Table of Contents Preface... xiii Introduction... 1 Purpose and Scope... 1 Book Organization... 2 Terminology... 3 Key Information... 3 1 Introduction to Hazardous Materials... 6 Case History... 9 First Responder Roles... 11 Awareness-Level Personnel... 13 Operations-Level Responders...14 Hazardous Materials Hazards... 15 Thermal Hazards...16 Low Temperatures... 16 Elevated Temperatures...17 Radiological Hazards...18 Types of Ionizing Radiation... 18 Radiation Health Hazards... 22 Asphyxiation Hazards... 23 Chemical Hazards... 23 Toxic Chemicals/Poisons... 24 Corrosives... 25 Irritants... 27 Convulsants... 27 Carcinogens... 27 Sensitizers/Allergens... 28 Biological/Etiological Hazards... 29 Mechanical Hazards...31 Routes of Entry... 32 Hazardous Materials Regulations and Definitions... 34 U.S. Regulations/Definitions... 38 Department of Transportation... 38 Environmental Protection Agency... 39 Department of Labor... 41 Nuclear Regulatory Commission... 42 Other Agencies... 42 Canadian Regulations/Definitions... 44 Transport Canada... 44 Environment Canada... 44 Health Canada... 46 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission... 47 Mexican Regulations/Definitions...47 Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes... 47 iv Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales... 50 Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social.. 50 Hazardous Materials Incident Statistics... 51 Summary... 58 Review Questions... 59 2 Hazardous Materials Identification... 60 Case History... 63 Clue 1. Occupancy Types, Locations, and Pre-incident Surveys... 65 Pre-incident Surveys... 66 Occupancies... 66 Locations... 67 Terrorist Targets... 69 Clue 2. Container Shapes... 71 Bulk-Capacity Fixed-Facility Containers... 72 Nonpressure/Atmospheric Storage Tanks. 74 Pressure Storage Tanks... 74 Bulk Transportation Containers... 77 Railroad Cars... 77 Cargo Tanks... 84 Intermodal Containers... 92 Vessel Cargo Carriers... 96 Unit Loading Devices... 99 Intermediate Bulk Containers... 100 Ton Containers... 102 Nonbulk Packaging...102 Containers for Radioactive Materials...102 Clue 3. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings... 106 UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods...106 UN Hazard Classes... 106 Four-Digit Identification Numbers... 107 U.S. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings...109 DOT Placards...110 DOT Labels...119 DOT Markings... 120 Canadian Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings... 124 Mexican Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings... 124 Other North American Highway Vehicle Identification Markings...129 North American Railroad Tank Car Markings...130
Reporting Marks... 130 Capacity Stencil...131 Specification Marking...131 International Intermodal Container/Tank Markings...132 Clue 4. Other Markings and Colors... 132 NFPA 704 System...133 U.S. Hazard Communications Labels and Markings...134 Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System...135 Mexican Hazard Communication System...135 Manufacturers Labels and Signal Words...137 CAS Numbers...138 Other Symbols and Signs...138 ISO Safety Symbols...138 Globally Harmonized System Symbols...139 Military Markings...140 Pipeline Identification...140 Pesticide Labels...141 Color Codes...144 Clue 5. Written Resources... 144 Shipping Papers...144 Safety Data Sheets...148 Emergency Response Guidebook...149 Inventory Records and Facility Documents...150 Clue 6. Senses... 150 Clue 7. Monitoring and Detection Devices... 152 Identification of Terrorist Attacks and Illicit Laboratories... 153 Chemical Attack Indicators...154 Biological Attack Indicators...156 Radiological Attack Indicators...157 Nuclear Attack Indicators...158 Explosive/Incendiary Attack Indicators...158 Illicit Laboratory Indicators...159 Secondary Attacks and Booby Traps...161 Summary... 