Portland State University PDXScholar Student Research Symposium Student Research Symposium 2013 May 8th, 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM Study of Employment Retention Veterans (SERVe): Improving Reintegration of Oregon National Guard and Reserves in the Workplace Gilbert Patrick Brady, Jr. Portland State University Leslie B. Hammer Portland State University Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/studentsymposium Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, and the Counseling Psychology Commons Brady, Jr., Gilbert Patrick and Hammer, Leslie B., "Study of Employment Retention Veterans (SERVe): Improving Reintegration of Oregon National Guard and Reserves in the Workplace" (2013). Student Research Symposium. 8. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/studentsymposium/2013/presentation/8 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Research Symposium by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu.
Study of Employment Retention for Veterans (SERVe) Improving Reintegration of Oregon National Guard and Reserves in the Workplace Gil Brady, B.Sc. Graduate Student, Applied Psychology Leslie Hammer, PhD Principle Investigator
5-year DOD Funded Project 2/8/13-2/7/18 U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity (USAMRAA)
Today s Objectives Provide an overview of the challenges of reservist veteran reintegration into society Illustrate mechanisms of Social Support on Stress Reduction Provide an overview and timeline of the project
What is resilience and who has it?
Background
Economic Effects of Young Veteran Rollercoaster Employment Unemployment rate % 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Aug (2001) Aug (2005) Apr (2009) Feb-Apr (2013) -- (Brady, 2013) Veteran Labor Force Pop = 11.1 million (est. 2013) Vet Out of Labor Force Pop = 10.4 million (est. 2013) Rough estimates (no real data before 2007) SERVe??? Elbow effect of DoD increase in deploying Reservist to OEF/OIF post-9/11 Vets (18-24) post-9/11 Vets (18-64) All Vets, working-age (Vietnam, etc.) Young Gen Pop (non-vets, 18-24) Gen Pop (non-vets) Reservist (18-64) --Sources: BLS, (2000-2013); Greengard, (2012); Time, (2013), U.S. House of Reps., (2013); Dept.VA (2010)
Since 9/11: More than 2.8 million U.S. military personnel have served in and around Iraq & Afghanistan. They represent 13% of all veterans of any era. By 2018, the number of post-9/11 veterans is projected to top 3.1 million. Currently, 18% of these post-9/11 veterans have difficulty holding a job and many experience family difficulties. -- (Adler et al., 2011; U.S. BLS, 2013; U.S. DVA, 2007/2011; Unique SSAN Activations as of 4/30/2013)
Reservists: Other post-9/11 Veterans The citizen-soldiers of the Air & Army National Guard as well as other reserve components (i.e., Marines, Navy, & Coast Guard) have been mobilized by their respective branch of service at unprecedented levels to prosecute these decade(s)-long wars. Presently, 33% of all post-9/11 veterans some 874,728 service members & counting have deployed to various global hotspots as active-duty reservists of the U.S. armed forces. -- (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011/2012/2013; Unique SSAN Activations as of 4/30/2013)
What do we know about this subgroup of about 900,000 and counting post-9/11 Reservist Veterans?
Bye-bye active-duty pay! Unique Veteran Reservists Reintegration Issues When reservists demobilize their active-duty pay of $3,000-plus/month ends within weeks of returning home. Many reservists are young (18-24), lack transferable job skills and deploy either without a steady civilian job or without secure civilian employment. Even with unemployment benefits available upon return, they pose a steep cut in monthly income. The current Washington policy of denying reservists a soft landing (i.e., continuation of active-duty pay) for their reintegration phase places added stress on reservists during this critical transition to civilian life as well as increased strain on their families, too. Post-9/11 reservists, many having endured multiple deployments, have been referred twice as much for mental health treatment (42% NG/Reserves v. 20% Active Component) during the first year post-deployment (JAMA, 2007). --(Adler et al., 2011; Hammer & Brady, 2011; Milliken et al., 2007)
Reintegration Challenges: Veteran Reservists Unlike active-duty troops, veteran reservists return to few if any community & social supports such as: Problems with steady & secure employment Termination of active-duty pay No paid military base housing No convenient medical care No access to quality child care --(Adler, 2011; Hammer et al., 2011)
Project Overview: Objective Develop, implement, and evaluate a civilian-based veteran-supportive supervisor training (VSST) program leading to improved work and home reintegration of Oregon National Guard and Reserve Component servicemen and women
Project Overview: Why is this needed? Many programs focus on recruitment and hiring of veterans Very little attention is on post-deployment reintegration into the workforce No programs focus specifically on modifying the workplace to improve veteran reintegrationrelated experiences Good evidence suggests that resilience may be innate (Scientific American, 2011).
