Abstract A Sustainable ICT Project for Rural Pakistan Amir Manzoor amirmanzoor@yahoo.com Since the end of the 20th Century, ICT advances have led to multiple convergences of content, computing, telecommunications and broadcasting. They have brought about changes in other areas, especially in knowledge management and human resources development. Digital divide is defined as the gap between those able, and those unable, to participate in the knowledge economy. This digital divide is evident within nations, between the developing and the developed world, and the urban and rural areas. Rural areas have low levels of human capital development, local content creation, ICT infrastructure and access, which together lead to high costs of participation. The current rural ICT situation requires urgent steps to enable poor to participate meaningfully in the knowledge economy. Implementation of ICT Projects has been identified as a national priority by the Governments all over the world especially in under-developed countries. ICT viewed as a pivotal tool to improve governance, accountability and transparency, generate employment, develop human potential, and strengthen national unity. This paper discusses a project to enhance the economic growth and social progress of Thar region in province Sindh by encouraging beneficial ICT activities. The goal of the proposed project is to increase the use of ICT in order to accelerate economic and social development in the Thar region. Keywords: ICT, Telecenter, IAS, CBP PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION The project is expected to complete in 16 months. Project implementation will be the responsibility of the ICT Unit () that will be established in the office of Governor of Sindh. Efforts will be made to bundle project activities in a small number of contracts that would attract bidders that would be selected under a Competitive Bidding Process (CBP). Detailed guidelines will be developed to ensure that grants to NGOs and other institutions are based on technical and sustainability criteria. In developing the procurement plan for the other project activities, efforts will be made to bundle purchases to maximize the use of CBP. Project Components The proposed project consists of four distinct components: Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1520317
1. Establishing and strengthen the ICT Unit () in the Office of the Governor of Sindh. 2. ICT for Economic/Social Development Opportunities 3. ICT for Health 4. ICT for 1) Information and Communication Technology Unit () The objective of establishing an ICT Unit is to create an institution which will play a leading role in the implementation of ICT project activities and to implement and monitor results of the project activities. For budgetary purposes will be considered part of the Ministry of IT. ICT unit () will be established in the office of the Governor of Sindh. The will be responsible for finalization and implementation of the ICT strategy and for the implementation of this project. An ICT advisory board will be formally set up to help oversee project and strategy implementation. This board will be chaired by the coordinator (appointed by Governor), and will be comprised of a small number of advisors from the public and private sectors and NGOs. The ICT Unit will be staffed by a group of highly qualified professionals. A project manager, an administrative assistant and a Finance/Procurement/Budget officer will be hired to work full time on the project. The project manager will assist the coordinator in the management of this project. Advisory board will advise the project manager. The project manager under the supervision of the coordinator will be responsible for daily project supervision, and will be assisted by administrative assistant and Finance/Procurement/Budget officer. Consultants will be hired to support the project manager, particularly in the monitoring, auditing and evaluation of the project. To ensure effective supervision of the project, the project manager will receive constant feedback from implementing partners through the project advisory board. A monitoring system will be established to measure the project s progress. This monitoring system will use the network as a main tool to measure use of the different project provided services. 2) ICT for Economic/Social Development Opportunities ICT can contribute to income generation and better marketing opportunities for people by providing access to information like Weather, Farming best practice, and Crop status etc. This component will include activities that will provide masses with access to the information which have economic and social value to them. Following activities will take place. Telecenter Network Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1520317
One of the most economical forms of providing connectivity to the poor is through shared public telecommunications access facilities commonly known as telecenters. A telecenter network and its capacity will be established to serve the needs of students and neighboring communities. In this regard one small (3-computer) telecenter will be established in each union council. There are 42 union councils in Thar [3]. These telecenters will be utilized by schools in the morning and by the community in the afternoon. These telecenters will have online updated information on e.g. weather forecast, crops, farming etc. Trained staff will be provided to provide information to the people in local language. Reverse auction programs will be initiated by government that will award subsidies on a competitive basis to operators that establish and run these telecenters. This scheme will enable government to control how much of a subsidy it is willing and able to spend in order to serve rural communities. A suitable auction design will be prepared not just to assure accountability, transparency and sustainability, but to increase competitive pressures by encouraging a large number of bidders to participate. The expected outcomes of this activity will be i) distribution of knowledge and opportunity for rural masses ii) establish and develop a process based on the creative use of existing cultural capital in the society to further strengthen and sustain growth. Program of small grants The purpose of this activity is to help finance social and economic development initiatives that improve the welfare of communities through the use of ICTs. This will be accomplished through a program that will award small matching grants to NGOs, grass roots organizations and community groups, to foster effective use of ICTs. Possible projects include: long distance learning, community radio, training service workers etc.detailed eligibility criteria will be developed during detailed project design. Integrated Water Resource Management System In this activity a system will be developed to collect information related to water resources in Thar. The system will be used for storage, studies, and analysis of data to be used in water resource management. Information from the major government organizations on water resource management in Thar will be complied into a single data warehouse. The information will be clarified and clustered together to show the overall picture of the water situation in Thar. This will be done without changing the existing work process and standards in each organization. A network of servers will be installed in these organizations to back up data to the main server. In addition, the data from the main server will also be backed up in each individual organization. Representatives from organizations will be invited to participate in the development of the system. Data collected from these organizations will be organized into a single website for ease of use in planning and operation. Existing computing professional manpower of Ministry of IT will be utilized to develop the data warehouse.
