Appendix 1 Status of the Non-proliferation Treaty

Appendix 1 Status of the Non-proliferation Treaty PARTIES Afghanistan Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bolivia Botswana Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Empire Chad Costa Rica Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Fiji Finland Gabon Gambia Germany (East) Germany (West) Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Korea Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Maldive Islands Mali Malta Mauritius 256

Appendix 1 257 Mexico Mongolia Morocco Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Rumania Rwanda San Marino Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia Sri Lanka Sudan Surinam Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics* United Kingdom* United States of America* Upper Volta Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Western Samoa Yugoslavia Zaire SIGNATORIES (HAVE SIGNED THE TREATY, BUT HAVE NOT COMPLETED THE PROCESS OF RATIFICATION) Barbados Columbia Egypt Kuwait Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Yemen Arab Republic (Sana) Yemen (Aden) NON-SIGNATORIES (HAVE NEITHER SIGNED NOR RATIFIED THE TREATY) Albania Algeria Argentina Bahrain Brazil Burma Chile China* Congo Cuba France* Guinea-Bissau Guyana India * Nuclear weapon state. India has detonated a 'peaceful nuclear device'.

258 Israel Korea (North) Malawi Mauritania Nauru Niger Oman Pakistan Portugal Appendix 1 Qatar Saudi Arabia South Africa Spain Tanzania Uganda United Arab Emirates Zambia

Appendix 2 A Non-proliferation Bibliography Atlantic Council, Nuclear Fuels Policy Working Group, Nuclear Fuels Policy, (Washington, DC: Atlantic Council, 1976). Atlantic Council, Nuclear Fuels Policy Working Group, Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation, 2 vols (Washington, DC.: Atlantic Council, 1978). Auton, Graeme P., 'Nuclear Deterrence and Medium Powers: A Proposal for Doctrinal Change in the British and French Cases', Orbis, xx, 2 (Summer 1976). Bader, William B., The United States and the Spread of Nuclear Weapons (New York: Pegasus, 1968). Baker, Steven J., Commercial Nuclear Power and Nuclear Proliferation, Peace Studies Program Occasional Paper, 5 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, May 1975). Baker, Steven, 'Nuclear Proliferation: Monopoly or Cartel?', Foreign Policy, 23 (Summer 1976). Barnaby, Frank, Preventing Nuclear- Weapons Proliferation Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1975). Barton, John H. and Lawrence C. Weiler (eds), International Arms Control: Issues and Agreements (Stanford University Press, 1976). Bebbington, William P., 'The Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels', Scientific American (December 1976). Beecher, William, 'The Rush is on to Join Nuclear Club', Boston Globe, 25 May 1979. Bellany, Ian, 'Nuclear Non-proliferation and the Inequality of States', Political Studies, xxv, 4 (December 1977). Bertram, Christoph, Arms Control and Technological Change, Adelphi Paper, 146 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1978). Betts, Richard K., 'A Diplomatic Bomb for South Africa?', International Security, IV, 2 (Fall1979). Betts, Richard K., 'Nuclear Proliferation and Regional Rivalry: Speculations on South Asia', Orbis, xxm, 1 (Spring 1979). Betts, Richard K., 'Paranoids, Pygmies, Pariahs and Non-proliferation', Foreign Policy, 26 (Spring 1977) 157-83. Bibliography: Nuclear Proliferation (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1978).

