JOINT TRAUMA SYSTEM JANUARY 2012 COMMITTEE ON TRAUMA
JOINT TRAUMA SYSTEM JANUARY 2012 EDITED BY: Col Jeffrey Bailey, Director, Joint Trauma System Ms. Mary Ann Spott, Deputy Director, Joint Trauma System Col George P. Costanzo, Division Director, Performance Improvement, Joint Trauma System CAPT James Dunne, Trauma Consultant, U.S. Navy Col Warren Dorlac, Trauma Consultant, U.S. Air Force Col Brian Eastridge, Trauma Consultant, U.S. Army U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research 3698 Chambers Pass Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315 In collaboration with the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma PREFERRED CITATION: Bailey, J., Spott, M. A., Costanzo, G. P., Dunne, J.R., Dorlac, W., & Eastridge, B. Joint Trauma System: Development, Conceptual Framework, and, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Army Institute for Surgical Research, 2012. ii
SECTION CONTRIBUTORS Many sections of this document were prepared by the Joint Trauma System Leadership. Acknowledgement is given to the following individuals for their contribution to specific document sections and special assistance in preparation of the document. Col Jeff Bailey Disaster Preparedness Col Greg Beilman and LtCol Alan Murdock System Coordination and Patient Flow Rose Bolenbaucher and Kathleen Martin System-Wide Evaluation and Quality Assurance Capt (ret) Frank Butler Emergency Medical Services Capt James Dunne Definitive Care Facilities Col Brian Eastridge System Leadership Education Col Steve Flaherty Indicators as a Tool for System Assessment Col (ret) John Holcomb Research Col (ret) Don Jenkins Coalition Building and Community Support Capt Eric Kuncir Injury Epidemiology Maj Julio Lairet and Col Warren Dorlac Aeromedical Evacuation Continuum Dr. Steve Scott Rehabilitation Mary Ann Spott Trauma Management Information Systems AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS CONTRIBUTORS Michael F. Rotondo, MD, FACS Chair, Committee on Trauma American College of Surgeons Secretary Treasurer, The Halsted Society Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery East Carolina University Chief of Surgery, Director Center of Excellence for Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Vidant Medical Center, Vidant Health Robert J. Winchell, MD, FACS Chair, Trauma Systems Evaluation and Planning Committee American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma Head, Division of Trauma and Burn Surgery Maine Medical Center Nels Sanddal, PhD, REMT Manager, Trauma Systems and Trauma Center Verification Programs American College of Surgeons Jane W. Ball, RN, DrPH Consultant to the American College of Surgeons Trauma Systems Evaluation and Planning Committee Holly Michaels Program Administrator, Trauma Systems Consultation American College of Surgeons iii
Table of Contents Preamble... 2 Vision and Mission... 4 Historical Perspective... 6 Public Health Model...12 Injury Epidemiology...14 Indicators as a Tool for System Assessment...16 Statutory Authority and Administrative Rules...17 System Leadership...18 Trauma Network Building...19 Joint Trauma System (JTS) and Human Resources within the JTS...20 Trauma System Plan...21 System Integration...22 Financing...23 Prevention and Outreach...24 Enroute Care Continuum of Care...25 Selection of the CCATT Patient Performance Improvement and Documentation Emergency Medical Services...29 Combat Environment Integration of Prehospital Care within the Trauma System Military Medical Treatment Facilities...31 Human Resources Integration of Designated Trauma Facilities within the Trauma System System Coordination and Patient Flow...34 Rehabilitation...36 Purpose and Rational Mass Casualty and Disaster Preparedness...37 System-Wide Evaluation and Quality Assurance...39 Trauma Management Information Systems...41 Research...43 Overview of Research Activity Trauma Registry-Based Research Population-Based Trauma System Research Participation in Research Projects and Primary Data Collection Measures of Research Activity Glossary...45 References...48 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1, JTS Components Across the Continuum of Care... 5 FIGURE 2, Joint Theater Trauma System Directorate...10 FIGURE 3, Tables Illustrating Data Requests by Quarter...11 FIGURE 4, Core Functions and Essential Services...13 FIGURE 5, Current Route from Injury to Definitive Care...26 1
Preamble The earliest organized civilian systems of trauma care had two components: A concentration of services at acute care centers dedicated to the care of injured patients; and Prehospital bypass such that severely injured patients were transported to trauma centers, not to the closest facility. The initial focus on transport and definitive care facilities by these civilian trauma systems, although relatively simple, was associated with a significant reduction in preventable deaths and injury-related mortality within the region served. These trauma systems typically served population-dense urban areas such that the designation of relatively few Level I or II trauma centers was sufficient to address local needs. With an increasing recognition of the burden of injury associated with trauma outside of major metropolitan areas, including suburban and rural environments, it became evident that this exclusive approach to trauma center designation was inadequate. To better serve the needs of the entire population, trauma systems with an inclusive configuration were implemented. These trauma systems, in which all acute care facilities participate to the extent that their resources allow, served two purposes: They provided all acute care facilities with a means to assess and stabilize the conditions of patients before transport to Level I or II trauma centers if indicated. They allowed for less severely injured patients to be cared for within their community. Recent evidence suggests that inclusive systems of trauma care are associated with a reduction in injury-related mortality within a region compared with exclusive systems. Spurred by the events of September 11, 2001, and subsequent combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, a group of military clinicians recognized the need for a more structured approach to a system of trauma care for soldiers wounded in combat. In 2005, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) implemented an inclusive system of trauma care in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). This system integrated care from point of injury through Level IV care. Subsequently, the system evolved to include Level V and Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities. By necessity an ad hoc Joint Trauma System (JTS) was established at the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR). Since that time, multiple investigators, including COL Brian Eastridge, COL John Kragh, and others, using data from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry, have demonstrated that this system has improved the process of care, minimized practice variability, and decreased morbidity and mortality in the U.S. CENTCOM theater of operations. The JTS became an official program of record under the USAISR within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 2010. Because regional combatant command (COCOM) trauma systems are largely contingency based, they will expand, shrink or disappear depending on the political, strategic, operational, or tactical situations within a given COCOM at a given time. Trauma care within the DoD is a continuous and enduring mission in peacetime or wartime. Even in peacetime operations, the utility of a trauma system could be manifested through efforts to optimize injury care in the military garrison environment, such as a training or off-duty injury. In parallel, trauma care is continuously improving both in the civilian and military realms. The DoD requires a fulltime doctrinal Joint Trauma System that keeps pace with or sets the pace for new standards of improved trauma care with its civilian counterparts, specifically the American College of Surgeons Committee of Trauma (ACS-COT). The Joint Trauma System may also expand/contract based on political, strategic, and operational needs of the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the COCOMS, but it should never disappear. It should be the enduring organization in the DoD that promotes improved trauma care to U.S. wounded warriors and other DoD eligible trauma victims. It should also exist as the chief organization for consultation on the care of the injured for the Services, COCOMS and entire DoD, to include its senior leadership. The JTS should be optimally resourced to completely fulfill this mission, to include human resources, information technology (IT), equipment, physical space, and others as needed. The organized system of trauma care is more than definitive care facilities and a means to transport patients. The system must be grounded in doctrine, with policies and procedures to ensure the system continues to meet regional needs. Thus, 2