What We Hope To Change Increased civilian supervisor support of NG/RC veterans should lead to: Decrease veteran job strain Increase veteran psychological and physical health Increase veteran marital quality Increase veteran job satisfaction Increase veteran job retention
Conceptual Model of Veteran-Supportive Supervisor Training Intervention, Health, and Work Outcomes VSST Mediating Processes OUTCOMES Supervisor Elements: Training and Self-Monitoring USERRA laws Stigma Reduction Supportive Behaviors Existing Resources Increased Social Support from Supervisors Reduced Stress and Job Strain Work-Family Conflict Job Demands Job Control Veteran and Spouse/Partner Health Cardiovascular risk factors, BMI, Psychological Distress Organizational Health Retention, absenteeism, health care costs
Effects of Social Support & Oxytocin Model of Social Support as a Mediator/Moderator of Psychosocial outcomes -- (Olff, 2012)
Social Support and Oxytocin Interact to Suppress Cortisol and Subjective Response to Psychosocial Stress --(Heinrichs et al., 2003)
Research Plan: Overview 1. Conduct Focus Groups with 16 ONG/RC Veterans and 16 Supervisors to inform the training 2. Recruit and collect survey data from 500 PAIRS of ONG/RC Veterans and their civilian supervisors at 3 time points: Baseline, 6 months, 12 months 3. Collect Family Daily Diary data from subgroup of veterans and spouses 4. Develop and administer a Veteran Supportive Supervisory Training (VSST) to civilian supervisors
Family Study: Daily Diary Goal: To better understand issues faced by veterans and their families Data collected daily over two weeks via a web based survey Examining daily experiences that impact health, well-being and reintegration Target is 180 veterans and spouses recruited from larger study participants
Random Assignment Study Design: Randomized Control Trial Recruit 500 Supervisor- Veteran Pairs and Collect Baseline Survey and Daily Diary Data 250 250 Treatment Group TRAINING 500 Collect Survey and Daily Diary Data and Assess Change: 6 months after data collection 250 Control Waitlist: TRAINING 500 Collect Survey and Daily Diary Data and Assess Change: 12 months after data collection Years 2-3 Years 3-4 Years 4-5
Timeline: 5 Year Plan Development YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 Focus Groups, Training Development, Development of Study Protocols Baseline Data Collect Baseline survey and daily diary data (250 dyads Y1; 250 dyads Y2) VSST Training - Treatment Implement to Treatment Group 6 mos Data Collect 6 mos. survey and daily diary data VSST Training Waitlist Control Implement to Waitlist Control Group 12 mos Data Collect 12 mos. Survey.
So, what challenges should we expect from employers?