163 Review Questions... 163 3 Awareness-Level Actions at Hazardous Materials Incidents... 164 Case History... 167 Predetermined Procedures and Emergency Response Plans... 169 Notification Requirements...170 Using the Emergency Response Guidebook...171 ERG ID Number Index (Yellow Pages)...172 ERG Material Name Index (Blue Pages)...172 ERG Initial Action Guides (Orange Pages)...172 Potential Hazards Section...173 Public Safety Section...173 Emergency Response Section...175 ERG Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (Green Pages)...177 Emergency Response Centers...179 Isolation and Denial of Entry...181 Terrorist Incidents... 182 Summary... 183 Review Questions... 183 Skill Sheets... 184 4 Chemical Properties and Hazardous Materials Behavior... 188 Case History...191 States of Matter... 193 Flammability... 194 Flashpoint...194 Autoignition Temperature...197 Flammable, Explosive, or Combustible Range...198 Vapor Pressure... 200 Boiling Point... 202 Melting Point/Freezing Point/Sublimation... 202 Vapor Density... 204 Solubility/Miscibility... 205 Specific Gravity... 205 Persistence... 207 Reactivity... 207 Hazardous Materials Properties Summary...211 General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model...211 Stress...215 Breach...216 Release...217 Dispersion Patterns/Engulfment...218 Exposure/Contact... 223 Harm... 225 Summary... 225 Review Questions... 225 5 Incident Management... 226 Case History... 229 Incident Priorities... 233 Incident Management Systems... 235 U.S. NIMS and the National Response Framework... 237 IMS Operational Functions... 243 Command... 243 Operations Section... 248 Planning Section... 248 v
Logistics Section... 248 Finance/Administration Section... 248 Staging Area... 249 Resources... 249 Incident Command Establishment and Transfer... 250 Unified Command...251 IMS Haz Mat Positions... 253 Communications... 255 Summary... 259 Review Questions... 259 6 Strategic Goals and Tactical Objectives... 260 Case History... 263 Problem-Solving Process... 266 Analyzing the Incident...270 Scene Analysis: Size-up and Hazard and Risk Assessment... 271 Incident Levels... 275 Planning the Appropriate Response...279 Determining Modes of Operation... 280 Developing Incident Action Plans (IAPs)... 283 Implementing the Incident Action Plan... 285 Evaluating Progress... 286 Isolation and Scene Control... 286 Hazard-Control Zones... 287 Hot Zone... 288 Warm Zone... 290 Cold Zone... 290 Staging... 290 Notification... 292 Protection... 293 Protection of Responders... 295 Accountability Systems... 295 Buddy Systems and Backup Personnel... 296 Time, Distance, and Shielding... 297 Evacuation/Escape Procedures... 297 Protection of the Public... 298 Evacuation... 298 Sheltering in Place... 301 Protecting/Defending in Place... 301 Rescue... 302 Protection of the Environment and Property... 303 Protecting the Environment... 304 Protecting Property... 304 Recovery and Termination... 304 Recovery... 305 On-scene Recovery... 305 On-scene Debriefing... 305 Operational Recovery... 305 Termination... 306 Critiques... 306 After-Action Analysis... 306 Summary... 307 Review Questions... 307 7 Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters... 308 Case History...311 What is Terrorism?...313 Terrorism and Emergency Response...314 Terrorist Tactics and Types of Attacks...316 Explosive Attacks...319 Anatomy of an Explosion...319 Classification of Explosives...322 Commercial/Military Explosives...322 Homemade/Improvised Explosive Materials... 323 Peroxide-Based Explosives... 323 Potassium Chlorate... 328 Urea Nitrate... 328 Improvised Explosive Devices... 328 Types of IEDs... 329 Identification of IEDs... 334 Person-Borne Improvised Devices... 334 Vehicle Bombs (VBIEDs)... 