Civil War Chapter 14 Two Societies at War Northerners War of the Rebellion Southerners War Between the States Lincoln won Election of 1860 South Carolina seceded in Dec. 1860 6 more states in 6 weeks 1
Confederate States of America Feb. 1861 Montgomery, AL Jefferson Davis President (MS) Alexander Stephens VP (GA) Fewer slaves Upper South The Impending Crisis of the South Hinton Helper (1857) non-slaveholders suffered most Lame Duck Period Buchanan declared secession illegal tried to resupply Ft. Sumter 7 states seceded Lincoln wait and see Buchanan didn t do much? Crittenden Plan John Crittenden KY 2 provisions amendment protect slavery where it existed extend MO Compromise line to CA Failed Caribbean, Latin Am. Reasons for Secession political balance Republicans won abolitionists develop own economy believed it would be unopposed could voluntarily leave the union Lincoln s Inauguration March 4, 1861 2
Lincoln s Position secession illegal would enforce federal law hold Ft. Sumter use force if necessary South s choice? Return to the Union or face war!! Fort Sumter Attack South seized forts (except 2) Fort Sumter less than 100 men needed supplies Lincoln s Decision send provisions ONLY Maj. Gen. Robert Anderson 3
April 12, 1861 South Carolina opened fire 34 hour bombardment no deaths Northern Response Calls for war Some: let the South secede America Flag flown during Battle Confederate flag after battle Civil War had Begun South fired 1 st shots April 15 Lincoln called for 75,000 troops Southern Response said Lincoln was aggressor 4 more states seceded VA, AR, TN, NC Robert E. Lee Richmond, VA - capital Border States MO, KY, MD, DE, WV WV broke away state in 1863 Significance population manufacturing Ohio River Lincoln & the Border States MD martial law sent troops war NOT fought over slavery 4
Brothers War Mountain Whites Border States brothers on both sides John Crittenden Lincoln s in-laws Armies Army of the Potomac Union Gen. Irvin McDowell Army of Northern Virginia Conf. Gen. Robert E. Lee Ninety Day War Lincoln believed it would be short Union Army not prepared Southern Advantages defensive war North had to WIN! high morale talented officers many bred to fight Southern Disadvantages few factories shortages lack of food poor transportation ECONOMY King Cotton?? Northern Advantages ECONOMY strong navy population 5
Northern Disadvantages less prepared for military life lack of strong, able commanders Who had the Advantage? Northern advantages outweighed South South s chances good What if? Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) McDowell vs. Beauregard Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) July 21, 1861 Grand Affair politicians, spectators 1 st experience with the rebel yell Gen. Irvin McDowell P.G.T. Beauregard General George McClellan Gen. Thomas Jackson stone wall Union defeat Lincoln called for 1 million men Young Napoleon Great abilities Arrogant attitude Perfectionist Lincoln said he had the slows 6
Peninsula Campaign McClellan Water attack toward Richmond Spring 1862 Yorktown Seven Days Battles (June 26-July 2) Jackson Shenandoah Valley Lee counterattacked 20,000 casualties 10,000 Union casualties McClellan replaced by John Pope New Union Strategy Total War complete blockade free the slaves divide the South capture Richmond engage enemy s main strength 2 nd Battle of Bull Run Aug. 29-30, 1862 Lee defeated Pope Pope replaced by McClellan Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) Lee invaded Maryland various reasons Battle Sept. 17, 1862 Confederate plans discovered McClellan prepared 7
Significance of Battle bloodiest single-day of fighting 26,000 casualties 6000 US troops at D-Day Bloody Lane 8
Results of Battle a draw Lee retreated McClellan replaced by Ambrose Burnside War in the West Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation Sept. 22 Ulysses S. Grant Forts Henry & Donelson Unconditional Surrender secured KY Battle of Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 surprise attack on Grant Union victory Lincoln pleased Demands for Grant s removal Mississippi River Adm. David Farragut seized New Orleans Spring 1862 closed large part of Miss. River Total War 9
Troops for War South Early stages volunteers April 1862 draft ages 18-45 Problems substitutes slaveowners exemption rich man s war, poor man s fight North Early stages volunteers 90% of army 1863 - Draft 3 Hundred Dollar Men NYC draft riots 1863 Wartime Liberties Limitations suspended writ of habeas corpus 15,000 imprisoned martial law Jobs Women and the War Bazaars to raise money Involvement in the War Soldiers Spies US Sanitary Commission clothing food medicine Nursing Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell 10
Clara Barton Am. Red Cross Sally Tompkins Confederate rank of Captain Dorothea Dix Economic Policies North National Banking System 1863 effectively raised capital currency bonds became Fed. Reserve in 1913 Internal Improvements transcontinental RR chartered in 1862 Union Pacific, Central Pacific large subsidies 1862 Homestead Act 160 acres bolstered ability to wage war 11
Industries food, guns, clothes Chicago RR new lines stockyards Raising Money 1. Revenue - taxes excise & income taxes 1861 Tariff 20% of war costs 2. Sold bonds - $2.6 billion 65% of war costs 3. Greenbacks $450 million 15% of costs North s Economic Boom New Factories Labor-saving machinery Petroleum 1859 (PA) South controlled by state governments Davis Administration shipyards, armories, textile mills controlled natural resources Slaves built fortifications foreign trade resentment and resistance Revenue South taxes less than 5% states rights? bonds - $400 million (35%) Blue backed currency - $1 billion 12