260 Appendix 2 Blackett. P.M.S., Atomic Weapons and East-West Relations (Cambridge University Press, 1956). Blackett, P.M.S., The Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy (London: Turnstile Press, 1949). Bloomfield, Lincoln P., 'Nuclear Spread and World Order', Foreign Affairs, LIII, 4 (July 1975). Bloomfield, Lincoln P. and A. C. Leiss, 'Arms Control and the Developing Countries', World Politics, xvm, 1 (1965). Bray, Frank and Michael L. Moodie, 'Nuclear Politics in India', Survival, xx, 3 (May/June 1977). Brenner, Michael, 'Carter's Bungled Promise', Foreign Policy, 36 (Falll979). Brenner, Michael, 'Carter's Non-proliferation Strategy: Fuel Assurances and Energy Security', Orbis, XII, 2 (Summer 1978). Burt, Richard, 'Fears Rising in Washington that an India-Pakistan Nuclear Race is Inevitable', New York Times, 24 August 1979. California Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, Nuclear Policies: Fuel Without the Bomb (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1978). Cervanka, Z. and B. Rogers, The Nuclear Axis (London: Friedman, 1978). Chayes, Abram and W. Bennet Lewis (eds), International Arrangements for Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1977). Clausen, Peter, 'Nuclear Conference Yields Potential New Consensus,' Arms Control Today (June 1979). Conference on Energy and Nuclear Security in Latin America, Proceedings (Muscatine, Iowa: Stanley Foundation, 1978). Cubie, James, Myths and Realities: Nuclear Power, Nuclear Bombs (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 1977). Dahlberg, Richard C., 'Weapons Proliferation and Criteria for Evaluating Nuclear Fuel Cycles', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January 1978). Donnelly, Warren H., 'Control of Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons', reprinted in Congressional Record, 18 June 1976. Donnelly, Warren H. and DonnaS. Kramer, Nuclear Weapons Proliferation: Legislation for Policy and Other Measures (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1977). Dowty, Alan, 'Nuclear Proliferation: The Israeli Case', International Studies Quarterly, XXII, 1 (March 1978). Duffy, Gloria, 'Soviet Nuclear Exports', International Security, III, 1 (Summer 1978). Duffy, Gloria and Gordon Adams, Power Politics: The Nuclear Industry and Nuclear Exports (New York: Council on Economic Priorities, 1978). Dunkel, Winfried M., 'Nuclear Proliferation - A German View', Military Review (November 1977). Dunn, Lewis A., 'Half Past India's Bang', Foreign Policy 36 (Fall 1979). Dunn, Lewis, India, Pakistan, Iran... A Nuclear Proliferation Chain? (Croton-on-Hudson, NY: Hudson Institute, 1976). Dunn, Lewis, 'Nuclear Gray Marketeering', International Security, I, 3 (Winter 1977). Dunn, Lewis, The Role of Sanctions in Non-proliferation Strategy (Crotonon-Hudson, NY: Hudson Institute, 1977). Dunn, Lewis and Herman Kahn, Trends in Nuclear Proliferation, 1975-1990:

Appendix2 261 Projections, Problems and Policy Options (Croton-on-Hudson, NY: Hudson Institute, 1976). Epstein, William, The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control (New York: The Free Press, 1976). Epstein, William, 'Nuclear Proliferation in the Third World', Journal of International Affairs, 29, 2 (Fall 1975). Falk, Richard A., Nuclear Policy and World Order: Why Denuclearization? (New York: Institute for World Order, 1979). Falk, Richard, 'The Nuclear Teaser', Alternatives, 3, 2 (December 1977). Falk, Richard, 'A World Order Problem,' International Security, I, 3 (Winter 1977). Faltermayer, Edmund, 'Keeping the Peaceful Atom from Raising the Risk of War', Fortune, 9 April 1979. Faulkner, Peter (ed.), The Silent Bomb: A Guide to the Nuclear Energy Controversy (New York: Random House, 1977). Ford-Mitre, Nuclear Energy Study Group, Nuclear Power: Issues and Choices (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1977). Franko, Lawrence G. and A. Javier Ergueta, US Regulation of the Spread of Nuclear Technologies Through Supplier Power: Lever or Boomerang? (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1978). Freedman, Lawrence, 'Israel's Nuclear Policy', Survival, XVII, 3 (May/ June 1975). Frye, Alton, 'How to Ban the Bomb: Sell It', New York Times Magazine, 11 January 1976. Gall, N., 'Atoms for Brazil, Dangers for All', Foreign Policy, 23 (Summer 1976). Gall, Norman, 'Nuclear Setbacks', Forbes, 27 November 1978. Garris, Jerome, Sweden's Debate on the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Santa Monica, Ca.: California Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, 1972). Gati, Toby Trister, Soviet Perspectives on Nuclear Non-proliferation (Santa Monica, Ca.: California Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, 1976). Gelber, Harry, Nuclear Weapons and Chinese Policy, Adelphi Paper, 99 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1973). Gilinsky, Victor, 'The Military Potential of Civil Nuclear Power', in Mason Willrich (ed.), Civilian Nuclear Power and International Security (New York: Praeger, 1971). Goldschmidt, Bertrand, 'A Historical Survey of Non-proliferation Policies', International Security, II, 1 (Summer 1977). Gorman, Stephen M., 'Security, Influence, and Nuclear Weapons: The Case of Argentina and Brazil', Parameters, IX, 1 (March 1979). Greenwood, Ted, et al., Nuclear Power and Weapons Proliferation, Adelphi Paper 130 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1976). Greenwood, Ted, et a/., Nuclear Proliferation: Motives, Capabilities, and Strategies for Control (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977). Groom, A.J.R., British Thinking about Nuclear Weapons (London: Frances Pinter, 1974). Hafemeister, David W., 'Non-proliferation and Alternative Nuclear Techno-

