SSUSH9 C, D, & E The Civil War

SSUSH9 C, D, & E The Civil War

John Brown s Raid John Brown s Raid on Harper s Ferry was a turning point for the South. Southerners were angered that a Northerner would promote an armed slave rebellion. John Brown s Prophecy That the crimes of this guilty land, will never be purged away, but with Blood. That I now think vainly... that without very much Bloodshed; it might be done.

The 1860 Presidential Election The Democratic Party Split over Popular Sovereignty and the Dred Scott Decision Northerners supporting Popular Sovereignty nominated Stephen Douglas Southerners supporting the Dred Scott Decision nominated Vice-Pres. John C. Breckinridge The New Constitutional Union Party nominated Tennessee Senator John Bell The Republican Party (Promoting Anti-Slavery) nominated Abraham Lincoln

The Union Disolves For Southerners, the election of a Republican President (who supported Abolition of Slavery) meant only one thing: SECESSION! 20 Dec 1860: South Carolina Secedes 9 Jan 1861: Mississippi Secedes 10 Jan 1861: Florida Secedes 11 Jan 1861: Alabama Secedes 19 Jan 1861: Georgia Secedes 26 Jan 1861: Louisiana Secedes 28 Jan 1861: Texas Secedes 17 Apr 1861: Virginia Secedes 6 May 1861: Arkansas Secedes 20 May 1861: North Carolina Secedes. 8 Jun 1861: Tennessee Secedes.

The Union Disolves 8 Feb 1861: Six Southern Slave States established the Confederate States of America. 18 Feb 1861: Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis became President of the Confederacy. 12 Apr 1861: Attack on Fort Sumter, SC Southerners concerned with a Union Fort in their most important harbor Lincoln s intent to Resupply the Fort 33 Hours of shelling before Surrender

The Opposing Sides Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee served as the Southern Commander throughout the War. The Union Commanders Changed: Winfield Scott (1860-1861) George B, McClellan (1861-1862) Henry W. Halleck (1862-1864) Ulysses S. Grant (1864-1865) Union Soldiers were better supplied and trained. Confederate Soldiers had more experienced field commanders.

The Opposing Sides Industrialized North had an better advantage in weapons production. Agricultural South had a greater advantage in food production. The Northern Union Produced most of the Gunpowder The Southern Confederacy Built Gunpowder Mills in Georgia Controlled 93% of all Pig Iron Built Foundries across the South Controlled more miles of Railroad Had to depend more on Roads. Created Paper Money (Greenbacks) Could still depend on Tariffs High Debt and Low Cash Reserves Had to establish Direct Taxation Only 80% Inflation during War 9,000% Inflation during the War

The Opposing Strategies The Union The Anaconda Plan Proposed by Gen. Winfield Scott Naval Blockade of Southern Ports Use Mississippi to split the South The Confederacy Defensive War of Attrition Pres. Davis considered best idea Force Union to Expend Resources Tired Union would Negotiate Peace Most Northerners considered the plan to be too slow Most Southerners considered defensive fighting distasteful

21 July 1861: First Battle of Bull Run (VA) Both sides composed of inexperienced troops. Initial retreat by Confederates was halted. Col. Thomas J. Jackson nicknamed Stonewall Confederate forces were later re-enforced. Union withdraw turned into a total rout (Panic). 6-7 April 1862: Battle of Shiloh (TN) Conflict during Union advance toward Mississippi. Confederate attack to push back Union Army. Confused Confederate troops were stalled. Union Re-enforcements arrived in the evening. Confederates were forced to retreat battlefield. Bloodiest Battle of the Civil War to that point.

Mar Jul 1862: The Peninsula Campaign (VA) First Large Scale Union Offensive against the Confederacy in the East. Union Gen. George B. McClellan vs- Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Union Objective was to capture the Confederate Capital in Richmond, Vir. Gen. Robert E. Lee defeated Union forces during the Seven Days Battles. Union Forces Retreated back down Peninsula to the James River. 17 Sep 1862: Battle of Antietam (MD) Major Battle of Gen. Lee s Maryland Campaign. Confederate Effort to Invade the North and Gain the acceptance of Southern Independence. Bloodiest One-Day Battle in American History. Union Victory convinced Lincoln to End Slavery.

