CHAPTER 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861 1865 Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain how the South s firing on Fort Sumter galvanized the North and how Lincoln s call for troops prompted four more states to join the Confederacy. 2. Explain why the slaveholding Border States were so critical to both sides and how Lincoln maneuvered to keep them in the Union. 3. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of both sides at the onset of the war, what strategies each pursued, and why the North s strengths could be brought to bear as the war dragged on. 4. Describe the contest for European political support and intervention, and explain why Britain and France finally refused to recognize the Confederacy. 5. Compare Lincoln s and Davis s political leadership during the war. 6. Describe Lincoln s policies on civil liberties and how both sides mobilized the military manpower to fight the war. 7. Analyze the economic and social consequences of the war for both sides. Multiple Choice Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter. 1. Lincoln s plan for the besieged federal forces in Fort Sumter was to a. order the soldiers there to open fire on the surrounding Confederate army. b. send about 3,000 soldiers and marines to reinforce the fort. c. make a symbolic show of support and then withdraw the forces. d. send supplies for the existing soldiers but not to add new reinforcements. 2. The firing on Fort Sumter had the effect of a. pushing ten other states to join South Carolina in seceding from the Union. b. strengthening many Northerners view that the South should be allowed to secede. c. arousing enthusiastic Northern support for a war to put down the South s rebellion. d. making the North aware that the Civil War would be long and costly. 3. The four states that joined the Confederacy only after Lincoln s call for troops to suppress the rebellion in April 1861 were a. Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. b. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. c. Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, and Delaware. d. South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Mississippi. 4. Lincoln at first declared that the war was being fought a. only to save the Union and not to free the slaves. b. in order to end slavery everywhere except the Border States. c. in order to restore the Missouri Compromise. d. only to punish South Carolina for firing on Fort Sumter.
5. Which of the following was not among the Border States? a. Missouri b. Kentucky c. Oklahoma d. Maryland 6. In the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), most of the Five Civilized Tribes a. supported the Confederacy and sent warriors to fight for it. b. supported a war for the Union but not a war against slavery. c. sent many young warriors to fight for the Union cause. d. used the Civil War to reassert their independence. 7. Among the significant advantages the Confederacy possessed at the beginning of the Civil War was a. a stronger and more balanced economy. b. a stronger navy. c. better-trained officers and soldiers. d. better political leadership. 8. Among the advantages the Union possessed at the beginning of the Civil War was a. better preparation of its ordinary soldiers for military life. b. a continuing influx of immigrant manpower from Europe. c. more highly educated and experienced generals. d. strong support from the British and French aristocracy. 9. The response to the Civil War in Europe was a. almost unanimous support for the North. b. support for the South among the upper classes and for the North among the working classes. c. support for the South in France and Spain and for the North in Britain and Germany. d. support for the North in the large cities and for the South in rural areas. 10. The South s weapon of King Cotton failed to draw Britain into the war on the side of the Confederacy because a. the British discovered that they could substitute flax and wool for cotton. b. the British proved able to grow sufficient cotton in their own land. c. the British found sufficient cotton from previous stockpiles and from new sources like Egypt and India. d. the threat of war with France distracted British attention for several years. 11. The U.S. minister in London warned that the United States would declare war against Britain if a. the British navy did not help to sink the Confederate raider Alabama. b. Confederate agents continued to use Canada as a safe base for raids into the North. c. the British aristocracy continued to express public support for the Confederacy. d. the British government delivered the Laird ram warships it had built to the Confederacy.
12. Lincoln argued that his assertion of sweeping executive powers and suspension of certain civil liberties was justified because a. the South had committed even larger violations of the Constitution. b. during wartime, a president has unlimited power over the civilian population. c. he had plainly stated that he would take such steps during his campaign for the presidency. d. it was necessary to set aside small provisions of the Constitution in order to save the Union. 13. Many of the new millionaires who emerged in the North during the Civil War a. committed their personal fortunes to the Union cause. b. made their fortunes by providing poorly made, shoddy goods to the Union armies. c. made their highest profits by selling captured cotton to British textile manufacturers. d. paid the largest portion of the taxes that financed the Union war effort. 14. Northern women made particular advances during the Civil War by a. advocating the right to vote for both African Americans and women. b. entering industrial employment and providing medical aid for soldiers on both sides. c. pushing for women to take up noncombatant roles in the military. d. operating farms and shops while their men were away fighting the war.