262 Appendix 2 logies', Technology Review (December 1978-January 1979). Halstead, Thomas A., 'The Spread of Nuclear Weapons- Is the Dam About to Burst?', Arms Control Today (November 1974). Hamilton, Michael P. (ed.), To Avoid Catastrophe: A Study in Future Nuclear Weapons Policy (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1977). Harkavy, Robert E. 'The Pariah State Syndrome', Orbis, XXI, 3 (Fall 1977). Herz, John, International Politics in the Atomic Age (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967). Hiroharu, Seki, 'Nuclear Proliferation and Our Option', Japan Quarterly, XXII, 1 (January-March 1975). Hqffman, Stanley, 'The Hell of Good Intentions', Foreign Policy, 29 (Winter {977-78). Hoffman, Stanley, 'Nuclear Proliferation and World Politics', in A. Buchan (ed.), A World of Nuclear Powers? (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966). Huck, Arthur, The Security of China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970). Husbands, Jo L., 'Nuclear Proliferation and the Inter-American System', in Thomas J. Farer (ed.), The Future of the Inter-American System (New York: Praeger, 1979). Imai, Ryukichi, 'Non-proliferation: A Japanese Point of View', Survival, XXI, 2 (March/ April 1979). Ikle, Fred C., 'The Second Nuclear Era', Department of State Bulletin, 19 May 1975. Jaipal, Rikhi, 'The Indian Nuclear Situation', International Security, I, 4 (Spring 1977). Joskow, Paul L., 'The International Nuclear Industry Today', Foreign Affairs, LIV, 4 (July 1976). Kaiser, Karl, 'The Great Nuclear Debate', Foreign Policy, 30 (Spring 1978). Kapur, Ashok, India's Nuclear Option: Atomic Diplomacy and Decision Making (New York: Praeger, 1976). Kemp, Geoffrey, Nuclear Forces for Medium Powers, Adelphi Papers, 106, 107 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1974). Kennan, George F., The Cloud of Danger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977). Kincade, William H., 'Banning Nuclear Tests: Cold Feet in the Carter Administration', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (November 1978). Krell, Gert, 'Military Doctrines, New Weapons Systems, and Arms Control', Bulletin of Peace Proposals (January 1979). Krishna, Raj, 'India and the Bomb', in K.K. Sinka (ed.), Problems of Defense of South and East Asia (Bombay: Maraktalas, 1969). Lefever, Ernest W., Nuclear Arms in the Third World: US Policy Dilemma (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1979). Lellouche, Pierre, 'France in the International Nuclear Controversy: Giscard's New Foreign Nuclear Policy', Orbis, XXII, 4 (Winter 1979). Lellouche, Pierre and Richard K. Lester, 'The Crisis of Nuclear Energy', Washington Quarterly, II, 3 (Summer 1979). Long, Clarence D., 'Nuclear Proliferation: Can Congress Act in Time?', International Security, I, 4 (Spring 1977).

Appendix 2 263 Lopes, J. Leite, 'Atoms in the Developing World', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (April 1978). Lowrance, William W., 'Nuclear Future for Sale: To Brazil from West Germany, 1975', International Security, I, 2 (Fall1976). Maddox, John, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons (London: Chatto & Windus, 1962). Maddox, John, Prospect for Nuclear Proliferation, Adelphi Paper, 113 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1975). Marder, Murrey and Don Oberdorfer, 'How West, Soviets Moved to Head Off S. African A-Test', Washington Post, 28 August 1977. Marwah, Onkar, 'India's Nuclear and Space Programs: Intent and Policy', International Security, II, 2 (Fall1977). Marhaw, Onkar and Ann Schultz (eds), Nuclear Proliferation and the Near Nuclear Countries (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1975). Meckoni, Vinay, 'Regional Nuclear Fuel Cycle Centres', International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin (February 1976). Mendl, Wolf, Deterrence and Persuasion (London: Faber & Faber, 1970). Miller, Marvin, 'The Nuclear Dilemma: Power, Proliferation, and Development', Technology Review (May 1979). Moniz, Ernest J. and Thomas L. Neff, 'Nuclear Power and Nuclear-Weapons Proliferation', Physics Today (April 1978). Morawiecki, Wojciech, 'The IAEA's Role in Promoting Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials and Facilities', International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin, 3 (June 1978). Muller, Harald, 'Nuclear Exports and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation', Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 1 (1979). Myrdal, Alva, The Game of Disarmament (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976). Myrdal, Alva, 'The High Price of Nuclear Arms Monopoly', Foreign Policy, 18 (Spring 1975). Myrdal, Alva, The Right to Conduct Nuclear Explosions: Political Aspects and Policy Proposals (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1975). NPT: Paradoxes and Problems (Washington, DC: Arms Control Association, 1975). Neff, Thomas L. and Henry D. Jacoby, 'Non-proliferation Strategy in a Changing Nuclear Fuel Market', Foreign Affairs, 51, 5 (Summer 1979). Nye, Joseph S., 'Balancing Non-proliferation and Energy Security', Technology Review (December 1978-January 1979). Nye, JosephS., 'Non-proliferation: A Long-Term Strategy', Foreign Affairs, LVI, 3 (April1978). Nye, JosephS., 'Time to Plan for the Next Generation of Nuclear Technology', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (October 1977). Nye, Joseph S., 'We Tried Harder (And Did More)', Foreign Policy 36 (Fall 1979). Oberdorfer, Don, 'Arms Sales to Pakistan Urged to Stave Off A-Bomb There', Washington Post, 6 August 1979. Palsokar, R.D., Minimum Deterrence: India's Answer to China (Bombay: Thacker, 1969).

