Fort Sumter Spark South seized arsenals 2 arsenals left Ft. Sumter, SC Less than 100 men Provision until mid April 1861 (surrender if not supplied) What to do? Told SC would send supplies ONLY Navy headed viewed as act of war by South Fort Sumter surrendered after 34 hours Lincoln now had reason for war Save the Union, not slavery Had to keep Border States Instituted Martial law in those states
Who Didn t Seceed Border States Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky Lincoln believes that it is important to keep these states in the Union. Population, transportation, industry Formulates war plans based on border states I hope God is with us but we need Kentucky - Lincoln
North v. South (1861) North South Advantages Economy Navy Population Railroads National Gov. Defensive Talented officers Bred to fight Disadvantages Invade Preparedness Military leaders Factories Shortages Transportation
Rating the North & South
Railroad Lines
Union & Confederacy, 1861
Immigrants as a % of a State s Population in 1860
King Cotton Uncle Tom s Cabin Helped win moral victory Cotton surplus GB didn t NEED cotton right away (advantage North) Wage Slaves Booming war industry Offset hunger Sent food/cotton King Wheat & King Cotton Mechanical reaper GB bad harvest Needed grain more than cotton
Foreign Issues Trent Affair, 1861 Confederate Diplomats/released Commerce-raiders Alabama Sunk off coast of France Laird-rams Canadian sympathizers Mexico Louis Napoleon & Maximillian
Politics of War Congress not in session Lincoln took liberties (power/control) Blockade Increased army $2 million w/out appropriation Suspended Habeas Corpus 1861 Cong. Comm. On Conduct of War Resented Lincoln's power Emancipation
Republican Program Increased excise taxes Income tax Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Raise revenue Protect manufacturing Greenbacks Paper money backed by credit Borrowing Sale of Bonds National Banking System (1863) Establish standard bank-note currency Morrill Land Grant Act
Politics of War Davis & the Confederacy Constitution Couldn t deny secession States rights Inclined to defy public opinion Overworked himself Financial problems No customs duties Bonds Increased taxes (didn t pay) Printed $$ (runaway inflation)
Battle of Bull Run Manassas, VA (1861) Stonewall Jackson Consequences Overconfidence Desertion Dispelled quick illusions Made buckle down
Pinkerton, Lincoln, McClellan
Military Strategy Blockade Southern Ports Take the Mississippi & divide the south Army to take Richmond Total War Liberate slaves GA & Carolinas Grind into submission
Lincoln s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!
The Confederate Generals Stonewall Jackson George Pickett James Longstreet Nathan Bedford Forrest Jeb Stuart Robert E. Lee
Military Strategy Peninsula Campaign Robert E. Lee shows his genius McClellan shows his slowness Second Battle of Bull Run Another Victory for Lee Antietam Lee defeating Union Needed foreign help Needed Border states 22,000 killed in one day Emancipation proclamation due to victory
Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War
And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.
Emancipation Proclamation 1863
Military Battles Shiloh April (1862) Beat Grant Chancellorsville (1863) Hooker v. Lee Stonewall killed Gettysburg (July 1863) Meade v. Lee Crucial battle Lee was turned back Pickett s charge failed Broke Confederates Northern most point & last chance Autumn 1863 Gettysburg Address
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Confederate Prisoners at Gettysburg
Union and Confederate dead, Gettysburg Battlefield, Pa., July 1863
Dead Confederate sharpshooter in the Devil's Den, Gettysburg, Pa., July 1863
Military Battles Vicksburg (1863) Starved them out Came 1 day after Gettysburg Needed to Quell the Butternuts Diplomatic for North Grant in Command A Butcher and a winner Sherman s March to the Sea (1864) Total War Destroy supplies Weaken morale Shortened war & probably saved lives in the long run Surrender at Appomattox
Engineers of the 8th New York State Militia in front of a tent, 1861
Marbury, Gilbert A., drummer, Company H, 22d New York Infantry. posing with drum
A regimental fife-and-drum corps.
Soldiers Rest After Drill
The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Sherman's veterans
Battle of the Ironclads
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Wartime Problems Emancipation Proclamation Not border nor conquered areas Removed chance for settlement Increased desertions Much stronger moral cause Blacks enlist in army Copperheads Extreme peace democrats Openly obstructed war 1863 Conscription Law Draft Riots (1863) $300 buy out of draft
African-American Recruiting Poster
Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
Daily Life North New factories Prosperity New millionaire class Farmers doing well Little disruption of life Imports arriving on schedule Women s role Ran farms, businesses Nursing Government girls South Decrease cotton exports Breakdown of transportation Pulled rails to fix others Attempted to manufacture Short supplies Used gourds for dishes Disruption due to destruction Women s role Ran farms, businesses nursing
Inflation in the South
Election of 1864 Lincoln v. McClellan Northern victories saved Lincoln Sent soldiers home to vote South wanted/need Democrats to win
Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
Ford s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
Costs of the Civil War 600,000 dead 1 million wounded $15 billion National government emerged unbroken Nullification & secession done Inspiration to world