Addressing the Issue of Slavery 13 Mar 1862: Congress passed a law forbidding Union Officers from returning slaves to their owners. 19 Jun 1862: Congress passed a bill prohibiting slavery in all future territories. 22 Sep 1862: The Emancipation Proclamation Declared Freedom of any Slaves in the 10 states still in Rebellion. Changed the War s Purpose from Preserving the Union to Liberation. Led to the Recruitment of many African-Americans into the Army.

Impact of the War at Home The Union Experienced an Economic Boom. Growing Industries kept Soldiers well supplied. New Farm Innovations increased agricultural output. Women filled Labor Shortages. The Confederacy Union Troops occupied many areas. Transportation System Collapsed. Food Shortages effect everyone. Shortages of Blankets and Shoes. Soldiers Deserted to help Families. Riots occurred in many key cities. 18 May 4 July 1863: Siege of Vicksburg (MS) Key Effort to cut the Confederacy in Half. Cut City off from food and supplies (48 Days). Continually Bombarded City and its Defenses. Starving Confederates finally Surrendered.

Confederate Invasion of the North General Robert E. Lee launched a new Invasion of the North by entering Pennsylvania. President Lincoln appointed General George Meade as the new Union Commander to intercept the invading confederates under General Lee. 1 3 July 1863: Battle of Gettysburg (PA) Day 1: Confederates pushed Union back Day 2: Famous defense of Little Round Top Day 3: Famous attack of Pickett s Charge Largest Casualties of any battle in the war Considered the Turning Point of the War

In the Aftermath of Gettysburg 19 Nov 1863: President Lincoln presented the Gettysburg Address to dedicate a National Cemetery at the famous battlefield in Pennsylvania. This Speech became one of the best-known orations in American History. General Grant s Grand Strategy for 1864 Advance on All Fronts Maximize the use of Union Forces Focus on Enemy Forces (Not Strategic Points) Combine Destruction of Armies and Resources Exhaust, Reduce, and Annihilate the Enemy

Union Invasion of the South General William T. Sherman launched a new Invasion of the South by entering Georgia. President Davis appointed General Joseph E. Johnston to Command the Confederate Army of Tennessee and oppose Gen. Sherman s advance. 7 May 2 Sep 1864: The Atlanta Campaign (GA) Union Forces outnumber Confederates 2 to 1 Union Forces controlled Railroads to the North Succession of Major Battles toward Atlanta Flanking Movements threatened Confederates Confederates forced to Constantly Retreat

Closing Operations of the War While General Ulysses S. Grant battled General Lee in Virginia, William T. Sherman marched his forces across Georgia & Carolina 9 Jun 1864 25 Mar 1865 Siege of Petersburg (VA) Series of Battles near Petersburg Nine Months of Trench Warfare Attempt to cut off Supply Lines Largest use of African-American Troops during the Civil War Led to the Surrender of Richmond 15 Nov 1864 21 Mar 1865 Marching thru Georgia & Carolina Multi-pronged Union Advance Utilized a Scorched Earth Policy Strategic, Economic, Psychological Turning Movement on Lee s Rear Punish S.C. for leading Secession

1864 Presidential Election General George B. McClellan promised to End the War and Restore the Union. Sherman s capture of Atlanta sealed Lincoln s Re-Election. 13 Jan 1865 Thirteenth Amendment Re-election Mandate to end Slavery Narrowly Passed in Congress Banned Slavery in U.S. 14 Apr 1865 Lincoln s Assassination Warned by advisors not to appear in Public Attend a Play at Ford s Theater with his wife John Wilkes Booth

The War Ends UNION VICTORY! 9 Apr 1865 Surrender at Appomattox General Robert E. Lee Surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia 18 Apr 1865 Surrender at Bennett Place Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Surrendered to General William T. Sherman at Bennett Place in North Carolina