336 Response to Explosive/IED Events... 338 Chemical Attacks... 340 Nerve Agents... 340 Blister Agents... 343 Blood Agents... 344 Choking Agents...347 Chlorine... 347 Phosgene... 348 Riot Control Agents... 349 Toxic Industrial Materials... 350 Operations at Chemical Attack Incidents...352 Biological Attacks... 352 Biological Agent Categories... 354 Disease Transmission... 358 Operations at Biological Attack Incidents... 360 Radiological and Nuclear Attacks... 362 Radiological Devices... 363 Radiation-Emitting Devices... 363 Radiological-Dispersal Devices... 363 Radiological-Dispersal Weapons... 363 Nuclear Devices and Weapons... 363 Suitcase Bombs... 364 Sabotage of Nuclear Facilities... 364 vi
Operations at Radiological and Nuclear Attack Incidents... 365 Illegal Haz Mat Dumps... 368 Evidence Preservation... 368 Haz Mat During and After Disasters... 371 Summary... 375 Review Questions... 375 8 Personal Protective Equipment... 376 Case History... 379 Respiratory Protection... 381 Standards for Respiratory Protection at Haz Mat/WMD Incidents... 382 Self -Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)... 383 Supplied-Air Respirators... 385 Air-Purifying Respirators... 386 Particulate-Removing Filters... 388 Vapor- and Gas-Removing Filters... 389 Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR).. 389 Combined Respirators... 390 Supplied-Air Hoods... 390 Escape Respirators... 390 Respiratory Equipment Limitations... 392 Technological Advances in Respiratory Protection... 392 Protective Clothing... 392 Standards for Protective Clothing and Equipment at Haz Mat/WMD Incidents... 394 Structural Firefighters Protective Clothing... 397 Next Generation Firefighters Protective Clothing... 399 High-Temperature Protective Clothing... 400 Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)...401 Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing... 402 Vapor-Protective Clothing... 403 Operations Requiring Use of Chemical-Protective Clothing... 404 Written Management Program... 405 Permeation, Degradation, and Penetration... 405 Service Life... 407 Body Armor... 407 Bomb Disposal Suits... 407 PPE Ensembles, Classification, and Selection... 407 U.S. EPA Levels of Protection... 408 Level A... 409 Level B...410 Level C...411 Level D... 412 PPE Selection Factors...412 Typical Ensembles of Response Personnel...415 Fire Service Ensembles...415 Law Enforcement Ensembles...415 EMS Ensembles...418 Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP)...418 Safety, Climate Concerns, and Health Issues...419 Heat Disorders... 420 Heat-Exposure Prevention... 420 Cold Disorders... 421 Medical Monitoring... 422 Safety and Emergency Procedures... 422 PPE Inspection, Storage, Testing, and Maintenance... 423 Summary... 424 Review Questions... 424 Skill Sheet... 425 9 Decontamination... 430 Case History... 433 Decontamination Methods... 435 Wet and Dry... 436 Physical and Chemical...437 General Guidelines for Decon Operations... 437 Recipients of Decontamination Operations... 440 Triage... 440 Ambulatory... 441 Nonambulatory... 442 Deceased... 443 Emergency Decon... 444 Technical Decon... 445 Mass Decon... 451 Evaluating Effectiveness of Decon Operations... 457 Decon Implementation... 458 Site Selection... 458 Decon Corridor Layout... 460 Other Implementation Considerations...461 Cold Weather Decon... 462 Evidence Collection and Decontamination.464 Termination... 464 Summary... 465 Review Questions... 465 Skill Sheets... 466 vii