The development of a computerized information system on water resources, promoting the linkage of information, coordination and management of water resources previously scattered among various organizations, will improve management of water resources. The data can also be made publicly available or further developed to raise awareness among the people. This system is expected to provide a significant aid for the water resource management in Thar. 3) ICT for Health Improving the health of people produces significant economic and social improvements through increased life expectancy, healthier environment etc. This component will consist of following activity. Rural Telemedicine Units In this activity, Telemedicine units will be formed in the existing government hospitals. The hospitals will be provided with all necessary medical equipments and Internet facility. There are 3 government hospitals in Thar [3].They will be connected to the central government hospitals (Like Civil, and JPMC) in Karachi. Considering the geographical situation of Thar, the Internet facility to hospitals will be provided via wireless local loop. Four mobile telemedicine units will also be formed for each union council. Each mobile unit will carry a doctor and 2 members of paramedical staff. The doctors will utilize the telecommunication network at hospitals to transmit tests/diagnosis to the central hospitals in Karachi for analysis and expert advice. The provincial health department will be responsible to i) provide adequate number of doctors and paramedical staff for the hospitals and mobile units ii) monitor the performance of hospitals and provide monthly report to. 4) ICT for ICTs, combined with sound educational planning and public sector management in partnership with private sector and civil society organizations, can help lower the cost of provision of educational services and make a marked difference in extending the reach of a government s educational programs and improving the skills of the majority of the region s population. Following activities will take place in this component. Computer Program A Computer Program will be started and financed by the Ministry of and executed by a selected NGO. This program will be a long-term visionary educational program that will apply ICTs to enhance quality and equity in education. The Ministry of will contribute the program s resources, while the NGO will contribute the management and work methodology, and produce educational materials.
The program will deliver services to all the primary school children of Thar. It will later be expanded to cover secondary schools. Teacher Training Program Teachers unfamiliar with ICTs soon become an obstacle to student achievement. Teacher training program will address this deficiency and provide teachers with adequate training and knowledge to improve computer education in all of the schools. This program will also be started and financed by the Ministry of and executed by a selected NGO. Compulsory Program A compulsory primary/secondary education campaign will be initiated in which students will be provided with complete financial assistance. The campaign will provide incentives to the parents to attract them send their children to schools. Such incentives may include providing a fixed monthly stipend to each family. This campaign will be supplemented by an awareness campaign which will be started for the public on the benefits of using ICT. Project Financial Management The will have the following responsibilities: (i) establish specific, separate bank accounts for the management of the funds; (ii) prepare and submit disbursement request to the provincial government and the corresponding justification of expenses; (iii) maintain adequate financial, accounting and internal control systems for the management of the project s resources; (iv) maintain an adequate disbursement support documentation filing system, available for review by government and external auditors; (v) prepare and submit to the government the annual financial statements regarding project s expenses. The project s accounting system will be computerized using a personal computer and appropriate accounting software. Also, computer program will include an audit trail and the system will be user friendly, so as to permit its application in other participating government agencies/departments should the need arise. An adequate number of personnel will be allocated to the in order to ensure the appropriate segregation of the financial administration functions of the project in accordance with international accounting standards (IAS). The full time Finance/Procurement/Budget officer and providing a supervisory role will achieve this. Project Procurement
The will follow government policies and procedures for procurement of goods and services financed by the government for the project. The will use competitive bidding process for all contracts valued more than Rs. 200,000 in the supply of general goods and services; and Rs.100, 000 in the supply of consulting services. Consultant services will be hired in accordance to government procedures. Project Maintenance The project will contain the necessary resources to ensure the maintenance for the project s financed investments. Ministry of finance will provide funds to the participating agencies/departments from their recurring budget and to the from the budget specifically allocated for the project. Ministry of finance will continue to provide funds till the completion of the project. After completion, the funds will be provided from the recurring budget of participating agencies/departments to cover maintenance of project. The will submit to the Ministry of Finance, demonstration that the project s investments are being maintained in accordance with requirements to be agreed upon with the Ministry. Supervision and Evaluation of the Project Given