HIST 103: CHAPTER 14 THE CIVIL WAR

HIST 103: CHAPTER 14 THE CIVIL WAR

SECESSION Fire-Eaters seized federal property Fort Pickens (FL) Fort Sumter (SC) Formation of the C.S.A. Montgomery, AL Buchanan s Beliefs

LAST CHANCE TO AVOID WAR December 18, 1860 Crittenden Amendments permanent existence of slavery in slave states permanent fugitive slave act slavery in Washington DC reestablish Missouri Compromise to the Pacific Remaining Southern States Supported Republicans NOT INTERESTED

LINCOLN S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS Dealt directly with secession crisis no state could leave Union acts of force to support secession were insurrectionary government would hold federal property

FORT SUMTER Process of the Fort Lincoln could not surrender What are the options for the South? - permit ship to go to Sumter? - fire on the ship and start a war? General P.G.T. Beauregard Major Robert Anderson

THE OPPOSING SIDES

THE OPPOSING SIDES

THE OPPOSING SIDES

THE OPPOSING SIDES North Material Strength What advantages did the South have? Easier to fight a defensive war Greater local support Territory familiarity Military Leadership Foreign intervention?

MOBILIZATION OF THE NORTH Economic Mobilization Homestead Act of 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 Union Pacific RR Central Pacific RR National Bank Acts of 1863-1864 Raising an Army Regular Army Volunteer Army Conscription

PRO-WAR PROPOGANDA speeches pamphlets/posters PHOTOGRAPHY Matthew Brady took thousands of pictures

WARTIME POLITICS Lincoln Perception vs. Reality The Cabinet Use of War Powers increase size of army troops into battle suspension of habeas corpus did not recognize C.S.A. NAMING THE WAR War of the Rebellion domestic insurrection War for Southern Independence War of Northern Aggression

POLITICS OF EMANCIPATION not a Republican Party war aim at the beginning Radical Republicans Confiscation Act 61 & 62 - Stevens (PA), Wade (OH), Sumner (MA) - immediate abolition of slavery - all slaves used for insurrectionary purposes are freed - employ blacks as soldiers (62) Slavery DC Abolished - also in the west with owner compensation

WOMEN AND THE WAR U.S. Sanitary Commission - led by Dorthea Dix - female nurses that served in field hospitals American Red Cross - led by Clara Barton - collected and distributed medical supplies At the war s end, a woman was at least fifty years in advance of the normal position which continued peace would have assigned her.

MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH Confederate Government President: Jefferson Davis (MS) government looked like the United States Government Money very little gold ($1 million) 1% came from taxes most from paper currency 80% inflation 9000% inflation

MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH Soldiers Volunteers Conscription April 1862 900,000 over the course of the war 100,000 deserters in 1864-1865

LEADERSHIP IN THE CIVIL WAR Union Commander-in-Chief: Lincoln Confederacy Commander-in-Chief: Davis Generals: Winfield Scott (1861) George McClellan (1862) Henry Hallack (1862-1864) Ulysses S. Grant (1864) Military Adviser: Robert E. Lee (1862) Braxton Bragg (1864)

Union Confederacy North Union Federal Yank Goals 1. Take Richmond 2. Control Entire MS River 3. Control Tennessee River Armies: after Rivers Battlefields: Natural Objects South Confederate Rebels Reb Goals 1. Freedom from the North 2. Capture D.C. Armies: after Areas Battlefields: Manmade Objects

SEA POWER: UNION ADVANTAGE Union Navy 1. Enforcing blockade of Southern ports Virginia (Merrimack) vs Monitor 2. Assisting the Union in field operations

DIPLOMACY: FIGHT FOR FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN King Cotton Diplomacy - sympathy towards the South - weaken the United States - importance of cotton - Aristocratic South Tense Relationships - Trent Affair - South purchased six British ships

CIVIL WAR BY THE NUMBERS

TECHNOLOGY OF BATTLE Repeating Weaponry Colt - revolver Winchester - rifle Improved Canon and Artillery Fortifications Railroad/Telegraph Civil War was the first modern war where troops did not line up in front of each other and shoot

FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN - MANASSAS VIRGINIA - JULY 21, 1861 C

FORT HENRY & FORT DONELSON TENNESSEE & CUMBERLAND RIVER - 1862 U

CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS APRIL 25, 1862 David Farragut - Gulf of Mexico past forts on the mouth of the Mississippi River Captured New Orleans U

BATTLE OF SHILOH - PITTSBURG LANDING TENNESSEE - APRIL 6-7, 1862 U

STONE S RIVER - MURFREESBORO TENNESSEE - DECEMBER 31, 1862-JANUARY 2, 1863 U

UNION FORCES IN THE WEST

PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN VIRGINIA - MARCH 1862-JULY 1862 C

SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN - MANASSAS STATION VIRGINIA - AUGUST 28-30, 1862 C

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Promoted After Battle of Antietam war powers (executive order) Signed January 1, 1863 1. Forever free all slaves except in areas under Union control 2. Did not apply to border slaves states did not secede and were not subject to war powers DID IT ACTUALLY FREE SLAVES? - established that the war was about slavery - slaves freed themselves

BLACK TROOPS IN THE UNION ARMY 186,000 blacks served with Union forces 54th Massachusetts Infantry white commander Robert Gould Shaw assault on Fort Wagner (SC) 40% casualty rate Blacks were very proud of their service in the Union army Even though: paid less, mortality rate high, killed if captured or returned to slavery

ANTIETAM - SHARPSBURG MARYLAND - SEPTEMBER 17, 1862 U?

SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY - CHANCELLORSVILLE VIRGINIA - APRIL 30-MAY 6, 1863 C

SIEGE OF VICKSBURG MISSISSIPPI - MAY 18-JULY 4, 1863 U

CHICKAMAUGA GEORGIA - SEPTEMBER 19-20, 1863 C

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG PENNSYLVANIA - JULY 1-3, 1863 U

GRANT S VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN VIRGINIA - 1864 U Wilderness Sportsylvania Cold Harbor Petersburg

SHERMAN S MARCH TO THE SEA GEORGIA - 1864 UKennesaw Mountain Capture Atlanta March to Savannah into Carolinas

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE VIRGINIA - APRIL 9, 1865