 1,012 1,o65 Interest on Commonwealth Inscribed 1,118 War Stock and Bonds... I 11,904 I2,188 12,228 Interest on War Gratuity Bonds and Bank overdraft (War Gratuity). 1,222 1,128 1,120 Sinking Funds on Loans for War purposes... 1,988 1,337 1,092 War Pensions.. 7,028 7,1I35 7,000 Transferred to Trust Fund, Repatriation of Australian Soldiers.. 1,958 1,623 400 Advances to States for Repatriation purposes... 6,576 1,291 4,000 Expenditure under War Service Homes Act, 1918, to Trust Fund 1,247 481 3,000 War Gratuities... 2,192 2,866 I9,5o8 1 This amount does not include the cost of War Gratuities, which were paid partly by means of overdrafts granted by the Banks and partly by the issue of Bonds redeemable not later than May 3Ist, 1924. Up to June 3oth, 1923, War Gratuity Bonds had been cashed and War Gratuities paid in cash from the War Loan Fund amounting to 7,778, I3 I 1, and by means of overdrafts granted by Banks, 6,ooo,ooo. The remaining bonds outstanding were to be redeemed in 1923-24.
AUSTRALIA 217 IV. Industries capable of being used for War Purposes. RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS (OUTPUT, IMPORTS, EXPORTS.) I. FUEL (Thousands of metric tons). A. Coal B. Petroleum Coal Coke OUTPUT. 1920 13,I75 8.11 192I I3,oo3 Io. 1922 1923 Crude Crude Lamp Benzene, Other r 2 oil Gasoline (Thousands of gallons.) IMPORTS. 1919/1920 35.8 15,626 24,891 10,477 1920/I92I 15.4 0.5 20,080 35,069 I9,0 8 o 192I1/1I922 29.8 0.05 15,878 33,985 4,193 EXPORTS. 1919/920 I,o030 34.8 i8.4 - - 8.7 1920/192I 2,I96 59.1 1077 43.5 192I1/1I922 1,045 25.6 15.6-6.9 4.9 II. ORES AND METALS (Thousands of metric tons). A. Ores. Iron Manganese Copper Zinc Tungsten Lead Pyrites OUTPUT. 3 3 4 1920 6i5 3.1I 27 10.2 o.8 i4.6 io.6 I92I 527 6.I II 142 0.003 85.2 6.8 I922 1923 I Estimated. 2 Lubricating and residual oil. 3 In terms of metal. 4 Metric tons of concentrates.
218 BRITISH EMPIRE Iron Manganese Copper Zinc Tungsten Lead Pyrites IMPORTS. I919/1920 0.07 2.7 0.2 - - - 0.005 I920/I921 0.06 2.0 o0.006 I921/I922-3.0 EXPORTS. 1 2 I919/I920 0.07 0.02 o.i - 1.1 0.4 I920/192I O.I 0.06 1.0-0.3 2.1 I921/I922 0.06 0.02 0.I - 0.7 0.99 B. Metals. Pig iron sron and Alumi- Ferrous ^ mnium alloys ~~~steel OUTPUT. 1920 349 27 I 8 192I 358 II 1.7 25 - - 1922 85 13 IMPORTS. 35 36 3 3 3 1919/1920 2.7 27 1.5 0.2 O.OI 0.03 0.4 1920/1921 1.3 38 0.07 0.3 1.6 0.09 o.8 1921/1922 3.3 8i 0.09 1.6 0.08 0.07 1.2 EXPORTS. 3 3 3 4 I919/1920 19.5 I0.2 27.8 2.I 76 I920/I92I 9.2 10.4 21.5 3.4 21.2 I92I/I922 1.1 1.5 9.5 8.I 75 - ' Wolfram and scheelite. 2 Silver and silver lead. a Bar, rod, angle teehoop, ingots, blooms, slabs, billets, etc. 4 Pig-lead, lead sheets and pipes. 5 Iron and steel imports in girders, beams, etc.; pipes and tubes, plate and sheet, wire, iron casting were 170,251 metric tons in 1920; 235,173 in 1920/1921; 138,280 in 1921/1922. 6 Copper imports in pipes and tubes, plate and sheet, wire, were 1,632 tons in 1919/1920 1,916 in 1920/1921; 1,436 in 1921/1922.
AUSTRALIA 219 III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS (In metric tons.) A. Raw Materials. Nitrate of sodium Salt Sulphur OUTPUT. i920 72,003 i92i 57,396 IMPORTS. I919/1920 6,651 3,962 34,443 1920/192I 5,063 3,I38 72,423 I92I/I922 2,552 5,000 49,352 EXPORTS. 919/1I920 11,031 I920/I92I 12,725 1921/1922 207 6,234 1920... 1921 --.. B. Manu/factured Products Sulphate of Nitric Sulphuric ammonium Acid Acid Soda Spirit OUTPUT. IMPORTS. i I919/1920 3.8 (gallons) 1920/I92I 0.2 5 5,323 49,134 i92i/1922 508 Io 3,115 I47,480 I922 /1I923 61-87,77I EXPORTS. 1 (gallons) 919 /I920 8,505 251 57 4,114 I920/192I 6,286 607-2,678 I92I/I922 7,895 99 1,420 I922 /I923 ' Muriatic, nitric and sulphuric acids.
220 BRITISH EMPIRE IV. VARIOUS PRODUCTS (in metric tons). Cotton Rubber I920 I92I 1922 I923 I919/I920 I920/I92I 277 I92 192I/I922 301I 1922 /I923 919/1920 - i920/1i92i 38 i92i/1922 392 1922 /I923 OUTPUT. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. Sources. Notes on the Land Forces of British Dominions, Colonies and Protectorates. The Budget of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1923-24. The Official Year-Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. I5, I922. Publications of Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau. London. Official Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; 1920, 1921 and I922.