The Great War World War I, 1914-198
Decision for War Guns of August Uneasy Peace Alliance System Nationalism Militarism Imperialism Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophia Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia mobilized Schlieffen Plan Western Front-Stalemate Trench Warfare
Decision for War Perils of Neutrality English Blockade German Blockade U-Boats Lusitania Arabic Pledge National Defense Act-1916 Double sized of army Opposition/Debate Women s Peace Parade Progressives lost momentum I Didn t Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier 1915 Election of 1916 Wilson defeats Hughes with He Kept Us Out of War Foreign Affairs Pancho Villa Raids Wilson s Plan for Peace in Europe Peace without Victory (Democracy, Seas, no alliances, & equality of nations)
Decision for War America Enters Unrestricted U-Boat resumed (Feb 1 st 1917) 500,000 tons lost each month Zimmerman Telegram (Feb- March 1 st 1917) E.O. to arm merchants & shoot U-boats Declaration of War April 2 nd 1917 Make the World Safe for Democracy
Decision for War Conflicting Views on the Purpose Europe- same old war Wilson s 14 Points- moralist & idealist Russian Revolution Arch Angel Expedition Lenin Peace, Land, & Bread Treaty of Brest-Litovsk» Russia out of war-one Front War for Germany
War at Home Gearing Up Over Here Committee on Public InformationGeorge Creel Sell the war to public 3 Goals US Moral community War was a idealistic crusade for peace & freedom Image of despicable enemy Food Administration Board-Herbert Hoover Regulate and distribution of food and fuel War Industries Board-Bernard Baruch Convert industries into a wartime economy Expanded federal regulatory power Created the modern day corporation (partnership govt./corp. such as RCA) The Federal government was organized for the first time ever to combat food shortages, promote scientific advancement, and take over operation of the railroads Cost Income tax ($1,000 from $4,000 in 1913) Liberty bonds- bulk of payment Federal debt $1 billion in 1915 to $20 billion in 1920
Black Migration War at Home Resistance to AfricanAmericans East St. Louis- 200 killed Chicago- 23 killed Female Suffrage Women s role in War helped provide opportunity for support NAWSA-Conservative-Carrie Chapman Catt Patriotic & used war rhetoric National Woman s Party-RadicalAlice Paul Picketed W.H. & hunger strike 1917-Wilson, 1918-House, 1919Senate, & 1920 States 19th Amendment
War at Home Muzzling Dissent Espionage Act 1917-aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment, or causing insubordination in armed forces Up to 20 years & 10,000 fine Seditious Act 1918 Any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language toward the Govt, Constitution, or flag F.B.I.-created to police & surveillance public More than 2,000 cases Socialism, Pacifism, & Radical labor Eugene V. Debs 10 years in prison Schenck v. US Clear and Present Danger Vigilante Groups violate civil liberties unabated
Fighting the War Raising the Army Selective Service Act initiated the draft (21-35) 12, 000 men evaded the draft No emption clauses/or buy outs learned from civil war! Stanford-Binet Test-Soldiers 25% could read You re in the Army Now African-Americans 13% (only 10% of pop.) John J. Pershing head of AEF 2.8 million men called to duty Western Front 8 months of battle Chateau-Thierry/Belleau Wood Meuse-Argonne Offensive More ammo than entire Civil War Flu Epidemic Final Campaigns Austria-Hungary German Navy 11:00 11/11/18
Pan-African Congress in Paris to shape the peace-black leaders from the world to try and influence peace treaty Allies administer the former German territories in Africa Africans should take part in governing their own countries as fast as their development permits W. E. B. Du Bois in Paris
Peace Paris Peace Conference Big Four: George (UK), Clemenceau (FR), Orlando (Italy), and Wilson (US) Germany & USSR not invited Fourteen Points Self Determination International Court League of Nations Article X Collective Security Wilson in Paris Limited Success on Self Determination/ Mandates (New Imperialism) War Guilt Clause-Germany War Reparations-Germany (33 Billion) Disarm-Germany Treaty of Versailles
Bloodiest War so far It would last 4 years Involve over 30 nations on 6 continents 13 million soldiers killed 13 million civilians killed 20 million wounded 1 million refugees It rearranged the map of Europe 3 Ancient monarchies collapsed Germany, Russia & the Austria-Hungarian Empire
Peace Treaty Fight at Home Republicans won Senate & House at 1918 mid-term He went w/o any Republicans to Paris President not representatives or Secretary of State Irreconcilables -opposed a treaty in any form- Robert La Folletee (WI-R) Opponents-Henry Cabot Lodge (MA-R) Article X (Collective Security)- Interfere with congress s authority to wage war Proposed 14 Amendments to Treaty Wilson campaigned for Treatysuffered stroke & never recovered Instructed Democrats not to compromise Treaty did not pass both attempts US signed individually treaties w/ Germany, Austria, and Hungary Did NOT join League of Nations