there must be a means to ensure adequate funds and personnel to support systems operations, continuing quality improvement, and injury surveillance to identify emergent new threats. As the trauma system s role in reducing mortality and reintegrating the injured back into the military or civilian society is increasingly understood, the trauma system s expanded role in postacute care and rehabilitation continues to be recognized. NOTE: The Joint Trauma System uses Levels IV and V as the highest levels of definitive trauma care while the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma uses Level I as the highest level of definitive trauma care. 3
Vision and Mission U.S. CENTCOM Joint Theater Trauma System (JTTS), the Ad Hoc Joint Trauma System (JTS) and the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) Process The vision for the military trauma system was developed on the premise that every soldier, marine, sailor, and airman injured on the battlefield or in the theater of operations has the optimal chance for survival and maximal potential for functional recovery. The Joint Theater Trauma System mission provides for the right care to the right casualty at the right location and right time. The development of a trauma registry supports the system needs, such as performance improvement and research to reduce morbidity and mortality. The mission of the Joint Trauma System is to improve trauma care delivery and patient outcomes across the continuum of care utilizing continuous performance improvement (PI) and evidence-based medicine driven by the concurrent collection and analysis of data maintained in the Joint Theater Trauma Registry, renamed the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) in 2011.The DoDTR mission elements include the following: Establish and maintain a trauma registry to capture data and provide information on care and outcomes of military and civilian trauma patients. Provide the DoD and other authorized interests with timely and relevant information about care and outcomes of military and civilian injuries. Create a research strategy that supports reduction of morbidity and mortality in military and civilian trauma patients. Establish and maintain a trauma outcomes database to analyze and evaluate clinical decision-making and measure subsequent outcomes for improving treatment modalities. Provide activities of each of the Services with full and complete access to data in the DoDTR. Provide a database that can generate reports for authorized government agencies. Provide a database that can be queried for research studies after appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. See Figure 1, JTS Components Across Continuum of Care illustrates the interdependence of the Joint Trauma System components, which include leadership and communication, integrated prehospital levels, performance improvement, prevention, education and advocacy, research, and information systems. 4
FIGURE 1, JTS Components Across Continuum of Care R4 - Right Patient, Right Place, Right Time, Right Care Performance Improvement Patient Safety Feedback Mechanism for Providers Throughout Continuum of Care Loop Closure Integrated Prehospital, Levels 3-5 Integrated approach for MTFs and Divisional Medical Units Coordinated Divisional Evacuation Standard Operating Procedures Adopt Clinical Practice Guidelines Communicate Train Integrated Prehospital Performance Improvement Leadership & Communication Patient Information Systems Prevention Education & Advocacy Research Prevention Linkage with Materiel Developers Service Centers for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine Education & Advocacy Linkage with Service Medical Education and Training Centers Joint Combat Trauma Management Course (JCTMC) Trauma Outcomes and Performance Improvement Course - Military (TOPIC-M) Leadership & Communication Trauma Director / Coordinators / Registrars Intra-Theater Inter-Theater Recognized Lead Agent and Consulting Assets Information Systems DoD Trauma Registry (DoDTR) Modules to Support Related Functional Disciplines Longitudinal Trauma Registry Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) Data for PI and Analysis Provide Data /Information Needs for MTFs / Services / DoD Research Provide Raw Data IAW Established MOAs and Protocols Provide Statistical Information Through Approved Protocols 5
Historical Perspective In 1996 the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) report was intended to address shortfalls identified from Operation Desert Storm, including: shortcomings in DoD s ability to provide adequate, timely medical support during contingencies and problems with the planning and execution of these efforts. The Joint Staff also identified problems with the current design of DoD s wartime medical system. In response to these problems, DoD and the Services embarked on initiatives to correct shortfalls in wartime medical capabilities and improve medical readiness Health Affairs convened panels of both military and civilian experts to assess medical capability shortfalls in nine functional areas: planning; requirements, capabilities, and assessment; command, control, communications, computers, and information management; logistics; medical evacuation; personnel; training; blood supply; and readiness oversight DoD is also trying to forecast the wartime medical demands in the year 2020 and design a military health services system (MHSS) that will be responsive to those demands (known as the MHSS 2020 Project) The Combat Trauma Surgery Committee, chartered under the Defense Medical Readiness and Training Institute (DMRTI), was gathered in 1996 to identify minimal essential task lists and to develop a joint Emergency War Surgery Course and a trauma registry/database. 2002 2003 In 2002 the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) was approved by MG Kevin Kiley as a demonstration project. Limited data collection began at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC), and the 3rd U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) supported data collection in-theater. On December 12, 2003, Ms. Ellen Embry, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs (HA), approved the JTTR concept. 2004 In 2004, LTC Brian Eastridge was moved from his assignment as Chief of Surgery in Mosul, Iraq to Baghdad to become the first JTTS deployed Theater Trauma Medical Director. Activities also beginning at this time included data entry at the Center for Army Medical Department (AMEDD) Strategic Studies (CASS), approval of a JTTR Integrated Concept Team, and an accelerated abstraction effort. This included scanning of Level III inpatient charts by the Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity (PASBA). Shortly thereafter Version 1.0 (a homegrown webenabled JTTR) was released. On December 22, 2004 an HA letter identified the DoD requirement to use standardized trauma admission forms (theater trauma records) to include the Trauma Patient Care Physician History and Physical form and the Trauma Nursing Record form. The JTTR was intended to receive and store this data. This HA letter documented an expectation that JTTR data elements would be collected electronically through the Composite Health Care System (CHCS) II/IIT by calendar year (CY) 2008. The Army Surgeon General approved transition of the JTTR from demonstration to operations at this time. The first fully tasked JTTS team consisting of Col Donald Jenkins and six nurses were sent to theater to replace COL Eastridge as the theater trauma director and begin collection of trauma registry data. A Configuration Control Board (CCB) was developed with representation from all Services, and it met quarterly to oversee the JTTR. Additionally, a Configuration Control Board Integrated Product Team (CCB-IPT) met monthly to track the progress of all IT changes. 2005 In a 2005 Army Medical Department Center and School (AMEDD C&S) Decision Memorandum, the JTTR authority/responsibility was assigned to the Commander of the USAISR, COL John B. Holcomb. 2006 As the program developed, Ms. Mary Ann Spott, a national expert in trauma systems and trauma registries, was consulted to perform an external assessment of the JTTR database and processes. Numerous software and process issues for improvement were identified, and an update to the original homegrown software was recommended. 6
