SSUSH20A & B Cold War America

SSUSH20A & B Cold War America

The Cold War America Wartime Meetings Create Tension Feb 1945 Yalta Conference 12 Apr 45: FDR Died 1) Compromise concerning Poland. Poland under Soviet Government Poland to have Free Elections 2) Declaration of Liberated Europe Provided for Self Determination 3) Divided German into 4 Zones 4) Soviets demanded German Reparations Harry S. Truman became the 33 rd President Strong Anti-Communist Strong Anti-Appeasement Soviet failure to ensure Free Elections in Poland was Unacceptable

The Cold War America Wartime Meetings create Tension July 1945 Potsdam Conference 1) German Industry in the West Critical to Economic Recovery Essential to Reparations 2) Self Determination Violations Stalin: Whoever controls Territory can determine Government 3) U.S. announced new Atomic Bomb 22 Feb 1946: George Kennan sent Long Telegram from Moscow to Washington, D.C. Outlining the Soviet World Policy Perpetual War with Capitalism Make allies with all Marxists Maintain Russian Nationalism Spread Global Communism

Establishment of Cold War Policies George Kennan s recommendations: Be Prepared for Long Struggle Be Patient but Firm with Soviets Use Containment against Soviet Expansion in the world President Truman s New Policy: Soviet Containment Soviet s initial attempts at Expansion Jun 1946: Crisis in Iran Soviet s desire to control oil Communist push in the Middle East 1946-1947: Crisis in Turkey & Greece Soviet s desire waterway in Turkey Communist Civil War in Greece 12 Mar 1947: President Issues Truman Doctrine $400 Million in Aid to Turkey & Greece Pledged to Fight Against the Spread of Communism

Establishment of Cold War Policies Jan 1947: The President appointed General George C. Marshall as Secretary of State Apr 1948: The Marshall Plan was announced American aide to help Europe rebuild Offered to ALL Nations in Europe Soviets rejected aid as a U.S. plot to spread Capitalism in Eastern Europe 1948: Allies announced the plan to unify their zones into West German State The Soviet s initiated the Berlin Blockade Cutting off all road and railroad traffic Allies began the Berlin Airlift 11 Months flying cargo planes of supplies into Berlin 12 May 1949: Stalin ended the Blockade

United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal & Iceland Cold War America Establishment of Cold War Policies Increased U.S./Soviet Tensions caused Americans to support a Military Alliance with Europe 1949: The U.S. joined 11 European Nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Oct 1949: People s Republic of China formed under Mao Zedong Feb 1950: China and the Soviets signed their Treaty of Friendship 1954: West Germany joined NATO 1955: 8 Communist States joined the Soviet Union to form the Warsaw Pact Alliance Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Romania.

The Korean Conflict 1946: Koreas was occupied by U.S. & Soviet Troops Talks to Reunify Korea broke down Korea was divided at the 38 th Parallel line North = Communist vs- South = Democratic 25 Jun 1950: Communist North invaded the South in hopes of reunifying Korea as a Communist State. President Truman called for immediate U.N. Action General Douglas MacArthur was given command. 15 Sep 1950: U.S. Surprise Landing in Inchon. 19 Oct 1950: China joined the North Koreans. Apr 1951: Truman relieved Gen. MacArthur. Wanted to expanded the war against China Wanted to use Atomic Bomb against China Publically criticized President Harry Truman

The Korean Conflict 27 July 1953: The Armistice was signed ending the war. Turning point of the Cold War for the U.S. Increased U.S. military involvement in Asia The Second Red Scare Began aiding French in Indo-China (Vietnam) Truman initiated Loyalty Review Program All Federal Employees had to be screened Background Investigations conducted by FBI House Un-American Activities Committee (1938) Tasked with protecting against Subversion Any acts to overthrow U.S. government Tasked with exposing Communist Sympathizers

The Second Red Scare 1948: Alger Hiss was accused of being a Communist Traitor. Evidence provided by Whittaker Chamber, who was an admitted communist (Time Mag Editor) Alger Hiss lied about knowing Chambers or giving him sensitive government papers He was convicted of perjury and sentenced to five years in prison 1950: British Scientist Klaus Fuchs testified that he had received & forwarded U.S. documents from the Rosenbergs. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested and charged with running a Soviet Spy Ring An associate, Martin Sobel, also testified that he was a co-conspirator with them. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and later executed on 19 Jun 1953

The Second Red Scare 1946-1980: Project Verona Secret Government Program Employed mostly women 1952-1954: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin Chairman of Senate Subcommittee on Investigations Paranoid concerning the spread of Communism in U.S. Cryptologists were decoded thousands of Soviet messages Provided evidence in many cases Kept secret from public till 1995 Led a Witch Hunt for subversives known as McCarthyism Accused high ranking government officials of disloyalty Led highly televised hearings against the U.S. Army Censured (Disapproved) by the Senate for Bullying tactics

The Nuclear Arms Race 1952 U.S. tested the first Hydrogen Bomb 20 Jan 1953: Former General Dwight D. Eisenhower became the 34 th President of the United States. Key to victory is a strong economy & military power Nuclear Weapons provided More Bang for the Buck Massive Retaliation better than many Small Wars Cut Back Military and Increased Nuclear Arsenal 1953 Soviet Union tested their Hydrogen Bomb 1955 Air Force developed the B-52 Bomber 1957 The First Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles 1957 Soviet Sputnik Satellite orbited the Earth 1958 National Aeronautic & Space Administration 1958 U.S. Explorer 1 Satellite orbited the Earth

U.S. Cold War Diplomacy Feb 1954: Chinese threatened to Invade Taiwan Eisenhower sent U.S. Navy into the region Eisenhower threatened use of Nuclear Weapons China backed down Oct-Nov 1956: Suez Crisis in Egypt Critics called Eisenhower s willingness to threaten Nuclear War Brinkmanship U.S. offered to help finance Aswan High Dam Offered cancelled due to Egypt anti-israeli Policies Egypt accepted Soviet aid and Czech weapons Egypt seized Suez Canal to raise funds for dam Israel, Britain & France invaded Sinai Peninsula U.S. and Soviet Union negotiated Peace (Nuclear Threat)

U.S. Covert Operations U.S. formed the CIA in 1947 Soviets formed the KGB in 1954 1953: Crisis in Iran Iranian Prime Minister made oil deal with U.S.S.R. Shah of Iran was forced into exile 1955: Crisis in Guatemala Soviets help get President of Guatemala elected. New President confiscated lands of United Fruit Co. CIA aided in restoring the CIA aided Guatemalan Shah of Iran rebels overthrow President 1960: U2 Spy Plane Incident Soviet Union shot down U2 Spy Plane over Russia U.S. claimed plane was on a weather mission Americans told that plane was lost & pilot killed Soviets embarrassed U.S. President with pictures of the captured pilot