Problems in South food prices soared riots some refused to accept currency army seized goods, supplies only way to sustain war effort North 80% South 9000% Inflation Emancipation The Turning Point: 1863 antislavery Republicans free slaves and restore the Union Lincoln refused Lincoln union most important Contrabands May 1861 3 runaways camp of Gen. Benjamin Butler Butler contraband 1000s more Confiscation Act Aug. 1861 seize all property Radical Republicans Sumner, Chase, Stevens June 1862 slavery outlawed in federal territories slavery ended in D.C. 13
Emancipation Proclamation Sept. 22, 1862 preliminary Jan. 1, 1863 became official preserved if secession renounced within 100 days emancipation slow Opposition South Democrats unconstitutional white workers Battle of Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862 pontoon bridge across Rappahannock River Union attacked Lee on high ground Union army defeated Battle of Chancellorsville Lee divided his army Jackson attacked Union right flank May 2-4, 1863 Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside 14
Plan worked - Confederate victory Tragedy strikes Jackson shot by friendly fire left arm amputated died on May 10 Lee I have lost my right arm Battle of Vicksburg siege lasted several months Grant victory on July 4, 1863 Port Hudson fell on July 9 complete control of Mississippi Confederacy now divided Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 George Meade replaced Hooker Lee invaded the North again July 2 Meade 90,000 men Lee 75,000 men Lee attacked flanks left Longstreet (Little Round Top) right Richard Ewell Seesaw battle July 3 Pickett s Charge assault on Union front lines across open fields major defeat 15
Results of Gettysburg Casualties South 28,000 (1/3 of army) North 23,000 Lincoln angry Meade failed to pursue Lee Results of Gettysburg High tide of the Confederacy last real chance of winning the war Gettysburg Address Nov. 19, 1863 Diplomatic Results European reactions Ruling classes supported South common people supported North Britain Alabama Confederate commerce raider from Britain in 1862 sank/captured Union ships 2 more ships ordered Charles Adams foreign minister persuaded Britain to impound ships Failure of King Cotton Pre-war production - stockpiles Union sent food to Europe some cotton still shipped cotton from Egypt, India England s war industries Wheat and Corn Rule North shipped to England England refused to break blockade might lose food supplies 16
Impact of Black Troops The Union Victorious 1864-1865 Union Army enlistments nearly 200,000 2 Mass. regiments Douglass Involvement in War Ft. Wagner SC (July 1863) 500 engagements 22 Cong. Medals of Honor Casualties 38,000 dead Black Troops discrimination white officers segregated units support roles paid less (threatened to leave) fight for new social order bottom rail on top dis time Grant in Charge March 1864 all Union armies Lincoln victory before election Grant s Successes War in West Vicksburg Chattanooga, TN willing to accept heavy casualties other commanders conserved life viewed as a butcher 17
Grant Takes Action Army of Potomac 115,000 Lee 75,000 On to Richmond May 1864 Wilderness Campaign, Spotsylvania June 1864 Cold Harbor Richmond captured April 1865 Petersburg June 1864 - Grant lay siege to town RR center trench warfare artillery battle Problems Arise Jubal Early raid near D.C. Grant diverted troops Gen. Philip Sheridan ordered to turn Shenandoah into a barren waste for aiding Early scorched-earth campaign March to the Sea William T. Sherman way paved by Grant Atlanta Sept 1864 National Union Party Republicans and Union Democrats Election of 1864 Lincoln Andrew Johnson from TN running mate 18
Democrats George McClellan opposed emancipation Good News for Lincoln Atlanta fell Sept. 1864 South began to realize their fate Mary Chestnut Union Party said McClellan was a peace democrat Peace Democrats were copperheads treasonous plots Results of Election Military successes helped Lincoln Union troops voted Lincoln won election 145 of 185 seats in House 42 of 52 seats in Senate Led to more southern desertions Emancipation Begins 1864 MD, MO freed slaves TN, AR, LA followed suit feared Proclamation might lose force after war 13 th Amendment January 31, 1865 sent to states for ratification slavery nearly dead March to the Sea march through GA Total War destroy South s economic resources 60 mile wide path Savannah Dec. 22, 1864 Invasion of South Carolina responsible for war Columbia burned Feb. 1865 North Carolina 19
War Comes to an End 100,000 Conf. desertions South enlisted slaves - war ended too soon April 1865 Petersburg RR captured Richmond captured Lee retreated Grant cut off Lee s escape route Lee s Surrender Appomattox Courthouse, VA April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant Home of Wilmer McLean Results of War loss of money, resources, lives Casualties - deaths Union 360,000 Confederacy 260,000 South virtually destroyed factories, RRs, farms, cities Cotton Kingdom Crushed Economy collapsed Transportation collapsed Lack of general supplies Resourcefulness and spirit Consequences of the Civil War Human Costs Economic Costs Intangible Costs Political Costs End of Slavery! 20