COL Stephen Flaherty, as the next JTTS director, began collection of performance improvement (PI) indicators on Microsoft Excel spreadsheets to capture clinical outcomes. In October 2006, the Continental United States (CONUS) Joint Trauma System was formally stood up with the hiring of Ms. Spott as the first JTS Director, Mr. Dominique Greydanus as Administrative Officer, and Ms. Janis Rosin as Administrative Assistant. The Data Abstraction Branch was officially moved as a program from CASS to the USAISR, and the IT staff was physically moved from the U.S. Army Medical Information Technology Center (USAMITC) to the USAISR. 2007 During 2006 and 2007, the next version of the JTTR, JTTRv3, was developed. This new version eliminated the PI Excel spreadsheets in Iraq and Afghanistan, the LRMC Microsoft Access database, and the homegrown JTTR 1.1 in San Antonio, TX. Ongoing testing within the theater precluded an earlier release. During a U.S. CENTCOM meeting held in Kuwait in July 2007, Ms. Spott successfully sent the very first JTTRv3 transmission from Camp Arifjan back to the JTTS in San Antonio (13 July 2007). Additional JTS staff members were hired in San Antonio to perform specialized data abstraction and analysis. A new capability to analyze classified and non-classified data was developed by the construction of a secure secret Internet protocol router (SIPR) room at the USAISR. Ten new JTS positions were created and hired in July 2007. A medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) analysis project was authorized by Mr. William Thresher, Chief of Staff (CoS), to study time from injury to treatment of all MEDEVAC patients and evaluate outcomes. This required the hiring of a team of three staff members in June 2007. Col Donald Jenkins was appointed as the military trauma director at the USAISR on 1 October 2007. In July 2007, under the direction of COL Steven Flaherty, Col Warren Dorlac and Ms. Kathleen Martin, LRMC was granted the first outside CONUS Level II ACS verification as a trauma center. Ms. Rose Bolenbaucher, a trauma nurse coordinator (TNC), filled a newly created position as the JTS Performance Improvement Coordinator in 2007. 2008 The JTTR was discussed at the Theater Functional Work Group (TFWG) meeting in January 2008 and deemed as a program of record under Defense Health Information Management System (DHIMS); formerly known as Theater Medical Information Program - Joint (TMIP-J). This formalized the Army as the lead JTTR developer and Health Affairs (HA) as the technical manager. The Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) was officially integrated into the JTTS on 28 March 2008. Dr. Frank Butler, TCCC Chairman, Dr. Stephen Giebner, TCCC Vice Chairman/Developmental Editor, and Ms. Danielle Davis, a Senior Administrative Assistant, were added to the JTTS organization. Col Donald Jenkins resigned from the military trauma director position at the USAISR on 30 April 2008, and he was replaced by COL Brian Eastridge on 1 May 2008. COL John Holcomb (who had also been the Trauma Consultant to the Army Surgeon General) retired as the Commander of the USAISR on 22 July 2008. He was replaced by COL Lorne Blackbourne as the USAISR Commander and COL Stephen Flaherty as the Trauma Consultant. Under CAPT Joseph Rappold, JTTS In-Theater Trauma Medical Director, the deployed JTTS team moved their base of operations from Camp Victory, Iraq to the Multi-National Corps - Iraq (MNC-I) Surgeon s office in the summer of 2008. MG Bruce Green (AF) appointed Col George P. Costanzo (AF) to the JTS staff on 1 October 2008 as the JTS Deputy Director, Clinical Operations. In October 2008, CAPT Joseph Rappold, JTTS In- Theater Trauma Medical Director, identified a potential site for a second JTTS in-theater team office at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan in anticipation of increasing war operations in OEF. During this time CAPT Rappold standardized the Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) into a common format. The Camp Victory Headquarters was kept in operation and the leadership split time between theaters. 7
2009 In February 2009 COL Gregory Beilman officially opened the Bagram JTTS office. He further changed the locations of TNC placement to have more coverage in OEF with placement of the first U.S. TNC to be based in Kandahar for spring 2009, and he negotiated a temporary TNC position in Bastion. Col Warren Dorlac arrived in spring 2009 and began travelling throughout both theaters with MAJ Kimberlie Biever in an effort to begin data capture at several Level II sites (mostly Afghanistan) using a new Level II Access database which mirrored the JTTR. Data were sent to the JTS in San Antonio. Additionally, the new TNC in Bastion was identified and arrived in-theater in mid June. In April 2009 Secretary of Defense Robert Gates directed U.S. forces to decrease MEDEVAC times to less than one hour (from point of injury to surgical care) across the theater. A request for forces was submitted requesting additional JTTS members to support the expansion of MEDEVAC data collection and MEDEVAC PI. In the meantime, MAJ Biever began collection of MEDEVAC data. These data were used in part to support weekly briefings to the Secretary of Defense highlighting MEDEVAC transports and improvements in transport times following injury. In August 2009 a new CONUS JTS Noncommissioned Officer in Charge (NCOIC) position was created and filled by TSgt Shane Armstrong (AF) to enhance JTS operations in San Antonio. A new Education Branch was instituted in the organization for all JTS and JTTR training needs. In November 2009 CAPT James Dunne became the new JTTS In-Theater Trauma Medical Director. 2010 On 13 January 2010, U.S. CENTCOM published the modification to the Joint Manning Document (JMD) with the new positions that were requested to augment the in-theater team with MEDEVAC staff and JTTS owned noncommissioned officer (NCO) staff. The modification listed one Army nurse, one Army E-7, three MEDEVAC positions, and one enlisted Air Force E-4 position. By May, one off-cycle MEDEVAC nurse was dedicated to the OEF portion of the MEDEVAC project. Also at this time, Captain Lisa Compton of the Canadian Force Health Services Group Headquarters was selected as the JTTS Deputy Nurse Manager as a proof of concept. This trial position was instituted as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) leadership support position for the JTTS. In a memo received 28 April 2010, LTG Schoomaker and MG Gilman signed a 25 March 2010 Memorandum formally placing the JTS organizationally within the USAISR as a directorate. In 2010 COL Brian Eastridge further institutionalized the Joint Trauma System (JTS) concept. The JTS organization would be a consulting agency to each of the COCOMS. The intent being that whenever a war, natural disaster needing trauma oversight, or other event occurred, the COCOM would institute a JTTS team that would be trained and consult with the overarching JTS. In April 2010 COL Susanne Clarke, Army Office of the Surgeon General, met with the JTS leadership and assisted in establishing a nurse leadership position, as well as a post-rand Fellowship position, at the JTS in San Antonio. In August 2010 MAJ Keith Palm (post-rand Fellow) came on board. COL Debra Spencer, one of the first TNCs to deploy with Col Jenkin s team in 2004, was selected to begin work with the JTS in September. MAJ Robert Mabry was assigned to the JTS as the Branch Chief for Prehospital Care and the Prehospital Trauma Registry (PHTR). On 1 July 2010 COL Eastridge officially transferred the director s position to Col Costanzo and became Director Emeritus. The staff was reorganized to accommodate the augmentation of new leadership positions. Col George Costanzo and CAPT (ret) Frank Butler briefed the Defense Health Board (DHB) on the importance of the JTTS and the contributions to military medicine on 14 July 2010. The DHB fully supported the concepts and value of the JTTS and recommended support for the 12-16 Program Objective Memorandum (POM) submission to the Force Health Protection and Readiness (FHP&R) Council. On 15 July 2010 the second TNC from Bagram was sent to assist in standing up JTTS operations at Dwyer, the newest Level III medical treatment facility (MTF). Operation Iraqi Freedom officially ended 31 August 2010 and Operation New Dawn began on 1 September 2010. The U.S. CENTCOM Joint Manning Document (JMD) was approved, and in September 2010 the first team to be placed against the JMD was established. This included four MEDEVAC positions (two nurses and two NCOs). 8