the innovative nature of the project, close supervision will be required throughout the implementation. Monitoring will take place through regularly scheduled progress reports and technical reports throughout the life of the project. Reporting and monitoring will be the primary responsibility of the project manager at the. The project manager will prepare quarterly progress reports documenting activities undertaken during the previous quarter and a work plan for the following period. Assessments of the project will take place annually. These assessments will evaluate progress achieved and determine if adjustments are required. The assessments will be undertaken by the.if required, the project manager could hire consultants to assist with the preparation of an annual assessment. The will establish a base line of the main indicators and perform periodic sampling in order to measure progress in the project goals. A management information system (MIS) will be implemented at to permit the monitoring and evaluation of the project. The project manager, in consultation with the advisory board and consultants, will establish inspection procedures that include periodical evaluation missions, so as to ensure satisfactory progress and to verify compliance with agreed measures and benchmarks. Project Feasibility
Summary Keeping in view the data and information available about Thar and the project itself the project is likely to have a significant positive effect on Thar s socioeconomic development. There are few risks involved. Given the need for close coordination between numerous ministries and autonomous agencies and institutions, placement of the in the Office of the Governor is expected to enhance that coordination. This is also an indispensable feature in a project of this nature and will enable swift response to implementation difficulties as they arise. Though attempt has been made to fullest extent possible to explore the anticipated issues a very important feature will still be the process of consultation with civil society while designing the project in detail. Technical Feasibility The project provides funds for contracting short-term consultants as needed, to supplement public sector expertise in managing various components of this project. This will ensure the technical capacity and experience necessary for timely project execution. To avoid technical risks and to ensure sustainability, the technologies proposed are commercial, off-the shelf, and proven in the market. For example the Wireless local loop will be used for Internet access. Environmental and Social Feasibility The project inputs are basically technical assistance, training, computer equipment and software. The project gives particular emphasis to providing connectivity and socioeconomic opportunities to low-income rural masses. Specific measures have been included to expand outreach to enable low-income people to use and benefit from the opportunities for learning, and communicating etc. Economic Feasibility There is no reliable method of estimating the benefits of investment associated with the introduction of new ICTs. The 1994 World Development Report shows rates of return on investments in telecommunications (mostly telephony) in the order of 20% on average. Actual returns are believed to be higher because these estimates only take into account profits captured by telecom operators but not the network effects on the overall structure of the economy. These network externalities are perceived by the overall economy through expanded markets for goods and services, greater specialization between firms, and improved management structures. Network effects are difficult to measure but are known to be significant; the available evidence suggests they are probably larger than those associated with other kinds of infrastructure development. [16] Investments in information technology can offer a higher pay off than telephone infrastructure. First, they increase the productivity of service sectors that rely on information processing and management. Second, they i) expand the market in ways
beyond what traditional telephone lines can accomplish ii) enhance competition. Third, they offer the prospects of extraordinary changes in the ways and periodicity in which people get educated and upgrade their skills. Finally, they enable the establishment of low cost networks of peoples with similar problems and interests, thus potentially enhancing mobility across cultural and geographical barriers. Financial Feasibility Total costs of the project have been estimated at RS. 64.3million.This amount is not expected to be a major burden for Government. The recurring costs will be covered under recurring budget of participating agencies/departments. The project has been designed to minimize post-project burden to enhance sustainability. For example, the telecenters will be built using reverse auction program. Regulatory risks Project Risks Presently, Internet broadband connectivity rates have been reduced considerably. These rates were very high in the past. The project envisages a Competitive Bidding Process (CBP) for providing connectivity and this is expected to further reduce costs to level that would make the project financially more viable and sustainable. The Government must clarify the regulatory environment and liberalize the market for data transmission. This will include issuing licenses for international connectivity to any existing or future ISP using simple and transparent procedures. Un-sustainability of activities financed A board comprised of well-respected members of the community - e.g. including representatives from the major population groups and the private sector - will have independent final decision over small grant approval. Grass roots organizations will receive assistance in the preparation of viable and self-sustaining proposals for funding.
