vii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii xiii xv xvii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Aim and objective of the Study 5 1.4 Scope of the Study 5 1.5 Methodology 5 1.6 Expected Findings 8 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Accident in Construction 10 2.3 Accident Causation Model 11 2.3.1 Domino Theory 11 2.3.2 The Loss Causation Model 12
viii 2.3.3 Multiple Causation Model 13 2.3.4 Human Error Theories 13 2.3.5 Summary 14 2.4 Causes of Accident 14 2.4.1 Direct Causes 15 2.4.2 Indirect Causes 16 2.4.3 Basic Causes 18 2.5 Safety Policy in Indonesia 20 2.5.1 Introduction 20 2.5.2 Legal Requirement 20 2.5.3 Occupational Safety and Health 32 Management System 2.5.4 OSH committees 33 2.5.5 Employees social security scheme 33 (JAMSOSTEK) 2.5.6 Enforcement 35 2.5.7 Directorate General of OSH Standards in 36 DEPNAKER 2.5.8 Occupational Health Centre of the 37 Department of Health 2.5.9 Review on Safety Regulation 38 2.6 Type of Construction Accident 38 2.7 Risk Assessment 40 2.7.1 Types of Risk Assessment 41 2.7.2 The Risk Assessment Process 41 2.7.2.1 Hazard Identification 42 2.7.2.2. Person at Risk 42 2.7.2.3 Evaluation of Risk Level 43 2.7.2.4 Risk Control Measures 44 2.7.2.5 Record of Risk Assessment 45 Findings 2.7.2.6 Monitoring and Review 46 2.8 Construction Hazard and Control 46
ix 2.8.1 Movement of People and Vehicle Hazard and Control 47 2.8.1.1 Falls of Persons 47 2.8.1.2 Being Struck by Moving, Falling 48 or Flying Objects 2.8.1.3 Striking Against Fixed or 49 Stationary Objects 2.8.1.4 Management of Vehicles Movements 49 2.8.2 Work Equipment Hazards and Control 50 2.8.2.1 Hand Tools 50 2.8.2.2 Power Tools 51 2.8.3 Electrical Hazards and Control 52 2.8.4 Fire Hazards and Control 53 2.8.5 Psychological Health Hazards and Control 54 2.8.6 Personal Protective Equipment 55 2.8.6.1 Head Protection Equipment 56 2.8.6.2 Face and Eye protection 56 Equipment 2.8.6.3 Body Protection Equipment 57 2.8.6.4 Ear Protection Equipment 57 2.8.6.5 Respiratory Protection Equipment 58 2.8.7 Education and Training 58 2.8.7.1 Induction Training 59 2.8.7.2 Job Specific Training 60 2.9.7.3 Supervisory and Management 60 Training Specialist Training 60 2.8.7.5 Summary 61 2.9 Health and Safety Management System 61 2.9.1 Key Element of Occupational Health and Safety 63
x 2.9.1.1 Policy 64 2.9.1.2 Organizing 64 2.9.1.3 Planning and Implementing 64 2.9.1.4 Measuring Performance 65 2.9.1.5 Reviewing Performance 65 2.9.1.6 Auditing 66 2.9.2 Key Characteristic of Occupational Health and Safety 66 2.9.21 Health and Safety Culture 67 2.9.2.2 The Involvement of 67 Stakeholders 2.9.2.3 Effective audit 67 2.9.2.4 Continual Improvement 68 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Conceptualization 70 3.3 Literature Review 71 3.4 Data Collection 71 3.4.1 Document Studies 71 3.4.2 Interviews 72 3.4.3 Questionnaires Survey 72 3.5 Data Analysis 73 3.5.1 Likert Scaling Method 74 3.6 Conclusion and Recommendation 75 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 76 4.1 Analytical Results of General Information about 77 Construction Project 4.2 Analytical Results on Severity of Accidents 82 4.3 Analytical Results on Frequency of Accidents 90 4.4 Analytical Results on Implementation of Safety Program 98
xi 4.4.1 Analysis on Equipment Requirement 98 4.4.2 Analysis on Management and Health 100 Program 4.4.3 Worksite Analysis 104 4.4.4 Analysis on Hazard Prevention and 106 Control 4.4.5 Analysis on Safety and Health Training 108 4.4.6 Analysis on Record Keeping 111 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion based on objective 1 113 5.2 Conclusion based on objective 2 114 5.3 Conclusion based on objective 3 115 5.4 Recommendation 117 REFERENCES 118 APPENDIX 120
xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Construction Accidents in Jakarta 2008 4 2.1 Direct Causes of Accidents 16 2.2 Indirect Causes of Accidents 17 2.3 Basic Causes of Accidents 18 2.4 Safety Regulation in Indonesia 21 2.5 Type of Construction Accident 39 2.6 Assessment of the Severity Rating 43 3.1 Scale Indicators of Likert Scaling Method. 74 3.2 Index Scale of Severity, Frequency and Degree of 75 Implementation. 4.1 Responds to General Information of Construction Projects 77 in Jakarta, Indonesia 4.2 The Severity of Accidents in Construction site, Categorized 82 by the Type of Accidents 4.3 Severe and Very Severe Accidents in Construction Site. 84 4.4 Frequency of Accidents in Construction site, Categorized 90 by the Type of Accidents 4.5 Frequent Accidents Occur in Jakarta Construction Site. 92 4.6 Implementation of Safety Program on Equipment 99 Requirement 4.7 Implementation of Safety Program on Management and 101 Health Program 4.8 Implementation of the Safety Program on Worksite Analysis 104
xiv 4.9 Implementation of Safety Program on Hazard Prevention 106 and Control 4.10 Implementation of Safety Program on Safety and Health 109 Training 4.11 Implementation of Safety Program on Record Keeping 111
xv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Flow Chart of Research Methodology 7 2.1 Hierarchy of Occupational Health and Safety Risk Controls 45 2.2 Key Elements of HSG 65 63 3.1 Stages in Research Methodology 70 4.1 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 78 categorized by Type of the Project. 4.2 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 78 categorized by Designation. 4.3 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 79 categorized by Background of Knowledge. 4.4 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 80 categorized by Experienced. 4.5 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 80 categorized by Critical Safety Problem. 4.6 Percentage of Construction Project in Jakarta, Indonesia 81 categorized by Seriousness of the accidents. 4.7 Severity of Fall Accidents 85 4.8 Severity of Struck by Accidents 86 4.9 Severity of Stepping on/ Striking/ Struck Accidents 86 4.10 Severity of Caught in Between Accidents 87 4.11 Severity of Overexertion Accidents 88 4.12 Severity of Exposure to/ contact with Accidents 89
xvi 4.13 Frequency of Fall Accidents 93 4.14 Frequency of Struck by Accidents 94 4.15 Frequency of steeping on/ striking/ struck Accidents 95 4.16 Frequency Caught in Between Accidents 96 4.17 Frequency of Overexertion Accidents 96 4.18 Frequency of Exposure to/ Contact with Accidents 97 4.19 Implementation of Safety Program on Equipment 99 Requirement. 4.20 Implementation of Safety Program on Management and Health 103 Program 4.21 Implementation of the Safety Program on Worksite Analysis 105 4.22 Implementation of Safety Program on Hazard Prevention and 107 Control 4.23 Implementation of Safety Program on Safety and Health 110 Training 4.24 Implementation of Safety Program on Record Keeping 112
xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN ASEAN OSHNET BPS dba DEPNAKER GDP HSE HSG ILO JAMSOSTEK OHSAS OSH OSHA OSH-MS PNKK PPE PVC UNDP Association South East Asian Nation Asian Pacific Occupational Safety and Health Organization Department of Statistic (Badan Pusat Statistic) Decibel (A-weighted) Department of Manpower and Transmigration (Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi) Gross Domestic Product Health Safety Executive Health and Safety Guidance International Labor Organization Employees Social Security Program (Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja) Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Association Occupational Safety and Health Management System Superintendent Safety and Health (Direktorat Pengawasan Norma Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja) Personal Protective Equipment Polyvinyl Chloride United Nation Development Programme