Documents for POM (Program Objective Memorandum), which is the financial process for acquiring stable funding, were submitted for fiscal years (FY) 2012 2017. A meeting was held on 1 September 2010 with LTG (ret) Peach Taylor at FHP&R on the POM process. LtCol Todd Rasmussen presented the briefing with Col George Costanzo, LTC Anthony Cooper, and Ms. Spott in attendance. LTG (ret) Peach Taylor supported the POM process and requested further analysis and justification of financials. LTC Robert Mabry was identified as a prehospital consultant and deployed to theater in December 2010 to assist with MEDEVAC and prehospital documentation issues. The outcomes of that 90- day deployment resulted in the establishment of: Higher training standards for medics which will bring them to the same standard as the civilian paramedic, Regional MEDEVAC working groups, and Critical care treatment protocols and documentation practices. Under the direction of LtCol Ray Fang and Ms. Kathleen Martin, LRMC received Level 1 trauma center verification notice on 21 July 2011 from the ACS. LRMC is the only trauma center verified by the ACS outside CONUS. 2011 On 1 August 2011 word was received that JTS officially received POM funding beginning in FY2013. Staff developed a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) plan as a requirement that would establish the official way the organization operates as well as the identification of core staff. The webjttr was formally released to the trauma system for use on 7 October 2011. Level IV and V sites were all successfully converted to the new system after several months of training, Deputy Chief of Operations (DCO) sessions, and sites entering test records into a proxy server. In addition, the store and forward version was sent to the Level III sites, and all legacy data was converted to the new format. On 3 12 October 2011 Col Jeffrey Bailey took a U.S. CENTCOM theater trauma system review team comprised of Michael Rotondo, MD, FACS; Thomas Scalea, MD, FACS; LtCol Ann Rizzo; and Ms. Kathleen Martin to OEF and LRMC to perform an evaluation of the theater trauma system. The team s observations and recommendations were submitted in a formal report to the U.S. CENTCOM surgeon general (SG) in October 2011. Dr. Rotondo was invited by the DHB Trauma and Injury Subcommittee Chair, Col (ret) Donald Jenkins to brief the contents of this report. Dr. Rotondo made this presentation at the DHB and Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) meetings on 14 15 November 2011. The JTS began discussing the formal change in the name of the JTTR to the DoDTR to more accurately reflect the true nature of its contents. This includes trauma patients admitted to the DoD MTFs worldwide regardless of peacetime or wartime conditions. Soon after implementation of the webjttr, LRMC began to experience difficulties with its use and subsequently made a unilateral decision to pull out of the DoDTR on 1 December 2011. An USAISR sponsored team including the JTS Director, JTS Deputy Director, a technical programmer, and an informatics nurse traveled to LRMC to identify the issues. It was determined quickly during the visit that LRMC information technology and systems, such as the use of wireless applications and a contingency local terminal server, significantly degraded their ability to interact with the web-based registry. The visit resulted in important lessons learned, both locally and for the system. With some education, business process changes, and command support for local information technology and systems augmentation, LRMC returned to using the DoDTR on 9 December 2011 without apparent incident. This particular event highlighted the current fragility of the DoD trauma system and reinforced the need to establish JTS, by legislative authority, as the lead agency for trauma care in the DoD. Col Jeffrey Bailey assumed the directorship of the JTS from Col Costanzo on 9 December 2011. See Figure 2, Joint Trauma System Directorate, which illustrates the JTS organizational hierarchy. See Figure 3, Tables Illustrating Data Requests by Quarter, which describe the requests for data that the JTS received and processed for performance improvement, Joint Trauma Analysis Prevention in Combats (JTAPIC), and others from 2010 through 2011 9
FIGURE 2, Joint Trauma System Directorate 10
Figure 3, Tables Illustrating Data Requests by Quarter Quarter/FY P.I. JTAPIC* Others Total Hours 4th Q 2011 11 2 45 58 3,119 3rd Q 2011 14 6 48 68 2,349 2nd Q 2011 13 7 48 68 4,461 1st Q 2011 7 10 48 65 1,932 4th Q 2010 9 6 34 49 3,538 3rd Q 2010 12 2 36 50 2,262 2nd Q 2010 9 4 40 53 796 1st Q 2010 3 8 42 53 629 50 40 42 40 36 34 48 48 48 45 30 20 10 0 3 8 9 1st Q 2010 4 2nd Q 2010 12 2 3rd Q 2010 9 6 7 10 4th Q 2010 1st Q 2011 13 7 2nd Q 2011 14 6 3rd Q 2011 11 2 4th Q 2011 P.I. JTAPIC* Others 5000 Hours 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1st Q 2010 2nd Q 2010 3rd Q 2010 4th Q 2010 1st Q 2011 2nd Q 2011 3rd Q 2011 4th Q 2011 11
Public Health Model For the Joint Trauma System (JTS), the patient is the central focus of all activities as they relate to the system. The traditional public health system provides a conceptual framework for trauma system development, management, and ongoing performance improvement. The three core functions of public health services are assessment, policy development, and assurance. These public health core functions have been adapted to military health as follows: Assessment is the regular and systematic collection and analysis of trauma data from a variety of sources to determine the status and cause of a problem and to identify potential opportunities for interventions. The Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) is the tri-service solution for capture of all trauma-related data meeting the inclusion criteria. These criteria include patients who are admitted to the medical treatment facility (MTF) as an inpatient as a result of their injuries. Only patients who incur an injury with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis code between 800 and 959.99 are included in the DoDTR. Also included are patients who incur near-drowning/drowning if related to an injury and smoke inhalation injuries. The collection and analysis of trauma data occurs in peacetime as well as wartime across all Services and across the globe. Policy Development uses the results of the assessment in an organized manner to establish comprehensive policies intended to improve military health. The JTS has used the DoDTR data to develop Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and assists in developing each Service s policy decisions. The optimal policy development includes development of the military trauma system plan focused on prevention of injury, development of doctrine and strategic tri-service communication. Assurance, agreed-on goals to improve military health, is achieved by providing trauma services directly, by requiring trauma services through regulation, or by encouraging the actions of others (public or private). While there is no hospital regulatory authority, use of the CPGs and weekly patient performance improvement initiatives have guided optimal care for the combat casualties. The optimal approach to assurance is through military specific verification of military trauma facilities to evaluate sustained adherence to triage, transport and clinical care of the combat casualty. The core functions and essential services of the public health trauma system integrated with the military trauma system are illustrated in Figure 4, Core Functions and Essential Services. To make the core function concepts more clear, ten essential services that are key to providing military health are as follows: 1. Monitor health status to identify combat casualty health problems through description of injury patterns, morbidity and mortality. 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the deployed setting. 3. Inform, educate, and empower the tri-service COCOM leadership and clinical providers regarding combat casualty health issues. 4. Mobilize tri-service leadership partners to identify and solve combat casualty specific health issues related to preventing devastating injury and enhancing patient safety, evidence-based medicine, transport, and rehabilitation. 5. Develop policies and CPGs that support individual and military community health efforts. 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. 7. Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. 8. Ensure a competent military health and personal health care workforce. 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. 10. Conduct research to attain new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. 12
