ARMED FORCES in CIVIL SECURITY Dr. Jack Clarke Director Program on Civil Security clarkej@marshallcenter.org
What Should Armies Do? The Primary Mission of the Military is First and Foremost to Fight and Win Wars. Soldiers are Trained and Ready to Defend the Nation From Attack. BUT. What can, should, must and should NOT soldiers do in support of civil authorities? support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic
Missions for Armed Forces Homeland Defense Defense Support to Civil Authority Coalition Intervention Operations Stability and Support Operations International Humanitarian Assistance Unilateral Military Operations
European Armies in Support of Civil Authority France: Anti-Terrorism Support U.K.: London Olympics Germany/Austria: Flooding Greece: Forest Fires Germany: Bird Flu Hungary: Toxic Chemical Spill
European Armies and Terrorism UK Forces in Northern Ireland Italian Army South Tyrol Terrorists Sicily Mafia Red Brigades Spanish Forces and Basque Terrorism France North Africa Corsican Terrorism
What s Changing? Decline in External Threat Perception Global Financial Crisis Increased Military Professionalization Decline in Government Spending Decline in Defense Budgets RESULT: Political leaders look to military to do more AND military leaders more inclined to say YES
Two Dynamics Militarization of Civilian Functions SWAT Teams with military equipment Military Lead in Nation Building Law Enforcement Presence Provision of Emergency Services Civilianization of Military Functions Private Military Companies Emphasis on Non-kinetic skills What is an Army? Who is a Soldier?
Civil Support Missions DSDR: Defense Support for Disaster Relief DSLE: Defense Support to Law Enforcement DSSE: Defense Support for Special Security Events DSES: Defense Support for Essential Services DSCI: Defense Support for Counterinsurgency DSCD: Defense Support for Civil Disturbances
DSDR: Defense Support for Disaster Relief Provision of Essential Services Search and Rescue Toxic Substance Control Specialized capabilities (C3) Engineering Support Energy generation Infrastructure repair Water purification
DSLE: Defense Support to Law Enforcement Provision of Technology, Training or Logistical Support Police Substitution/Security Presence Domestic Counterterrorism Support Provide Security for Police Border Security Enhancement Critical Infrastructure Protection
DSSE: Defense Support for Special Security Events National Special Security Events Olympics G-8 Boy Scouting Trade Shows Logistical Support (incl Medical) Command, Control and Communications Security (primary and secondary) Special Capabilities (CBRNE/Aviation)
DSES: Defense Support for Essential Services Emergency Services (Fire & Ambulance) Air Traffic Control Power Generation Trash Removal and Disposal Search and Rescue Mass Dislocation Assistance Prisoner and Money Transportation Continuity of Government
DSCI: Defense Support for Counterinsurgency Domestic Threat to State Existential Insurgencies Terrorism Drug Armies Organized Crime Different from Domestic Counterterrorism Military Lead But Always Under Civilian Control
DSCD: Defense Support for Civil Disturbances Restoration of Law, Order and Stability Likely to Involve Law Enforcement Likely to Involve Provision of Essential Services Restoration of Civilian Control
Criteria for Employment Legality (compliance with laws) Lethality (potential use of lethal force by or against MoD forces). Risk (safety of MoD forces) Readiness (effect on the MoD's ability to perform its primary national defense mission) Cost (who pays, effect on MoD budget) Appropriateness (whether the requested mission is in the interest of the MoD to conduct)
What s Next? New Roles for Armed Forces Environmental protection/cleanup Combating climate change Cyber security Continuity of government Provision of Essential Services Repair/construction of Infrastructure Soldiers are just sitting around in their bases why can t they do more?
A Specialized Force for Civil Security? Militarized Police Forces French and Spanish Civil Support Forces U.S. National Guard CBRNE Forces A Civil Security Battalion?
Recommendations Clear understanding of costs and benefits Codify roles, missions, tasks and functions Maintain combat capability/homeland Defense Rejuvenate reserve forces Demarcate military and civilian functions Develop clear command and control procedures Develop clear legal framework Consider developing Civil Support organizations