264 Appendix 2 Pendergast, William R., 'US Foreign Policy and Nuclear Proliferation', Naval War College Review, XXXI, 1 (Summer 1978). Perry, William and Sheila Kern, 'The Brazilian Nuclear Program in a Foreign Policy Context', Comparative Strategy, I, 1 (1978). Pillsbury, Michael, 'A Japanese Card?', Foreign Policy, 33 (Winter 1978-79). Ping, Hsin, 'Utilization of Nuclear Energy and the Struggle Against Hegemony', Peking Review, 15 (1978). Power, Paul F. 'The Indo-American Nuclear Controversy', Asian Survey, (June 1979). Pranger, Robert and Dale Tahtinen, Nuclear Threat in the Middle East (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1975). Quester, George, The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973). Rathjens, G. et at., Nuclear Arms Control Agreements: Process and Impact (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1974). Ray, Dixie Lee, 'Multinational Nuclear Power- Peaceful Use or International Terror?', Pan American Magazine (October 1974). Redick, John R., Military Potential of Latin American Nuclear Energy Programs (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972). Redick, John R., 'Nuclear Proliferation in Latin America', in Roger Fontaine and James D. Theberge (eds), Latin America's New Internationalism: The End of Hemispheric Isolation (New York: Praeger, 1976). Redick, John R. 'Regional Restraint: US Nuclear Policy and Latin America', Orbis, XXII, 1 (Spring 1978). Ribicoff, Abraham A., 'A Market Sharing Approach to the World Nuclear Sales Problem', Foreign Affairs, 54, 4 (July 1976). Rose, David J. and Richard K. Lester, 'Nuclear Power, Nuclear Weapons and International Stability', Scientific American (April 1978). Rosenbaum, David, 'Nuclear Terror', International Security, I, 3 (Winter 1977). Rotblat, J., 'Controlling Weapons-Grade Fissile Material', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (June 1977). Schelling, Thomas, 'Who Will Have the Bomb', International Security, I, 1 (Summer 1976). Scherr, Jacob and Thomas Stoel, 'Atoms for Peace?', Amicus, I, 1 (Summer 1979). Singh, Sampooran, India and the Nuclear Bomb (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1971). Smart, Ian, 'Janus: The Nuclear God', World Today (April 1978). Stilwell, Richard, 'Commentary- The US, Japan and the Security of Korea', International Security, 11, 2 (Fall 1977). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Near-Nuclear Countries and the NPT (Stockhom: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1972). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Nuclear Proliferation Problems (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Postures for Non-proliferation: Arms Limitation and Security Policies to Minimize Nuclear Proliferation (New York: Crane, Russak, 1979).

Appendix 2 265 Subrahmanyam, K., 'The Nuclear Issue and International Security', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (February 1977). Symington, Stuart, 'Controlling the Cancer of Nuclear Proliferation', Congressional Record, 13 March 1975. Symington, Stuart, 'Nuclear Proliferation and Counterforce', Congressional Record, 22 October 1975. Symington, Stuart, 'The Washington Nuclear Mess', International Security, 1, 3 (Winter 1977). US Comptroller General, An Evaluation of the Administration's Proposed Nuclear Non-proliferation Strategy (Washington, DC: GPO, 1977). US Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittees on International Economic Policy and Trade, Progress in US and International Non-proliferation Efforts, 96th Cong., lst Sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1979). US Congress, House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade, Nuclear Proliferation Factbook 95th Cong. 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1977). US Congress, House International Relations Committee, Nuclear Proliferation: Future US Foreign Policy Implications, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1975). US Congress, House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Fossil and Nuclear Energy Research, Development and Demonstration, Alternative Breeding Cycles for Nuclear Power: An Analysis, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1978). US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards (New York: Praeger, 1977). US Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Organizations, and Security Agreements, Hearings: Nuclear Reduction, Testing, and Non-proliferation, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1976). Van Praagh, David, 'India's Bomb', Asian Affairs: An American Review (July-August 1974). Warnecke, Steven J., 'Non-proliferation and INFCE: An Interim Assessment', Survival, XXI, 3 (May/June 1979). Weiss, Leonard, 'Nuclear Safeguards: A Congressional Perspective', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (March 1978). Williams, Frederick, et al. 'The Nuclear Non-proliferation Act of 1978: Reactions from Germany, International Security, 111, 2 (Fall1978). Willrich, Mason, 'The Non-proliferation Treaty: Nuclear Technology Confronts World Politics', Yale Law Journal, 77, 8 (July 1968). Willrich, Mason, 'A Workable International Nuclear Energy Regime', Washington Quarterly, 11, 2 (Spring 1979). Willrich, Mason and Philip M. Marston, 'Prospects for a Uranium Cartel', Orbis, 19, 1 (Spring 1975). Wilson, Richard, 'How to Have Nuclear Power Without Weapons Proliferation', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (November 1977). Wohlstetter, Albert, 'Spreading the Bomb Without Quite Breaking the Rules',