FIGURE 4. Core Functions and Essential Services* Trauma System Assurance Rehabilitation Availability Continuous Trauma Care Improvement Outreach and Prevention Integration of Trauma Plan with Emergency Management Analytical Monitoring Tools Role for All Acute Care Facilities EMS System Support Financial and QI Linkages Competent Workforce Link to Provide Care Public Health Assurance Management Information System to Facilitate Outcomes Ensure Competent Workforce Enforce Laws Enforce Laws, Rules, and Regulations Evaluate System Management Leadership DoD Oversight Trauma Public Health Emergency Preparedness Linked Develop Policies Public Health Assessment Monitor Health Essential Infrastructure Diagnose and Investigate Mobilize Tri-Service Partnerships Trauma System Assessment Injury Epidemiology Trauma Management Information System Resource Assessment Information Technology Trauma Patient Finance Inform/ Educate/ Empower Public Health Policy Development Public Health Inform/ Educate/ Mobilize Partnerships Trauma System Policy Development Performance Reports and Reviewers Emergency Preparedness Assessment Cost Benefit and Social Investment Statutory Authority/ Authoritative Rules System Leadership Stateside Trauma System Plan Financial and Infrastructure Related Resources System Performance Data and Public Policy Based on the Health Resources and Services Administration. Model Trauma System Planning and Evaluation. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 2006. 13
INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY Injury epidemiology is concerned with evaluation of the frequency, rates, and pattern of injury events in a population. Injury pattern refers to the occurrence of injury-related events by time, place, and personal characteristics (for example, demographic factors such as age, gender, rank, and race), behavior, and environmental exposures, including combat and non-combat environments. Thus, it provides a relatively simple form of risk-factor assessment. The descriptive epidemiology of injury among the combat casualty environment (whole geographic area served) within a trauma system should be studied and reported. Injury epidemiology provides the data for military health action and becomes an important link between injury prevention and control and subsequent trauma system design and development. Within the trauma system, injury epidemiology has an integral role in describing the root causes of injury and identifying patterns of injury in both combat and non-combat circumstances. This can lead to the implementation of operational policy, health policy, and preventive programs. Knowledge of injury epidemiology enables the identification of priorities for directing better allocation of resources including the nature and distribution of injury prevention activities, financing of the system, and supporting COCOMs and health policy initiatives within DOD. The epidemiology of injury is obtained by analyzing data from multiple sources. These sources might include vital statistics, medical treatment facility (MTF) administrative discharge databases, and data from emergency medical services (EMS), emergency departments (ED), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (autopsies) and the Department of Defense Trauma Registry. Combat injury data, some of which may be classified, is essential to assess the burden of injury within a theater of operation. It is critical to assess type, severity and rate of injury accurately in order to determine resource requirements and assess effectiveness of the system. To establish injury policy and develop an injury prevention and control plan, the Joint Trauma System, in conjunction with the COCOM or other military staff, should complete and keep current a risk assessment and gap analysis using all available data. These data allow for an assessment of whether injury and prevention and casualty mitigation programs are available, accessible, effective, and efficient. The two primary modes of prevention are predeployment training and personal protective equipment. Part of injury epidemiology is ongoing injury surveillance. In the case of injury surveillance, the Joint Trauma System should provide routine and systematic data collection and use the data to complete injury analysis, interpretation of data, and dissemination of information. Military health officials and military trauma leaders should use injury surveillance data to describe and monitor injury events and emerging injury trends in their areas of responsibility (AOR) in order to identify trends and emerging threats that will call for a reassessment of priorities, tactics, and/ or reallocation of resources. This analysis will also assist in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions and programs, in consultation with COCOMS, to facilitate decisions regarding the lay down and resourcing of trauma-related medical assets. 1. There is a thorough description of the epidemiology of injury in the military trauma system using populationbased data and clinical databases a. There is a thorough description of the epidemiology of injury mortality in the military trauma system using population-based data. b. There is a description of injuries within the military trauma system, including the distribution by geographic area, highrisk populations (pediatric, elderly, host nation, military coalition, and others), incidence, prevalence, mechanism, manner, intent, mortality, contributing factors, determinants, morbidity, injury severity, and patient distribution using any or all the following: vital statistics, ED data, prehospital data, MTF discharge data, medical examiner data, Department of Defense Trauma Registry, and other data sources. The description is updated at regular intervals. 14
NOTE: Injury severity should be determined through the consistent and system-wide application of one of the existing injury scoring methods, for example, Injury Severity Score (ISS). c. There is comparison of injury mortality using pertinent regional and historical data. d. Tri-service collaboration exists among all components of the JTS to ensure complete injury risk assessments. e. The JTS works with all available prehospital data to identify special at-risk populations. 2. Collected data are used to evaluate system performance and to develop policy. a. Injury prevention and casualty mitigation programs use trauma management information system/dodtr data to develop intervention strategies. 3. All components of the Joint Trauma System are closely linked. a. The JTS and the military health system have established linkages, including programs with an emphasis on population-based military health surveillance and evaluation for acute and chronic traumatic injury and injury prevention as well as injury prevention/mitigation in combat. b. The JTS, in cooperation with the Services, other agencies and organizations, uses analytic tools to monitor the performance of population-based prevention and trauma care services. c. The JTS, along with the Services and other partner organizations, prepares annual reports on the status on injury prevention and trauma care in the COCOM, regional, or local areas. d. The trauma system management information system database/dodtr is available for routine surveillance. There is a process for concurrent access to the appropriate databases (MTF, trauma, prehospital, medical examiner, and military health epidemiology) for the purpose of routine surveillance and monitoring of health status that occurs regularly and is a shared responsibility. 15
