The Law of Terrorism

The Law of Terrorism

The Law of Terrorism Erik Luna Amelia D. Lewis Professor of Constitutional & Criminal Law Sandra Day O Connor College of Law Arizona State University Wayne McCormack E.W. Thode Professor of Law S. J. Quinney College of Law University of Utah Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina

Copyright 2017 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved eisbn 978-0-32717-711-1 ISBN 978-0-7698-5529-5 LCCN 2016952075 Carolina Academic Press, LLC 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America

To Madeline and Elliott E.L. To all those who labor for peace W.M.

Contents Table of Principal Cases xiii Chapter 1 U.S. Law and Global Terrorism 3 1.01 Definitions, Concepts, and Structures 4 [A] Defining Terrorism 4 [B] Influences on Terrorism 10 [C] Government Responses 18 1.02 U.S. Law and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 24 [A] Federal Crimes 24 [B] Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law 27 United States v. Yunis 28 Notes and Questions 32 1.03 The Law of Conspiracy and World Trade Center I 35 United States v. Salameh 36 Notes and Questions 45 1.04 Jihad and the Emergence of Al Qaeda 49 [A] A Note on Islamic Law and Terminology 49 [B] Bin Laden and Al Qaeda 51 United States v. Bin Laden 52 Notes and Questions 59 1.05 9/11 and Beyond 63 [A] The 9/11 Conspirators 63 1. Moussaoui 64 2. KSM 68 [B] Post-9/11 Prosecutions 71 United States v. Jayyousi 71 Notes and Questions 80 [C] The Islamic State 88 vii

viii Contents Chapter 2 Supporting Terrorism 93 2.01 Incitement, Sedition, and Political Freedom 93 [A] Incitement 93 Brandenburg v. Ohio 97 Notes and Questions 100 [B] Seditious Conspiracy 105 United States v. Rahman 106 Notes and Questions 115 2.02 Trading with the Enemy 121 United States v. Lindh 121 Notes and Questions 129 2.03 Material Support of Terrorist Activity 133 United States v. Abu- Jihaad 135 Notes and Questions 145 2.04 Material Support of Terrorist Organ izations 150 [A] HLP Litigation 150 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Proj ect 152 Notes and Questions 164 [B] HLP Aftermath 170 United States v. Mehanna 171 Notes and Questions 176 Chapter 3 Civil Actions 185 3.01 Actions Against State Sponsors of Terrorism 185 [A] Iran: Development of the Terrorism Exception 186 In re Islamic Republic of Iran Terrorism Litigation 187 Notes and Questions 198 [B] Sudan and Syria: Building a Case 203 Rux v. Republic of Sudan 203 Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic 208 Notes and Questions 211 3.02 Actions Against Non- Designated States 216 Doe v. Bin Laden 218 In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 223 Notes and Questions 230 3.03 Actions Against Non- State Actors 237 Boim v. Holy Land Foundation (Boim III) 238 Notes and Questions 248 3.04 Failure to Protect 251 In re September 11th Litigation 252 Notes and Questions 260 3.05 Designating Organ izations and Blocking Assets 265 [A] FTO Designations 265

Contents ix People s Mojahedin Organization of Iran v. Department of State (PMOI II) 265 Notes and Questions 271 [B] IEEPA Designations and Seizures 275 Al Haramain Islamic Foundation v. U.S. Dept. of Trea sury 275 Notes and Questions 283 Chapter 4 Profiling, Detention, and Deportation 287 4.01 Racial or Ethnic Profiling and Terrorism 288 [A] The Hijacker Profile 288 United States v. Lopez 288 Notes and Questions 295 [B] Racial Profiling Post-9/11 298 Notes and Questions 304 Farag v. United States 306 Notes and Questions 315 4.02 Material Witness Warrants 322 Ashcroft v. Al- Kidd 324 Notes and Questions 330 4.03 Alien Detention and Deportation 334 [A] Post-9/11 Detentions 334 Rajah v. Mukasey 335 Notes and Questions 337 [B] Conditions of Confinement 340 Ashcroft v. Iqbal 341 Notes and Questions 346 [C] Deportation for Terrorist Activities 349 McAllister v. Attorney General 349 Notes and Questions 358 4.04 Detention, Deportation, and Secrecy 362 [A] Secret Deportation Proceedings 363 Detroit Free Press v. Ashcroft 363 Notes and Questions 371 [B] Secrecy of Detentions 373 Center for National Security Studies v. U.S. Department of Justice 373 Notes and Questions 381 Chapter 5 Searches and Surveillance 383 5.01 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 383 United States v. Duggan 387 Notes and Questions 399 5.02 FISA Post-Patriot Act 405 In re Sealed Case No. 02-001 408

x Contents Notes and Questions 415 5.03 National Security Letters 424 Doe v. Mukasey 425 Notes and Questions 433 5.04 NSA Mass Surveillance: International Communications 438 Clapper v. Amnesty International USA 440 Notes and Questions 448 5.05 NSA Mass Surveillance: Metadata 459 American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper 462 Notes and Questions 474 Chapter 6 Interrogation and Torture 483 6.01 Interrogation and Terrorism 483 United States v. Abdulmutallab 484 Notes and Questions 489 6.02 Terrorism and Torture: Some Background 497 [A] The U.S. Law of Torture 497 Notes and Questions 500 [B] Foreign Experience 503 1. Europe 503 Ireland v. United Kingdom 503 Notes and Questions 506 2. Israel 509 Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. State of Israel 511 Notes and Questions 519 6.03 Terrorism and Torture: Post-9/11 521 [A] The Path to Torture 521 [B] The Torture Memos 524 Notes and Questions 534 6.04 Remedies 546 [A] Criminal Cases 546 United States v. Ghailani 546 Notes and Questions 550 [B] Civil Actions 552 Padilla v. Yoo 552 Notes and Questions 559 6.05 Extraordinary Rendition 563 El- Masri v. Macedonia 564 Notes and Questions 572 Chapter 7 State Secrets and Security 577 7.01 Government Privilege 577 Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc. 578