266 Appendix 2 Foreign Policy, 25 (Winter 1976-77). Wohlstetter, Albert, Moving Towards Life in a Nuclear Armed Crowd (Los Angeles: Pan Heuristics, 1976). Wonder, Edward, 'Nuclear Commerce and Nuclear Proliferation: Germany and Brazil', Orbis, XXI, 2 (Summer 1975). Young, Elizabeth, A Farewell to Arms Control (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1972). Zablocki, Clement J., 'Nuclear Proliferation: Future US Foreign Policy Consideration', Congressional Record, 3 May 1976. Zablocki, Clement J., 'Talking Pakistan Out of the Bomb', Washington Post, 28 August 1979.

Index A-7 fighter-bombers 73, 83, 99n., 150 Africa 78-9, 90, 92, 176, 231, 234-5 Algeria 18, 51, 231 Angra I, II, III 124 Arab States 52, 75-7, 176 Argentina 23, 36-7, 39, 47, 54, 113 119-23, 125-6, 164, 175-6, 180, 184-5, 204, 209, 235 Atoms for Peace Program 3, 117, 121, 123, 144, 155n., 210, 217 Attlee, Clement 25n., 32, 34 Atucha I 121 Australia 224, 246 Austria 175 Balkans 29, 30, 32 Baruch Plan 32, 48 Belgium 169, 175-6, 245 Bertram, Christoph 149 Betts, Richard K. 151 Bhagat, Bali Ram 233 Bhatia, Shyam 17 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 91, 99n., 104n., 161, 185 Blackett, P. M. S. 30, 40n. Bolivia 120, 122-3 Bouattoura, T. 232 Brasilia 124 Brazil 16, 18, 23, 36-7, 38, 39, 47, 54, 91, 113-14, 119-21, 123-6, 144, 147. 162, 175-6, 182, 184-5, 204, 209, 211, 233, 235-7, 245, 248, 250-1 Commission for Nuclear Energy 123 Foreign Minister 233 White Paper on Nuclear Energy 237 267 Britain, see United Kingdom Buenos Aires 128 Bulgaria 30, 33 Burma 7 Cambodia 65, 176 Cambodia-Vietnam War 42, 176 Camp David Accords 81, 90, 97, 176, 191 Canada 6, 24n., 38, 121-2, 144, 146, 152, 162, 164, 204, 220, 244,247 Candu reactor 88-9, 93 Carter, James Earl 145-7, 162 236-7, 238 Administration 7, 70, 74, 96-7, 115, 144, 147, 150, 235 CENTO, see Central Treaty Organization Central Treaty Organization 71 Centrifuge (uranium enrichment) 160 Ceylon 231 Chen Yi 13 Chile 65, 120 China, see People's Republic of China Churchill, Winston 11, 12, 19-20, 29-30, 32 CIEC 52 Cirus heavy-water reactor 208 COGEMA 164 Cold War 49, 120 Colombia 120 Communism 31-3, 35, 68, 79 Communist Party of China (CPC) 35 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 35 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 89, 115, 186, 212