INDICATORS AS A TOOL FOR SYSTEM ASSESSMENT In the absence of validated national benchmarks, or norms, the benchmarks, indicators and scoring (BIS) process included in the Health Resources and Services Administration s Model Trauma System Planning and Evaluation document provides a tool for each trauma system to define its systemspecific health status benchmarks and performance indicators and to use a variety of Service health and public health interventions to improve the Service s health status. The tool also addresses reducing the burden of injury as a Service-wide public health problem, not strictly as a trauma patient care issue. This BIS tool provides the instrument and process for a relatively objective military trauma system self-assessment. The BIS process allows for the use of military and the Department of Defense Trauma Registry data and assets to drive consensus responses to the BIS. It is essential that the BIS process be completed by a multidisciplinary tri-service military group, most often the equivalent of a trauma system advisory committee. The BIS process can help focus the discussion on various system strengths and weaknesses, can be used to set goals or benchmarks, and provides the opportunity to target often limited resources and energies to the areas identified as most critical during the consensus process. The BIS process is useful to develop a snapshot of any given system at a moment in time, which is of great importance in light of the continuous leadership and provider turnover turbulence in the military trauma system. However, its true usefulness is in repeated assessments that reveal progress toward achieving various benchmarks identified in the previous application of the BIS. This process further permits the military trauma system to refine goals to be attained before future reassessments using the tool. 1. Assurance to the military community that services necessary to achieve agreed-on goals are provided by encouraging actions of others (public or private), requiring action through doctrine, or providing services directly. 2. Development of a baseline military trauma system identifying areas with the greatest need for improvement and measuring progress towards the military trauma system development goals. 3. Development of key trauma care and outcome performance indicators at military medical treatment facilities in order to benchmark care and processes 16
STATUTORY AUTHORITY AND ADMINISTRATIVE RULES Reducing morbidity and mortality due to injury is the measure of success of the Joint Trauma System. A key element to this success is having the doctrinal authority necessary to improve and enhance care of the injured through doctrine, implementing regulations and administrative action, including the ability to regularly update policies, procedures, and protocols in conjunction with the Services and DoD. In the context of the trauma system, doctrine means the policies, regulations, or administrative actions necessary to meet or exceed a predescribed set of standards of care. It also refers to the operating procedures necessary to continually improve the care of injured patients from injury prevention and control programs through postinjury rehabilitation. The ability to enforce polices, doctrine, and rules guides the care and treatment of injured patients throughout the continuum of care. There must be sufficient doctrinal authority to establish the Joint Trauma System to plan, develop, maintain, and evaluate the trauma system throughout all phases of care in conjunction with the Services, COCOMs and DoD. In addition, it is essential that as the development of the trauma system progresses, included in the doctrinal mandate are provisions for collaboration, coordination, and integration with other Service and DoD entities also engaged in preventing injury, providing care, treatment, or surveillance activities related to the injured. A broad approach to policy development should include the building of system infrastructure that can ensure enduring system oversight and future development, enforcement, and routine monitoring of system performance; the updating of doctrine, regulations or rules, and policies and procedures; and the establishment of evidenced-based practices across all phases of intervention. The success of the system in reducing morbidity and mortality due to traumatic injury improves when all Service providers and system participants consistently comply with the rules, have the ability to evaluate performance in a confidential manner, and work together to improve and enhance the trauma system through defined policies. 1. Comprehensive doctrinal authority and administrative rules support trauma system leaders and maintain trauma system infrastructure, planning, oversight, and future development. a. The doctrinal authority states that all the trauma system components, prehospital, injury control, incident management, and planning documents work together for the effective implementation of the military trauma system (sustainable infrastructure is in place). b. Administrative rules and regulations direct the development of operational policies and procedures at the MTF and system levels. 2. The Joint Trauma System in conjunction with the Services and DoD acts to protect the public welfare by enforcing various doctrine, rules, and regulations as they pertain to the Joint Trauma System. a. Doctrine, policies, rules, and regulations are routinely reviewed and revised to continually strengthen and improve the trauma system. 17
SYSTEM LEADERSHIP In addition to Joint Trauma System staff and consultants (for example, current and past in-theater trauma system medical directors), there are other significant leadership roles, such as medical planning staff, Surgeons General consultants, COCOM SGs, etc. essential to developing mature trauma systems. A broad constituency of trauma leaders from all Services includes medical treatment facility (MTF) trauma medical directors and trauma program managers, prehospital personnel, injury prevention advocates, and others. This broad group of trauma leaders works with the Joint Trauma System to inform and educate others about the trauma system, implements trauma prevention programs, and assists in trauma system evaluation and research to ensure that the right patient, right place, right time and right care goals are met. There is a strong role for the trauma system leadership in conveying trauma system messages, building communication pathways, building coalitions, and collaborating with relevant individuals and groups. The marketing communication component of trauma system development and maintenance begins with a consensus-built public information and education plan. The plan should emphasize the need for close collaboration between coalitions and constituency groups and increased public awareness of the Joint Trauma System. The plan should be part of the ongoing and regular assessment of the trauma system and be updated as frequently as necessary to meet the changing environment of the trauma system. When there are challenges to providing the optimal care to combat casualties within the system, especially the combat environment, the leadership needs to effect change to produce the desired results within the framework of the COCOMs needs. Broad system improvements require the ability to identify challenges and resources and to make the recommendations to the COCOMs and others in authority to improve system performance. However, system evaluation is a shared responsibility among all Services. Although the leadership will have a key role in the acquisition and analysis of system performance data, the Joint Trauma System will share the responsibility of interpreting those data from a broad systems perspective to help determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the system in meeting its stated performance goals and benchmarks. All stakeholders have the responsibility of identifying 18 opportunities for system improvement and bringing them to the attention of the Joint Trauma System. Often, clinical care providers notice subtle changes in system performance long before they become apparent through more formal evaluation processes. Perhaps the biggest challenge facing the Joint Trauma System is to synergize the diversity, complexity, and uniqueness of individuals and organizations into a finely tuned system for prevention of injury, casualty mitigation, and for the provision of quality care for injured patients in peacetime and wartime. To meet this challenge, leaders in all phases of trauma care must demonstrate a strong desire to work together to improve care provided to injured victims. 1. Trauma system leaders (Joint Trauma System, MTF personnel, and other stakeholders) use a process to establish, maintain, and constantly evaluate and improve a comprehensive trauma system in cooperation with medical, professional, governmental, and other citizen organizations. Collected data are used to evaluate system performance and to develop policies. 2. Trauma system leaders and the Joint Trauma System, including, multiagency advisory committee, regularly review system performance reports. 3. The Joint Trauma System informs and educates Services, regional and local constituencies, and policy makers to foster collaboration and cooperation for system enhancement and injury control.