I don t think they have the skills to do what we do here Potential Employer Resistance A Fresh Perspective from Interviews to On the Job Accommodations We re more focused on women & minorities right now I can t figure out what they know how to do from reading their resumes I need someone with more technical experience My positions require certain certifications or credentials They don t have a college education I need someone who can lead, not just follow orders I don t have the budget for niche job sites or placement firms Why bother? They re just going to get called up anyway 2011 JupiterImages SHRM 2010 I m not risking bringing PTSD into my workplace
References Adler, D.A.; Possemato, K.; Mavandadi, S.; Lerner, D.; Chang, H.; Klaus, J.,, Oslin, D. (2011). Psychiatric Status & Work Performance of Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Psychiatric Services 62 (1), 39-46 Friedman, B. (2013, March). The Veterans Jobless Crisis That Isn t. Time. Retrieved from http://nation.time.com/2013/03/12/the-veterans-jobless-crisis-that-isnt/ Greengard, S. (2012, March 2). Fighting for Employment: Veterans in the 40s and Today. Workforce. Retrieved from http://www.workforce.com/article/20120302/workforce90/120229987/fighting-for-employment-veterans-in-the-40sand-today Hammer, L.B.; Kossek, E.E.; Yragui, N.; Bodner, T.; & Hanson, G. (2009) Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, 35(4), 837 856. Heinrichs, M.; Baumgartner, T.; Kirschbaum, C.; & Ehlert, U. (2003). Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective response to stress. Biological Psychiatry. 54, 1389-1398 MacDermid Wadsworth, S.; Riggs, D. Editors (2011). Risk & Resilience in U.S. Military Families. New York, Dordrecht Heidelberg, London: Spring Science + Business Media, LLC. Milliken, C.; Auchterlonie, J.; & Hoge, C. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA. 298(18), 2141-2148
References (cont d) Oliff, M. (2012). Bonding after trauma: on the role of social support and the oxytocin system in traumatic stress. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18597 Renshaw, K.; Rodrigues, C.; Jones, D. (2009). Combat exposure, psychological symptoms, and marital satisfaction in National Guard soldiers who served in Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2005 to 2006. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal 1(22), 101-115 Sapolsky, R. (2004). Why Zebras Don t Get Ulcers. New York: St. Martin s Griffin Society for Human Resource Management (2010). Employing Military Personnel & Recruiting Veterans. Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/research/surveyfindings/documents/10-0531%20military%20program%20report_fnl.pdf Southwick, S.; Vythilingam, M.; & Charney, D. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: Implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 1, 255-91 Stix, G. (2011). The Neuroscience of True Grit. Scientific American, 304, 28-33. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0311-28 Tarantino, T. (2013, March). The Ground Truth on Veterans Unemployment. Time. Retrieved from http://nation.time.com/2013/03/22/the-ground-truth-about-veterans-unemployment/ U.S. Housing & Urban Development/The U.S. Veterans Administration (2009). Veteran Homelessness: A Supplemental Report to the 2009 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress. U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development Office of Community Planning & Development/The National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans
Our Team Portland State University Leslie Hammer, Ph.D. - Principal Investigator, Project Oversight Krista Brockwood, Ph.D. Research Associate and Project Manager Cynthia Mohr, Ph.D. Co-Investigator and lead on Family Diary Sub-Study Sheldon Levy, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate and Organizational Liaison Todd Bodner, Ph.D. Co-Investigator and lead on Statistics and Research Design
Our Team VA Medical Center/OHSU Kathleen Carlson, Ph.D. Co-Investigator, Veteran Specialist lead Epidemiologist Ryan Olson, Ph.D. Co-Investigator, Training Development, Behavior Tracking (OHSU) NWeTA (North West Educational Training Assoc.) Kent Anger, Ph.D. Co-Investigator, Training Development, Computer-Based Training In addition, a number of PSU Graduate Students and Undergraduate Students will be assisting on the project
Our Team-Consultants/Advisory Board Ellen Ernst Kossek, Ph.D., Purdue University Shelley MacDermid Wadsworth, Ph.D., Purdue University Robert Sinclair, Ph.D., Clemson University Thomas Britt, Ph.D., Clemson University Deborah Kashy, Ph.D., Michigan State University Paul Evans, U.S. Air Force; Air National Guard LTC Dennis McGurk, Ph.D., Chief, RTO, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research (WRAIR) Julie Merrill, M.S., Research Psychologist, WRAIR Brig Gen (Ret) Bill Doctor, Chairman Emeritus, Oregon Employer Support for the Guard and Reserve-ESGR Gary Dominick, M.S., State Veteran s Program Coordinator Col. David Greenwood, Oregon National Guard LTC, Chaplain, Daniel Thompson, Oregon National Guard COL, Chaplain, Terry Larkin, Oregon National Guard LTC Tim Deckert, Oregon National Guard
Questions? THANK YOU!