268 Index COREDIF 169 CTBT, see Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Cuba 78-9, 120 Cuban Missile Crisis 120, 199 Czechoslovakia 33 Damascus 177 Dien Bien Phu 48 Dimona 93, 208 Dulles, John Foster 14, 16 Eastern Europe 32, 140, 244 Ecole Militaire Ecuador 120, 122-3 EG, see Eurogroup Egypt 51, 76, 90, 97, 115, 160, 175-6, 208 Eighteen Nation Disarmament Conference 180, 235 Einstein, Albert 6, 28 Eisenhower, Dwight David 3, 14, 30 Elbe River 33 Electrobras 135n., 248 Energy Research and Development Administration 156n. ERDA, see Energy Research and Development Administration Ethiopia 79, 231, 233 EURODIF 169, 245 Eurogroup 52 F-5 150 F-16 l03n., l07n. F-18 l03n. Far East 30 Federal Republic of Germany 7-8, 18, 24n., 37, 49-51, 91, 113-15, 121-2, 124-6, 144, 147, 162-3, 175-6, 182, 198-9, 203-4, 206, 208, 244-5, 247-8, 251 Finland 50, 237 Flerov, Georgiy 31 'force de frappe' 13, 17, 18, 72, 77, 143 Ford, Gerald R. 162 Administration 7, 74, 83, 96, 99n., 235 Foster, William 206 Framatone 247 France 4, 5, 7-8, 12-14, 17-22, 28, 33-5, 51-3, 65, 68, 71-5, 82-3, 86, 88-9, 91' 113, 124, 142-4, 147' 161-2, 169, 182, 184, 199, 203, 208-9,211,232,236,244-6,248 FRG, see Federal Republic of Germany Frye, Alton 193n. Gabon 245 Gallois, General Pierre 12 Gaulle, Charles De 13, 15, 17-21 General Electric Company 203, 246-7 German Jet Nozzle (uranium enrichment) 125, 160 Germany 6, 11, 28-9, 71, 142 Ghandi, Indira 19, 52, 233 Goldberg, Arthur 197, 207 Goulart, Joao 123 Great Britain, see United Kingdom Greece 29, 32 Groves, Major General Leslie 29 Guirringaud, Louis de l70n. Gurr, Ted Robert 53 Hawk (surface-to-air) missile 150 Healey, Denis 18 heavy-water reactor 38, 104n., 122, 159, 161' 164 Hiroshima 6, 9, 11, 30, 177 Hitachi 247 Hitler, Adolph 31, 121 Hoveyda, Amir Abbas 166 Hsieh, Alice 13 Hungary 33 HWR, see heavy-water reactor IAEA, see International Atomic Energy Agency IMF, see International Monetary Fund India 4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24n., 36-7' 38-9, 47-8, 51-5, 65-9, 71-2, 81, 89-90, 95, 148, 162, 164, 167, 175-6, 180, 184-5, 204, 208-9, 211, 230-1, 233-4, 240 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE)

Index 269 1974 3, 23, 38, 71, 81, 90, 114, 116-17, 129, 139-40, 144, 151-2, 158, 162, 196, 221, 233, 235, 238, 242 Minister for External Affairs 233, 237 INF 186 INFCE, see International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation International Atomic Energy Agency 120, 140, 151, 154, 168, 201, 222, 234, 248-9, 250, 252-4 Full Scope Safeguards 154, 211, 254 safeguards system 56-7, 88, 94, 122, 129, 145, 160-1, 198, 208-9, 217-20, 235-6, 238, 252 7, 245, 248, 250 Atomic Energy Commission 167 Atomic Energy Organization 205 Iraq 77, 126, 144, 176 Ireland 199 Islamabad 7, 71-3, 83, 88 Israel 5, 9-10, 24n., 36-7, 65-6, International Energy Agency 52 International Fuel Bank 169, 179, 188-9, 192, 254 International Monetary Fund 38 International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation 10, 89, 129, 204, 207-9, 254 Conference, October 1977 152-4, 237 International Slightly Enriched Uranium Bank 168 Iran 38-9, 91, 166, 169, 175-6, 180, 183-5, 188, 200, 211, 231, 235-68-9,73,75-7,80-3,85-8,90-5, 97' 144, 148, 150, 160, 162, 168, 175-6, 179, 183-5, 188, 203-4, 208-9 Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty, see Camp David Accords Italy 24n., 130n., 162, 169, 175-6, 204, 245 Jain, K. P. 234 Japan 8-9, 11, 18-20, 24n., 30-1, 51, 74-5, 113-15, 139, 142, 145-6, 162, 175-6, 180, 184-5, 198, 203, 220, 231, 247 JAPCO 164 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 197 Karachi 161 Kennan, George 213 Kennedy, John F. 15 Kenya 231 Khan, Dr Munir Ahmad lion., 236 Kippur War, see Yom Kippur War Kissinger, Henry A. 7, 51 Korea 48, 67, 73, 75, 176 Demilitarized Zone 75 Kraftwerk 203 Krishna, Raj 12 Kubitschek, Juscelino 123 Kurchatov, I. 31 Kurile Islands 184 Kuznetsov, Vasili 197 Latin America 38, 120, 122, 125-6, 234-5 Leahy, Admiral William D. 19 Leningrad Radium Institute 31 Libya 77, 160, 211 light-water reactor 39, 93-4, 121, 124, 145, 159-61, 164-5, 168, 244-5, 246-7, 251 Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 36 89 London 23, 197 London Club, see Nuclear Suppliers Group L WR, see light-water reactor Macmillan, Harold 34, 131n. Manhattan Project 5, 6, 16, 19, 29, 44 Manzoor, Cyrus 167 Marshall, General George C. 9 Marshall Plan 32 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 150 Maud Committee 6 MBFR, see Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions medium-range ballistic missiles 72 Mend!, Wolf 40n., 263