TRAUMA NETWORK BUILDING Trauma network building is a continuous process of cultivating and maintaining relationships with key stakeholders who are needed to collaborate on injury control and trauma system development. From the point of view of a system intended to manage casualties from a specific theater of operations or disaster site the key constituents include health professionals, trauma facility administrators at various echelons, field care providers, data experts, advocates, policy makers, and relevant commanders, including those responsible for patient evacuation and transportation resources. The coalition of key constituents comprises the trauma system s stakeholders. The involvement of these key constituents is important for the following: Trauma system plan development Regionalization and inter-service cooperation that promotes collaboration rather than competition. System integration DoD and Service policy development: authorizing legislation and regulations Financing initiatives Disaster preparedness (especially the role played in civilian, peacetime settings) The network should be effectively organized through the formation of standing multidisciplinary DoD and Service advisory groups to coordinate development and maintenance of the military trauma system plan, and to oversee implementation strategy and tactics. Information and education are needed by constituents to be effective partners in policy development for trauma system planning. Regular communication about the status of the trauma system helps these key partners to recognize needs and progress made with trauma system implementation. One of the most effective ways to educate elected officials, policy makers and commanders is through an organized public information and education effort that may involve a media campaign about the burden of injury in the DoD and the need for trauma system development. Information and education are important to reduce the incidence of injury in all age groups and to demonstrate the value of an effective systematized response when a serious injury occurs. 1. The Joint Trauma System informs and educates commanders and DoD leadership, as well as the Services, regional and local constituencies, and policy makers to foster collaboration and cooperation for system enhancement and injury control. 2. Key constituents include: Health Affairs, Defense Health Board, Trauma and Injury Subcommittee, Surgeons General, Joint Trauma System, National Ground Intelligence Center, Defense Medical Readiness Training Institute and its Combat Trauma Surgery Committee, Joint Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Defeat Organization, U.S. Special Operations Command, Army Medical Department Center and School, and Joint Trauma Analysis and Prevention of Injury in Combat. 19
JOINT TRAUMA SYSTEM AND HUMAN RESOURCES WITHIN THE JTS The Joint Trauma System under the US Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) should have a strong trauma medical director and trauma program manager who are responsible for leading the trauma system. The Joint Trauma System should have the doctrinal authority, responsibility, and resources to lead the planning, development, operations, and evaluation of the trauma system throughout the continuum of care in conjunction with the Services, COCOMs and DoD. The Joint Trauma System ensures system integrity and provides for program integration with other health care and community-based entities, namely, public health, prehospital, emergency management, disaster preparedness, social services, and other military Service organizations. The Joint Trauma System works through a variety of groups to accomplish the goals of trauma system planning, implementation, and evaluation. The ability to bring multidisciplinary, multiagency advisory groups together to accomplish trauma system goals is essential in developing and maintaining the trauma system and is part of providing leadership to evolving and mature systems. The Joint Trauma System s trauma medical director and trauma program manager coordinate trauma system design, the adoption of minimum standards (prehospital and in-hospital), and provide for overall system evaluation through performance indicator assessment and assurance. In addition to a trauma medical director and trauma program manager, the Joint Trauma System must be sufficiently staffed to actively participate in each phase of development and in maintaining the system through a clearly defined structure for decision making (policies and procedures) and through proactive surveillance and evaluation. Minimum staffing usually consists of a trauma medical director, trauma program manager, performance improvement staff, data entry and analysis personnel, and information technology/ management personnel. COCOM Joint Trauma System staff at a minimum should consist of a theater trauma medical director, a trauma program manager, a sufficient number of trauma nurse coordinators and administrative staff to effectively implement the COCOM SGs trauma program. 1. Comprehensive doctrinal authority and administrative rules support trauma system leaders and maintain trauma system infrastructure, planning, oversight, and future development. a. The Joint Trauma System in conjunction with the Services, COCOMs and DoD plans, develops, implements, manages, and evaluates the trauma system and its component parts, including the designation of trauma facilities. b. The Joint Trauma System has adopted clearly defined trauma system standards (for example, facility standards, triage and transfer guidelines, and data collection standards) and has sufficient doctrinal authority to ensure and enforce compliance. 2. Sufficient resources, including financial and infrastructure-related, support system planning, implementation, and maintenance. 20
TRAUMA SYSTEM PLAN The Joint Trauma System should have an over-arching plan that provides a template for establishing system components within a specific theater of operation, and serves as guidance for the individual Services, COCOMs and DoD stakeholders. Each regional (COCOM) theater component of the JTS, as defined in doctrine, should have a clearly articulated trauma system planning process that results in appropriate theater-specific modifications to the template. The template, and theater-specific modifications should be developed based upon a completed inventory of trauma system resources, identifying gaps in services or resources and the location of assets, as well as an assessment of population demographics, topography, or other access enhancements (location of hospital and prehospital resources) or barriers to access. It is important that the plan identifies special populations (for example, burns, non-combatants) within the geographic area served and addresses the needs of those populations within the planning process. A needs assessment should also be completed as part of initial planning and updated periodically as needed to assess system changes over time. The trauma system plan will be developed by the COCOM SG staff in conjunction and consultation with the Joint Trauma System staff based on the results of a needs assessment and other data resources available for review. It describes the system design, procedures for expanding into new theaters of operation, procedures for withdrawal from theaters of operation, and establishes standards of care for field personnel, transportation and evacuation resources, and personnel at MTFs at all echelons of care. In addition there should be a process to regularly review and update the plan over time. The plan is built on input from stakeholder groups that assist in analyzing data, identifying resources, and developing system standards of care, including system policies and procedures and overall system design. Ideally, although every stakeholder group may not be satisfied with the plan or system design, the plan, to the extent possible, should be based on consensus of the advisory committees and stakeholder groups. These advisory groups should be able to review the plan before final adoption and approve the plan before it is submitted to the COCOM SG for final approval. The trauma system plan is used to guide system development, implementation, and management. Each component of the trauma system is clearly defined and an acceptable baseline level of performance is identified with goals for enhancement (benchmark). Within the plan are incorporated other planning documents used to ensure integration of similar services and build collaboration and cooperation with those services. 1. The Joint Trauma System has a comprehensive written trauma system plan based on over-arching principles that is adaptable to specific COCOM requirements. The plan integrates the trauma system with all pertinent components including field resources, transportation resources, and MTFs at all echelons of care. The written trauma system plan is developed in collaboration with Service partners and stakeholders. 2. The Joint Trauma System plan clearly describes the system design and is used to guide system implementation and management. For example, the plan includes references to policies, rules, and regulations and includes procedures for expansion into new theaters of operation, withdrawal from theaters of operation, and data collection and analysis. 21