Project Costs Ball Park Figures Activity Cost in Rupees (Millions) Project Management and Admin 3 ICT Strategic Development and Program Monitoring 2 Staff Training of 0.5 Project supervision and evaluation 1 Audits 0.5 Total 7 Economic/Social Development Opportunities 3-computer Telecenters 8.4 Small Grants 10 Integrated Water Resource Management System 1 Total 19.4 Health Telemedicine Units 15 Total 15 Human Capital Development Primary/Secondary Campaign 10 Parental Incentive Scheme 5 ICT awareness campaign 2 ICT awareness academic programs 5 Total 37 Total Project Cost 63.4
Concluding Remarks This paper discussed a project which involves using ICT activities to improve the socioeconomic development of rural masses in Thar. The paper discussed various activities and their implementation with their expected outcomes. The feasibility of inclusion of various other ICT activities is under study and such development will be reported in due time. References 1. The Daily Jang Newspaper, Pakistan. 2. David Canning, Telecommunications, Information Technology and Economic Development, (http://www.cid.harvard.edu/caer2/htm/framsets/fr_auth.htm) 3. Sindh Bureau of Statistics 4. Lisa Carney, Internet Training for Illiterate Populations, 2002. (http://www.techknowlogia.org 5. Center for International Development (CID), Readiness for the Networked World (www.readinessguide.org) 6. Ajay Dalmia, Capacity Building Through Information Technology Tool for and Poverty Reduction, 2001. (http://www.servintfree.net/~aidmn-ejournal/publications/2001-04/ashayale.pdf) 7. Alfonso Gumucio Dragón, Making Waves: Stories of Participatory Communication for Social Change,(http://www.comminit.com/making-waves.html). 8. Alok Gupta, Information Technology and Natural Disaster Management in India, (http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/2000/ts8/hami0001pf.htm). 9. Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Reforming Primary and Secondary in Latin America and the Caribbean: An IDB Strategy, Washington, DC 2000a. (http://www.iadb.org/sds/sci/mainpublication_118_e.htm) 10. Evaluation of the South Australian Virtual Health Network, North Western Adelaide Health Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide and the Northern and Far West Virtual Health Network Project, Section 2, Final Report. 11. Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Vocational and Technical Training: An IDB Strategy, Washington, DC 2000b. (http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/edu%2d110e.rtf) 12. IT for Poverty Reduction: Sample cases from Thailand National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Thailand. 13. Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Guyana: Information and Communication Technology - Project Report, 2002 (http://www.iadb.org)
14. Luis Osín, Computers in in Developing Countries: Why and How? 1998 (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/hdnet/hddocs.nsf/c11fbff6c1b77f9985256686006dc949/9 F0209063ADBE47085256755005274A6/$FILE/v3n1.pdf) 15. Francisco J. Proenza, Roberto Bastidas-Buch and Guillermo Montero, Telecenters for Socioeconomic and Rural Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, FAO-ITU-IDB, May 2001. (http://www.iadb.org/regions/itdev/telecenters) 16. David Canning, Telecommunications, Information Technology and Economic Development,Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II, Discussion Paper 3, December 1999 (www.cid.harvard.edu/caer2/htm/framsets/fr_cont.htm)
Implementation Timeline For Project Activity Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Responsible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Agency/Department Establishment of Ministry of IT Setup Advisory Board and appoint coordinator Ministry of IT Hiring of staff Ministry of IT Training of staff Ministry of IT Selection/Hiring of consultants Establish monitoring system for project Establish detailed auction design for telecenters Invite auction bids for telecenters Ministry of IT Start telecenters Successful Bidders Form a consortium of participating NGOs Establish detailed eligibility criteria for grants Develop of water management system data warehouse (software) Ministry of IT Acquire computer hardware Ministry of IT Establish network between participating agencies/departments Procurement of medical equipments telemedicine units Ministry of IT Health
Selection/Hiring of staff for telemedicine units Establish Internet connectivity for hospitals Prepare strategy for Computer and Teacher Training Program Selection of NGO for the Computer and Teacher Training program Health Ministry of IT / / Prepare the list of schools Sign agreement between implementing NGOs and Acquire funding plan and supporting commitments from NGO Schools prepare rooms for computer classes for students and others opens separate bank account in the name of the project Physical verification of schools by NGO Organize computer hardware/software training for teachers by NGO Schools identify teachers to be trained as ICTs teacher / Orientation program by NGO
in the districts Schools prepare schedule for ICTs classes for students and others Prepare strategy for compulsory education campaign Selection of NGO for the campaign Sign agreement between implementing NGOs and Acquire funding plan and supporting commitments from NGO Schools prepare schedule for classes Physical verification of schools by NGO Orientation program by NGO in the districts Detailed guideline for financial incentives / / /