10 Product Control... 472 Case History... 475 Spill Control...477 Absorption... 480 Adsorption... 480 Blanketing/Covering... 480 Dam, Dike, Diversion, and Retention...481 Vapor Suppression... 482 Vapor Dispersion... 487 Ventilation... 487 Dispersion... 488 Dilution... 488 Dissolution... 488 Neutralization... 488 Leak Control... 489 Fire Control... 492 Summary... 495 Review Questions... 495 Skill Sheets... 496 11 Air Monitoring and Sampling... 506 Case History... 509 Concentrations and Exposure Limits...514 Monitoring Basics...518 Selection and Maintenance of Detection and Monitoring Devices... 522 Detecting Hazards... 524 Corrosives... 524 ph Paper and Meters... 526 Fluoride Test Paper... 528 Oxygen... 528 Flammables... 530 Toxics...531 Chemical Specific Detectors... 535 Photoionization Detectors (PIDs)... 536 Colorimetric Indicator Tubes... 538 Flame Ionization Detectors... 540 Raman Spectrometers... 541 Oxidizers... 542 Radiation... 543 Gas-Filled Detectors... 545 Scintillation Detectors... 545 Monitoring and Personal Dosimetry Devices... 546 Reactives...547 Other Technologies Used to Detect Hazardous Materials... 547 Summary... 551 Review Questions... 551 Skill Sheets... 552 12 Victim Rescue and Recovery... 558 Case History... 561 Rescue Operations... 564 Determining Feasibility of Rescues... 569 Planning Rescues...571 Conducting Rescues...573 Line-of-Sight with Ambulatory Victims...574 Line-of-Sight with Non-Ambulatory Victims... 575 Non-Line-of-Sight with Ambulatory Victims... 575 Non-Line-of-Sight with Non-Ambulatory Victims... 575 Conducting Triage...576 Rescue Equipment... 576 Rescue Methods... 577 Incline Drag...578 Blanket Drag...578 Webbing Drag...578 Cradle-in-Arms Lift/Carry...578 Seat Lift/Carry...578 Three-Person Lift/Carry...578 Extremities Lift/Carry...578 Chair Lift/Carry...578 Moving a Victim onto a Long Backboard or Litter...578 Recovery Operations... 579 Summary... 580 Review Questions... 580 Skill Sheets... 581 13 Evidence Preservation and Sampling... 588 Case History... 591 Hazards at Crime Scenes Involving Haz Mat/WMDs... 592 Illicit Laboratories... 594 Release or Attack with a WMD Agent... 594 Environmental Crimes... 594 Suspicious Letters and Packages... 594 Investigative Authority... 596 Response Phases at Criminal Haz Mat/WMD Incidents... 598 The FBI Twelve-Step Process... 600 Making Preparations...601 Approaching the Scene... 602 Securing and Protecting the Scene... 603 Performing a Preliminary Survey... 604 Evaluating Evidence Possibilities... 605 Preparing a Narrative Description... 605 viii
Photographing the Scene... 605 Preparing Diagrams and Sketches... 606 Conducting a Detailed Search... 606 Collecting Evidence... 607 Chain of Custody... 609 Site Characterization...610 Sampling Plans...610 Protecting Samples and Evidence...611 Sampling Methods and Equipment...611 Field Screening Samples...614 Decontaminating Samples and Evidence...615 Labeling and Packaging...615 Performing the Final Survey...616 Releasing the Crime Scene...617 Summary...617 Review Questions...617 Skill Sheet...618 Appendix F Typical Haz Mat Problems with Potential Mitigating Strategies and Tactics... 673 Appendix G Emergency Plans... 677 Appendix H U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives: List of Explosive Appendix I Materials... 679 Emergency Response Involving Ethanol and Gasoline Fuel Mixtures.. 683 Glossary... 685 Index... 715 14 Illicit Laboratories... 620 Case History... 623 General Hazards at Illicit Laboratories... 624 Lab Operators... 924 Booby Traps... 924 Hazardous Materials... 627 Drug Labs... 627 Chemical Agent Labs... 635 Explosives Labs... 636 Biological Labs... 639 Operations at Illicit Labs... 641 Personal Protective Equipment... 645 Decontamination... 645 Remediation of Illicit Labs... 646 Summary... 646 Review Questions... 647 Skill Sheet... 648 Appendix A NFPA 472 Competencies with Chapter and Page References...653 Appendix B OSHA Plan States... 661 Appendix C Sample Standard Operating Guideline... 663 Appendix D UN Class Placards and Labels... 669 Appendix E Hazardous Materials Incident Commander Checklist... 671 ix