270 Index Mexico 51, 115, 120, 175, 232, 235, 237 Middle East 7, 9, 37-8, 76, 90, 120, 224 Mitsubishi 247 MLF, see Multi-Lateral Force Mongolia 144 Moscow 29, 34, 49, 197 Moscow Treaty 1963, see Limited Test Ban Treaty MRBMs, see medium-range ballistic missiles Multi-Lateral Force 142, 199 Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions 89, 186 Myrdal, Alva 89, 197, 210 Nagasaki 9, 30, 32, 177 Namibia 78, 191 National Commission for Nuclear Energy 121-2 NATO 14, 17, loin., 176 Nazi Europe 28 Nazi Germany 7, 28, 121 Nehru, Jawarharlal 19, 67 Netherlands 147, 162, 175,206,245 New Delhi 69, 71 New International Economic Order 38, 115, 185, 187, 230 Niger 245 Nigeria 130n., 200 Nixon, Richard M. 70 NNP A, see Nuclear Non-proliferation Act of 1978 Non-nuclear Weapon States Conference, 1968 230-5 Resolutions on Security, Disarmament, Safeguards and Nuclear-free Zones 231, 234-5 North America 208, 228 NPT, see Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty NSG, see Nuclear Suppliers Group Nuclear Free Zones 84, 90, 120, 154, 235, 239-40 Nuclear Non-proliferation Act of 1978 10, 85, 88, 94-5, 117, 129, 145-6, 153 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty 3, 8, 10, 18, 21, 38, 42,46-7, 56, 71, 74-5, 80, 84-7, 91-4, 113-14, 116-17, 120, 122, 128-9, 140, 143, 145-7, 151-2, 154, 163, 166-7, 175-6, 178-9, 186, 192, 197-201, 204-9, 211, 214, 217-28, 230-6, 238-40, 256-8 Review Conference, 1975, 1980, Article X 75, 89, 175, 18Q-l, 186, 207, 209, 212, 225, 230 Nuclear Suppliers Group 23, 38-9, 56, 84-6, 88, 90-1, 93, 114, 117, 119, 129, 147, 152, 162-3, 168, 178, 181-2, 186, 203-4, 206, 211, 214-22, 228, 235-7, 247 Nuclear Weapon States 3-24, 27, 47-8, 51, 53, 55-6, 67, 70, 113, 139-40, 142-3, 147, 149, 155, 166-7, 176-7, 184-7, 190-1, 201-2, 210, 214, 218-19, 234-5 NUCLEBRAS 125, 203 NUCLEN 125 NWS, see Nuclear Weapon States OAPEC, see Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC, see Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Oppenheimer, J. Robert 28, 159 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries 132n., 243 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 114, 203, 237 Osirak 126 Pacific 8, 90 Pakistan 7, 10, 23, 38-9, 47-8, 65-7, 69, 71-3, 80, 83, 85-8, 90-3, 95, 129, 144, 147, 150, 152-3, 161-2, 164, 166-7, 176, 180, 184-5, 187, 203-6, 209, 213, 231, 234-8, 240 Eastern Province (Bangladesh) 104n. Palestine Liberation Organization 81

