Maritime Security and Defence Cooperation Maritime Security Governance in the IOR Dr Sam Bateman (Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security)
OUTLINE Need for maritime security governance at the national and regional levels Dimensions of Maritime Cooperation Current naval cooperation in IOR Current civil maritime cooperation in IOR Maritime Security Force models Conclusions
Need for Maritime Security Governance Large EEZs and SAR regions Maritime Security a prerequisite of development Fish Rich region Requirements: Sovereignty protection Maritime law enforcement Maritime safety/sar/disaster Response Marine environment protection Resource management & protection Marine scientific research and hydrographic surveys Good order at sea
Indian Ocean EEZs
Global SAR Areas
THREATS TO MARITIME SECURITY Piracy Maritime Terrorism Illegal Fishing Drug and arms trafficking People smuggling Marine pollution Unsafe/sub-standard shipping Maritime natural hazards (cyclones, tsunamis, etc)
The Dimensions of Maritime Cooperation naval cooperation - mainly for traditional maritime security civil maritime cooperation to manage maritime interests mainly non-traditional security concerns Also joint activities (civil, military or both)
The Dimensions of Maritime Cooperation Naval Cooperation Either or Both Civil Maritime Cooperation Ship Visits Personnel Exchanges Navy to Navy talks Exercise INCSEA Agreements Transparency Hot Lines Standing Forces Mine countermeasures Peacekeeping SLOC Protection Submarine Safety Marine safety Marine scientific research Search and rescue Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) Data bases Information exchange Education & training Maritime Surveillance Law and order/piracy Terrorism Sovereignty/resources protection The Blue Economy Regional seas programs Resource management (living & non-living) Shipping & ports Port state control Environment protection Joint development zones Control of ship and landsourced pollution Ecologically sustainable development Marine tourism Public-private partnerships
Factors that have presented effective maritime cooperation in the IOR 1. Regional diversity the lack of common interests 2. Distance problems of moving around region/organising meetings, etc 3. Political sensitivities anti-imperialism, involvement of extra-regional powers 4. Exclusive or inclusive frameworks for cooperation 5. Lack of political, legal and administrative capacity
Models for Maritime Security Forces A single force either a navy (e.g. France, Madagascar, Thailand, Timor-Leste) or a coast guard (e.g. Mauritius and Seychelles); Most IOR countries and IORA dialogue partners have separate coast guards and navies The coast guard may be a civil agency under a civil department or part of a defence force More coast guards being established (e.g. Indonesia and Kenya)
ARGUMENTS FOR A SEPARATE COAST GUARD Philippine CG SAR vessel built with aid funding Legal/constitutional considerations Different approaches to the use of force Surveillance and patrolling tasks misemploy warships and naval personnel More politically acceptable for some tasks Access to funding sources other than Defence budget Inter-agency coordination
Information Sharing Arrangements in the IOR Singapore Information Fusion Centre (IFC) Foreign liaison officers ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre Focal points, mainly non-naval Piracy Reporting Centre of the International Maritime Bureau Maritime Security Centre, Horn of Africa NATO Shipping Centre
Current Naval Cooperation Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) Malacca Straits Patrols Various groupings around Horn of Africa Indian sponsored naval gatherings (e.g. MILAN) and coordinated patrols with SE Asian countries FPDA Exercises US sponsored exercises in SE Asia (e.g. SEACAT) Sea Power for Africa Symposium (SPAS) Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE) meetings
Current Civil Maritime Cooperation UNEP Regional Seas Programs (South Asian Seas, ROPME Sea area, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, Eastern Africa) Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) (focal points mainly civil) Heads of Asian Coast Guard Agencies (HACGA) meetings Fisheries Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Indian Ocean MOU on Port State Control 2050 African Integrated Maritime Strategy regional maritime operations centres
IOR Sub-regions Sub-regional Organisations ASEAN, ARF, ADMM Plus, SAARC, BIMSTEC, GCC, African Union, SADC, IOC Most have an interest in maritime security broadly defined
ASEAN Forums Currently three forums that address traditional and non-traditional maritime security: the ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF); the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Inter-Sessional Meeting on Maritime Security (ARF ISM); and the Maritime Security Expert Working Group (MSEWG) established by the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM Plus) These forums overlap to some extent at present, but the EAMF attended mainly by civil maritime agencies an interesting model for IOR
Conclusions Close association between maritime security governance and development (The Blue Economy) International attention on Ocean issues (e.g. the UNSG s Ocean Compact) IONS important for naval dialogue/cooperation but has limitations Role of IORA to foster civil maritime cooperation Perhaps an IO Maritime Forum (similar to the AMF) Levering existing sub-regional groupings Example of Maritime Organisation for West and Central Africa (MOWCA)