Contents xi Notes and Questions 591 7.02 Classified Information Procedures Act 594 United States v. Hashmi 596 Notes and Questions 600 7.03 CIPA and Discovery 606 United States v. Aref 607 Notes and Questions 611 7.04 CIPA Substitutions and Confrontation 617 United States v. Abu Ali 618 Notes and Questions 627 7.05 Access to Witnesses 633 United States v. Moussaoui 633 Notes and Questions 652 7.06 Public Trials, Secrecy, and Security 656 [A] Closed Proceedings and Anonymous Witnesses 656 United States v. Abu Marzook 657 Notes and Questions 663 [B] Anonymous Juries 666 United States v. Koubriti 666 Notes and Questions 669 Chapter 8 Terrorism and the Law of War 677 8.01 The International Law of War 677 [A] Just War Theory and the Law of Armed Conflict 677 [B] U.N. Charter System 681 8.02 U.S. War Power 687 [A] Constitutional Framework 687 [B] The War Powers Resolution 691 [C] Posse Comitatus 693 8.03 Terrorism and Military Force Before 9/11 695 Notes and Questions 699 8.04 War in Response to Terrorism: Af ghan i stan 704 Notes and Questions 707 8.05 War and Terrorist Organ izations 718 8.06 War to Preempt Terrorism: Iraq 726 Notes and Questions 732 8.07 Terrorism, Combatant Status, and War Crimes 745 [A] Combatant Immunity 745 United States v. Lindh 745 Notes and Question 751 [B] War Crimes and Liability 753 In re Xe Ser vices Alien Tort Litigation 753 Notes and Question 769

xii Contents Chapter 9 Military Detention and Trial 775 9.01 Terrorism and Domestic Military Detention 775 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 776 Notes and Questions 791 9.02 Terrorism and Military Detention Abroad: Guantánamo 801 [A] Boumediene 801 Boumediene v. Bush 802 Notes and Questions 820 [B] Post-Boumediene: Detention Review in the D.C. Cir cuit 830 Al- Bihani v. Obama 831 Notes and Question 839 9.03 Military Commissions 842 [A] Hamdan 842 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 843 Notes and Questions 869 [B] Post-Hamdan: Military Commissions and the D.C. Circuit 874 Al Bahlul v. United States 876 Notes and Questions 887 Chapter 10 Targeted Killings 895 10.01 International Law: The Israeli Targeted Killings Case 896 Public Committee Against Torture v. Israel (Targeted Killings Case) 896 Notes and Questions 907 10.02 U.S. Law and Policy 917 Notes and Questions 919 10.03 Targeting U.S. Citizens: The Case of Anwar Al- Aulaqi 935 Al- Aulaqi v. Panetta 935 Notes and Questions 947 10.04 A Drone Court? 959 Notes and Questions 961 Index 965

Table of Principal Cases Al Bahlul v. United States, 876 Al Haramain Islamic Foundation v. U.S. Dept. of Treasury, 275 Al-Aulaqi v. Panetta, 935 Al-Bihani v. Obama, 831 American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper, 462 Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd, 324 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 341 Boim v. Holy Land Foundation (Boim III), 238 Boumediene v. Bush, 802 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 97 Center for National Security Studies v. U.S. Department of Justice, 373 Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, 440 Detroit Free Press v. Ashcroft, 363 Doe v. Bin Laden, 218 Doe v. Mukasey, 425 El-Masri v. Macedonia, 564 Farag v. United States, 306 Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic, 208 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 843 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 776 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, 152 In re Islamic Republic of Iran Terrorism Litigation, 187 In re Sealed Case No. 02-001, 408 In re September 11th Litigation, 252 In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001, 223 In re Xe Services Alien Tort Litigation, 753 Ireland v. United Kingdom, 503 McAllister v. Attorney General, 349 Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc., 578 Padilla v. Yoo, 552 People s Mojahedin Organization of Iran v. Department of State (PMOI II), 265 Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. State of Israel, 511 Public Committee Against Torture v. Israel (Targeted Killings Case), 896 Rajah v. Mukasey, 335 Rux v. Republic of Sudan, 203 United States v. Abdulmutallab, 484 United States v. Abu Ali, 618 United States v. Abu Marzook, 657 United States v. Abu-Jihaad, 135 United States v. Aref, 607 United States v. Bin Laden, 52 United States v. Duggan, 387 United States v. Ghailani, 546 United States v. Hashmi, 596 United States v. Jayyousi, 71 United States v. Koubriti, 666 United States v. Lindh, 121 United States v. Lindh, 745 United States v. Lopez, 288 United States v. Mehanna, 171 United States v. Moussaoui, 633 United States v. Rahman, 106 United States v. Salameh, 36 United States v. Yunis, 28 xiii