SYSTEM INTEGRATION Trauma system integration is essential for the daily care of injured people in the combat and noncombat environments. It includes both direct care services and supportive services such as behavioral health, social service, and public safety. The trauma system should use the public health approach to injury prevention and casualty mitigation to contribute to reducing the entire burden of injury in a theater or region. This approach enables the trauma system to address injury prevention and casualty mitigation through closer integration with all involved elements. Collaboration with the military health community also provides access to health data that can be used for system assessment, development of DoD policy, and education of the military community. Integration of TCCC principles and field personnel are essential because the trauma system is linked with the combat casualty or emergency medical response and communication infrastructure, and it transports severely injured patients to and between MTFs at each echelon of care. Triage and destination protocols should exist for treatment and patient delivery decisions. Regulations and procedures should exist for online and off-line medical direction. The Joint Trauma System is a significant resource to the DoD and the COCOMs for the response to mass casualty incidents (MCI), in support of existing civilian trauma systems, especially in circumstances where the existing civilian system is either undeveloped or has been significantly disabled. Under the system plan, if a need is appropriately identified, such MCIs would be treated in the same general fashion as the establishment of a system in a new theater of operations, with the Joint Trauma System deploying its own autonomous resources. 1. The Joint Trauma System has a global and comprehensive trauma system plan based upon national and military guidelines. The global plan includes a template that can be modified to establish a plan specific to each regional COCOM, along with procedures for expanding into a new theater of operation and for withdrawing from a theater of operation. The plan integrates the trauma system with all components, including field personnel, transportation resources, MTFs at all echelons of care, and operational command elements. The written trauma system plan is developed in collaboration with all Services and stakeholders. a. The Joint Trauma System plan has established clearly defined methods of integrating the trauma system plan across all Services and regions. 22
FINANCING The Joint Trauma System needs sufficient funding to plan, implement, and evaluate the DoD system of care. All components of the trauma system need funding, including prehospital, acute care facilities, rehabilitation, and prevention programs. The COCOM Joint Theater Trauma Systems also need funding. The Joint Trauma System management requires adequate funding for daily operations and other important activities such as advisory committee meetings, development of regulations, data collection, performance improvement, and public awareness and education. Adequate funding to support the operation of trauma centers and their state of readiness to care for seriously injured patients within the DoD is essential. The financial health of the trauma system is essential for ensuring its integrity and its improvement over time. The Joint Trauma System needs a process for assessing its own financial health, as well as that of the trauma system. The system requires formalization as a program of record within the DoD and financing through the standard program objective memorandum (POM) process. Trauma system financial planning should be related to the trauma plan outcome measures (for example, patient outcome measures such as mortality rates, length of stay, and quality-of-life indicators). Such information may demonstrate the value added by having a trauma system in place. 1. Sufficient resources (financial and infrastructure-related) support system planning, implementation, and maintenance. a. Financial resources exist that support the planning, implementation, and ongoing management of the administrative and clinical care components of the trauma system. b. Designated funding for trauma system infrastructure support (Joint Trauma System) is appropriated through the DoD according to the POM process. c. Operational budgets (system administration and operations, facilities administration and operations, and prehospital and TCCC operations) are aligned with the trauma system plan and priorities. 23
PREVENTION AND OUTREACH Trauma systems must develop prevention strategies that help mitigate casualties and control injury as part of an integrated, coordinated, and inclusive system. The Joint Trauma System and providers throughout the system should be working with the DoD, Service stakeholders, COCOMs, and other Commanders to enact prevention programs and prevention strategies that are based on epidemiologic data collected by the system. Efforts at prevention must be targeted for the intended audience, well defined, and structured, so that the impact of prevention efforts is systemwide. The implementation of injury control and prevention requires the same priority as other aspects of the trauma system, including adequate staffing, partnering with the Services, COCOMS, and DoD stakeholders, and taking advantage of outreach opportunities. Many systems focus information, education, and prevention efforts directly to the general public (for example, restraint use, driving while intoxicated). However, a portion of these efforts should be directed toward field and MTF trauma care personnel safety (for example, securing the scene, infection control). Collaboration with the Services, COCOMS and DoD stakeholders is essential to successful prevention program implementation. Such partnerships can serve to synergize and increase the efficiency of individual efforts. Alliances with multiple agencies within the system, MTFs, and professional associations, working toward the formation of an injury control network, are beneficial. Activities that are essential to the development and implementation of injury control and prevention programs include the following: A needs assessment focusing on the information needed for individual Services, Commands and other stakeholders, thus ensuring a better understanding of injury control and prevention Needs assessment both from the perspective of operational commands and the patient care resources of the trauma system to identify areas that can be productively addressed Preparation of annual reports on the status of injury prevention and trauma care in the system Trauma system databases that are available and usable for routine surveillance 1. The Joint Trauma System informs and educates Services, COCOMS and DoD constituencies and policy makers to foster collaboration and cooperation for system enhancement and injury control. a. The trauma system leaders (Joint Trauma System, advisory committees, and others) inform and educate constituencies and policy makers through dissemination of information and active collaborations aimed at injury prevention and trauma system development. 2. The Joint Trauma System, in cooperation with other agencies and organizations, uses analytic tools to monitor the performance of population-based prevention and trauma care services. a. The Joint Trauma System, along with partner organizations, prepares annual reports on the status of injury prevention and trauma care in specific theaters of operation, regions, or local areas. 3. The Joint Trauma System ensures that the trauma system demonstrates prevention and medical outreach activities within its defined service area. a. The Joint Trauma System is active in the evaluation of specific theater-based or region-based activities and of injury prevention and response programs. b. The effect or impact of outreach programs (medical and community training and support, and prevention activities) is evaluated as part of a system performance improvement process. 24
ENROUTE CARE CONTINUUM OF CARE The Joint Trauma System includes and/or interacts with several different platforms with regard to the Enroute Care Continuum. A key component is that the Enroute Care Continuum be established as a fluid system that will adjust according to mission requirements. This system is fundamental to mission success with the goal of giving the casualties the best care possible without any degradation of care as they move progressively through the enroute continuum. The transport of casualties can occur through a variety of platforms to include: Ground Transport Rotary aircraft Fixed wing aircraft The role of transport must be broken down to scene response (point of injury) and interfacility transport. Scene response is carried out primarily with rotary wing aircraft followed by ground transport. The main focus of scene response is to stabilize the casualty and transport them to the closest appropriate level of care for further intervention/stabilization. The personnel level of training within this platform can vary from Service to Service; ranging from 68W to Para Rescue Medics. As with the civilian medical community a medical director must be involved in the training of the personnel, oversight of practice, and establishment of a means of ongoing quality assessment to ensure the optimal provision of prehospital care. When addressing casualty moves within a Theater of Operations, the transport between medical facilities can be carried out through a rotary wing or fixed wing platform. The platform utilized is dependent on the patient acuity, threat, mission requirements, and location of the sending and receiving facilities. Rotary wing platform personnel will vary according to casualty severity and mission requirements. When moving a stable casualty, the MEDEVACs inherent capability can be utilized. On the other hand, when moving a critically injured casualty from one level of care (facility) to another, critical care personnel should be utilized to ensure that the highest standard of care is met during the transport of the casualty. The Air Force s Aeromedical Evacuation (AE) System requires the availability of a secure landing strip, which can handle the fixed-wing platforms that are utilized to move casualties. AE is a regulated, intransit-visible system designed for the movement of casualties. It utilizes a variety of opportune aircraft with dedicated medical crews and equipment, primarily the C-130, KC-135, and the C-17. The medical crews are made up of flight nurses, aeromedical technicians, and medical attendants trained to perform routine care to stable patients during transport. This system is not designed as a primary/scene response team. A recent revolution in military medicine has resulted in the need for a new approach to AE: air transportation of stabilized patients, and, to an extent, caring for patients whose resuscitation is in evolution. To achieve this, AE crews can be augmented with special medical attendants or advanced care teams such as Critical Care Air Transport Team (CCATT), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) teams, burn teams, and special lungsupport teams to add the advanced capability of transporting critically injured or ill patients. See Figure 5, Current Route from Injury to Definitive Care illustrates the enroute care continuum designed to move casualties progressively through the system. 25
FIGURE 5, Current Route from Injury to Definitive Care Current Route from Injury to Definitive Care CASEVAC 1 Hour Forward Surgical Teams Level 2 TACTICAL MEDEVAC 1-24 Hours CSH, EMEDS, EMF Level 3 STRATEGIC AE 24-72 Hours Definitive Care Level 4 72 Hours Plus Post Acute Care Full Range Level 5 VA 26