Index 271 Palsokar, Colonel R. D. 12 Park, Chung Hee 74, 106n. government 74 Parthasarath 231 peaceful nuclear explosions 23, 114, 123, 126, 140, 148, 210, 233, 235-6, 238 Peking 15, 81 People's Republic of China 4, 5, 7, 12-13, 16-17, 22, 28, 30, 33, 35-6,47-8,51-2,64,67-72,75, 81, 89-90, 143-4, 162, 176, 183, 188, 209, 231-2, 240 Peron, Juan 121 Persepolis Conference of Nonnuclear Countries on the Transfer of Nuclear Technology, 1977 91, 205, 207 Peru 120, 122-3 PGM, see precision-guided munitions Pinto, Jose Magolhaes 233 PLO, see Palestine Liberation Organization Plowshare Programme 239 PNE, see peaceful nuclear explosions Poland 33 government 29-30 Potsdam Conference, 1945 19-20, 30 PRC, see People's Republic of China precision-guided munitions 187 Pretoria 77-8, 79, 83, 90 Purex 162 Pyongyang 75, 177 Quemoy 48, 67, 70 Rajasthan 139 Rapoport, Anatol 45 Republic of China, see Taiwan Republic of Korea 7, 10, 36-7, 65-6,68-9,73-5,80-3,85-8,90-3, 95-6, l33n., 144, 166, 175-6, 179, 180, 183-4, 188, 200, 203, 235-6 National Assembly 74 Rhodesia 78 ROK, see Republic of Korea Rolling Stone 41n. Romania 30, 33, 51, 53 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 5, 28, 44 Russia, see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Sadat, Anwar 176 Sahara Desert 199 Sahara-1 research reactor 95 SALT, see Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SAM, see surface-to-air missile Saudi Arabia 51, 76, 176 Schelling, Thomas C. 54 Second World War 6, 8-9, 11, 18, 19, 21, 29, 30-1 Seoul 74-5 Shiraz Conference on the Transfer of Nuclear Technology 166-7 Singh, Sampooran 7 Skybolt 52 South Africa, Union of 5, 9-10, 24n., 36-7, 65-6, 68-9, 73, 77-82, 85-8, 90-3, 95, 125, 144, 148-50, 162, 175-6, 179-80, 183-5, 191, 203, 208-9, 231, 236 Kalahari nuclear test 77-8, 83, 95 South America 47 South Asia 240 South East Asia 70 South Korea, see Republic of Korea Soviet Union, see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Spain l30n., 169, 204, 208, 245 Stalin, Josef 5, 29, 30, 32-3, 35 START 186 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 49, 84, 89, 115, 147, 186, 212-13, 239 Subcontinent, see South Asia Sudan 76 Suez Crisis 17-18 Sukarno, B. Blitar 232 surface-to-air missile 150 Sweden 24n., 51, 56, 162, 175, 200, 204, 247 Taipei 69-70, 73 Taiwan 7, 10, 35,36-7,47-8,65-6, 69-71, 75, 80-3, 85-8, 90-3,

272 Index Taiwan-continued 95-6, 150, 175-6, 179-80, 183-5, 204, 235-6 Taiwan Straits 13 Taylor, Theodore 159 Thailand 231 Third World 36, 38-9, 51, 67-8, 97, 113, 121, 125, 140, 146, 152, 166, 170, 177, 225, 230-40, 248-51, 253 Thirty-Nation Geneva Disarmament Conference 232-3 Tokai-Mura reprocessing plant 203 Tokyo 9 Toshiba 247 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America, see Treaty of Tlatelolco, 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco, 1967 120-3, 126, 235, 240 Trombay 208 Truman, Harry S. 5, 6, 8-9, 11, 16, 30, 32 Truman Doctrine 32 Uganda 65 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 4-8, 11-13, 15-17, 28-39, 47-52, 56, 64-5, 67-70, 75, 77-9, 81, 83, 91, 113, 115-16, 142-4, 162, 173, 176-7, 183-4, 186-8, 200,207-8,210-13,231-2,235, 239, 245, 247 October Revolution 31 United Kingdom 4-6, 12, 14-20, 28-30, 33-5, 51-3, 68, 71, 75, 113, 153, 155n., 162, 206, 231, 238, 244-6 Conservative Government 14 United Nations 66, 78, 81, 90, 93, 95, 185, 187, 191, 199, 234 General Assembly 197, 231-2, 237 Security Council 51, 56, 231 Security Council Resolution 255 231, 234, 239 United States 4, 6-13, 15, 20, 23, 27-39, 47-52, 55-6, 65-7, 69-71, 73-7, 81, 83, 88, 91-8, 113, 115-18, 121-3, 125, 128-9, 142, 144-50, 152-3, 159, 161-2, 165, 166-9, 173, 175-7, 182, 184, 186-8, 199-201, 203-4, 207-10, 212-13,217,219-20,224,231-2, 235-9, 244-6, 252, 254 Air Force 32, 74 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 206 Department of Energy 55, 210 Export/Import Bank 210 uranium producers' cartel 245 URENCO 135n., 206, 245 Uruguay 120, 122-3 USAF, see United States, Air Force US Congress 5, 10, 95-6, 145, 147, 168 House Foreign Affairs Committee 7 House of Representatives 197 Senate 197 Senate Foreign Relations Committee 206 US-Korea Mutual Defense Treaty 73, 184 US-Taiwan Mutual Defense Treaty 70 Valindaba (nuclear production centre) 203 Venezuela 120, 125-6 Viaha 123 Vietnam War 48, 70 Washington, DC 34, 49, 69, 77, 95-6, 197, 237 Western Europe 34-5, 38, 52, 139, 144-8, 152, 176, 182, 188, 220, 224, 247 West Germany, see Federal Republic of Germany Westinghouse Corporation 124, 203, 246-7 Windscale (reprocessing plant) 153 World Bank 38 Yalta Conference, 1945 29-30 Yom Kippur War 99n. Yugoslavia 33, 51, 56, 91, 115, 175, 204