CHAPTER 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861 1865 A. Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the consequences for both sides of the North s defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run. 2. Outline Union s original military strategy and how Lincoln was forced to adjust it during the course of the War. 3. Explain the critical importance of the failed Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam in changing the Civil War from a limited war for the Union into a total war against slavery. 4. Describe the role that African Americans played during the war. 5. Explain why the battles of Gettysburg in the East and Vicksburg in the West decisively turned the tide toward Union victory and Confederate defeat. 6. Describe the politics of the War in both North and South, and the end of the South s hope for winning independence through a defeat of Lincoln in the election of 1864. 7. Describe the end of the war and list its final consequences. B. Multiple Choice Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter. 1. A major effect of the First Battle of Bull Run was to a. convince the North that it would not be that difficult to conquer Richmond. b. increase the South s already dangerous overconfidence. c. demonstrate the superiority of Southern volunteer soldiers over Northern draftees. d. lead Lincoln to consider abandoning Washington and moving the government elsewhere. 2. The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was his a. inability to gain the support of his troops. b. tendency to rush into battle with inadequate plans and preparation. c. excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle. d. tendency to rely on artillery and cavalry rather infantry troops. 3. After the failed Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to a a. new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy. b. strategy of defensive warfare designed to protect Washington, D.C. c. reliance on the navy rather than the army to win the war. d. strategy based on encouraging political divisions within the South. 4. The Union blockade of Confederate ports was a. initially leaky but eventually effective. b. challenged by the powerful navies of Britain and France. c. immediately effective in capturing Confederate blockade-running ships. d. largely ineffective in shutting off the sale of Confederate cotton in Europe. 5. Antietam was one of the crucial battles of the Civil War because a. it ended any further possibility of Confederate invasion of the North. b. it was the last chance for the Confederates to win a major battle. c. the death of Lee s greatest general, Stonewall Jackson, crippled his military effectiveness. d. it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy.
6. Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves a. who had fled their masters and joined the Union Army. b. under control of the rebellious Confederate states. c. in the Border States and in areas under Union Army control. d. in Washington, D.C. e. whose masters were loyal to the Confederacy. 7. The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were to a. increase conflict between Lincoln and the radical wing of the Republican party. b. turn the Democratic party from support of the war toward favoring recognition of the Confederacy. c. weaken support for the Union among British and French public opinion. d. strengthen the North s moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North. 8. The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army a. added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause. b. were largely prevented from participating in combat. c. saw relatively little direct military action during the war. d. were enthusiastic but relatively ineffective in combat. 9. Lee s primary goal in invading the North in the summer of 1863 was to a. capture major Northern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. b. deflect attention from Stonewall Jackson s movements against Washington. c. strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war. d. cut off Northern supply lines and damage the Union s economic foundations. 10. Grant s capture of Vicksburg was especially important because it a. quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi. b. ended the threat of a Confederate invasion of southern Illinois and Indiana. c. blocked the French army in Mexico from moving to aid the Confederacy. d. enabled the North to completely suppress the South s cotton trade with Europe. 111. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln s vice-presidential running mate in 1864, was a a. Copperhead. b. War Democrat. c. conservative Republican. d. radical Republican. 12. Lincoln s election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at a. Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg. b. the Wilderness, Lookout Mountain, and Appomattox. c. Bull Run, the Peninsula, and Fredericksburg. d. Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley. 133. Sherman s march from Atlanta to the sea was especially notable for its a. effective use of public relations to turn Southern sympathies against the Confederacy. b. brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations. c. impact in inspiring Northern public opinion to turn against slavery. d. commitment to emancipate slaves and bring them into the Union army.
144. As the Democratic Party nominee in 1864, General George McClellan a. denounced Lincoln as a traitor and called for an immediate end to the war. b. repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. c. indicated that, if elected president, he would take personal command of all Union armies. d. called for waging a total war against the civilian population in the South.