1/23/2011 Good Morning! The American Civil War Please get out your Documents from Last week and Write your Thesis Paragraph. 1861-1865 And the war began Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 4:30 am General Beauregard (CSA) opens fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor April 13 Major Anderson (USA) surrenders, promises to pull out next day April 14 USA evacuates fort (First 2 fatalities of the war as two men die when a powder keg explodes during a 21 gun salute) Fort Sumter April 14th, 1861 after 3000 cannon hits and the CSA takes over. (Notice the Stars and Bars flying above) It s damned bad April 15th, 1861 Lincoln issues proclamation for 75,000 volunteers April 19th Lincoln calls for a Blockade of the Southern Coastline. Then the wait July 21st, 1861 First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas) Gen. McDowell (USA) maneuvers the Union troops against the Army of Northern Virginia At first Union looks to be winning, but then Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson (CSA) rallies his troops. Confederates route the Union troops 1
A Carousel of Commanders for the North: General Winfield Scott Supreme Commander of the Union Army -Anaconda Plan Problem: Calls for a Long War Public wanted a short war I can do it all. General George McClellan- Takes over Army of the Potomac after McDowell After Scott resigns- becomes commander of US army Accomplishments: Trained and recruited and expert army Built supply lines Issues: Wouldn t move/use the army If General McClellan isn't going to use his army, I'd like to borrow it for a time 1 st Peninsula Campaign McClellan finally moves his men Uses navy to land South of Richmond Southern supreme General Johnston engages McClellan McClellan is timid and cautious (always fearing he was badly outmanned) McClellan fails to take Richmond (relieved of his command by Lincoln) Commanding Carousel Scott McClellan Fremont Burnside McClellan Halleck Hooker Pope Meade 2
Finally Ulysses Unconditional Surrender Grant 1862 The War in the West February 6, 1862 Grant captures Fort Henry in Tennessee February 16, 1862 Grant captures Fort Donelson Earns nickname Unconditional Surrender April 6/7 1862 Battle of Shiloh Confederate army in Miss. Surprise attacks Grants forces Grant musters a response next day and defeats Confederates Casualties: 23,746 (Bloodiest battle up to that time ) A War of Turning Points There were 4 Major Turning Points during the War: Antietam Vicksburg Gettysburg Election of 1864 Antietam Sept. 17 th, 1862 After the Peninsula Campaign Lee decided to invade the North Move the war away from Virginia and Convince UK to join the war on the South s side Lee moves his troops in Maryland (hoping for recruits) McClellan is put back in charge (there is no one else right now) Lee has 50,000 men McClellan has 90,000 (McClellan still thinks he is outnumbered) The Battle Lee makes a big mistake: Splits his army into 3 (believes McClellan will not move from Virginia.. He is right but.) Sends an order to bring the troops back together at Sharpsburg, MD (Orders are lost) McClellan learns that Lee s force is split (waits two days before he decides to move?????) Lee and McClellan meet at Sharpsburg (Antietam creek) Bloodiest day of the Civil War 1 Day: Estimated about 26,000 casualties 3
1/23/2011 A Photographer s Nightmare: Effects of Antietam: McClellan will be fired for good after he fails to chase Lee Gives Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation: Freed no one Stopped Eng. from helping the south (stopped delivery of Rams) No chance for a peace treaty or the cont. of slavery Made it a moral cause More slaves ran to the North Draft riots in NY Official January 1, 1863 Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville Battle of Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 Gen. Burnside assaults Lee at Fredericksburg, VA Lee entrenches and destroys Burnside 17,000+ casualties (only 5,000 on the CSA) Burnside replaced by John Hooker Battle of Chancellorsville- April 30-May 6, 1863 John Hooker vs. Robert E. Lee Lee horribly outnumbered (100,000 to 50,000) Lee brilliant, defeats Hooker "I just lost confidence in Joe Hooker." Joe Hooker Stonewall Jackson injured by friendly fire Dies days later.. ( I just lost my right arm Lee) Hooker is replaced by General Meade 4
Vicksburg- July 4 th, 1863 Grant s brilliant campaign Splits the Confederacy into 2 parts Takes control of the Mississippi River for the Union Boosts Grant s reputation so that after Meade is dismissed he takes over the US Army Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Lee decides to invade the North once again Wants to force an end to the war early (persuade the North that the South is up to a long fight) General Meade is newly in charge of the Union forces takes the Army and meets Lee at Gettysburg, PA USA 84,000 CSA 75,000 After 3 long, arduous days Lee withdrew Casualties: 51,000 Gettysburg Address Nov. 1863 Lincoln Election of 1864 Probably the Most Crucial Turning Point First election by a Republic during a Civil War Lincoln runs on the Union (Republican) ticket George McClellan is nominated by the Democrats (He is a Pro-Slavery Northern Dem) McClellan almost wins but Sherman takes Atlanta and Mobile, AL falls Two Union victories = Lincoln victory South is finished 5
1/23/2011 Sherman s March to the Sea After Grant is given command of the Union forces, General William Tecumseh Sherman is given command in the West Grant and Sherman agree on a major invasion of the South from both the West and the East (Simultaneous engagement of all Southern Armies) Grant and Appomattox Courthouse While Sherman marches through Georgia Grant will invade Virginia and head toward Richmond to engage Lee One big misstep: Cold Harbor June 3, 1864 7000 Union troops die in 10 minutes One soldier wrote the day before the battle his last diary entry: "June 3, 1864, Cold Harbor, Virginia. I was killed." Grant cont. Grant and Sherman both employed the meatgrinder approach There are always more soldiers Sherman will also use Torched Earth approach and sets Georgia on fire Grant surrounds Lee at Petersburg, VA Lee will attack Grant in April of 1865 Grant suppresses attack and then pursues Lee into Virginia Lee, seeing that he is finished, surrenders April 9, 1865 9 month siege started in June 1864 Sherman will then force the last CSA army to surrender on April 26, 1865. Civil War is Over 6
1/23/2011 Weapons Civil War Uniqueness: Weapons: African Americans: Refusal of Asylum Ironclads Contraband Colt Revolvers 54th Massachusetts Rifled Muskets Women: Observation Balloons Nurses Gatling Gun Submarines Ironclads Naval Warfare Changed African Americans Women 7
Assassination April 14 th, 1865 Good Friday Abraham Lincoln and his wife go to Ford s Theatre to see Our American Cousin During the 3 rd Act, John Wilkes Booth will approach Lincoln from behind Booth escapes and is hunted for over 2 weeks before being killed in Virginia COINCIDENCE? Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. Both wives lost their children while living in the White House. Both Presidents were shot on a Friday. Both Presidents were shot in the head. Lincoln 's secretary was named Kennedy. Kennedy's Secretary was named Lincoln. Both were assassinated by Southerners. Both were succeeded by Southerners named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908. Lincoln was shot at the theater named Ford. Kennedy was shot in a car called Lincoln made by 'Ford.' Lincoln was shot in a theater and his assassin ran and hid in a warehouse. Kennedy was shot from a warehouse and his assassin ran and hid in a theater. Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials. 8
A week before Lincoln was shot, he was in Monroe, Maryland A week before Kennedy was shot, he was in John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln, was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated Kennedy, was born in 1939. 9