BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) NEW ZEALAND GENERAL Area... 268,998 sq. km. Population (vi. I929)....,470,ooo Density per sq. km... 5.5 Length of railway system (3I-111-I929).. 5,290 km. 1. Army. A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS The government of the Forces is vested in the Crown. The Minist_- of Defence, being charged essentially with the administration of the N.Z. Military Forces, decides questions of policy, and issues his instructions accordingly; but the actual command and the issuing of orders for carrying out these instructions are the function of the General Officer Commanding. An officer is appointed in each of the three military commands of the Dominion to command and administer such units as are located in his command. I. DEFENCE DEPARTMENT. The Department of Defence is organised as follows: (a) Minister of Defence. (b) General Officer Commanding the N.Z. Military Forces. (c) Branch of the General Staff. The Chief of the General Staff, who is assisted by the Director of Military Training and Intelligence, assisted h'mself by 3 General Staff Officers for Training, Operations and Intelligence, and a Director of Signals. The Chief of the General Staff is responsible to the General Officer Commanding for advice as to conduct of military operations; war organisation, fighting efficiency, and training of the Military Forces; collection of intelligence, etc.
NEW ZEALAND 257 (d) Branch of the Adjutant-General. The Adjutant-General is responsible for peace organisation of the Military Forces; recruiting, discipline, administration, etc. He is assisted by Director of Medical Services, Director of Hygiene and Director of Dental Services. (e) Branch of the Quartermaster- General. The Quartermaster-General is responsible for administration of transport, remount, veterinary, ordnance, etc., services. He is assisted by Director of Works, Director of Railways, Director of Ordnance Services and Director of Veterinary Services and Remounts. (f) Air Services. Director of Air Services. (g) Artillery Services. Director of Artillery. (h) Financial Services. Financial Adviser. Director of Financial Services. (i) Judge Advocate-General and Deputy-Judge Advocate-General. (j) General Headquarters School of Instruction. Small-Arms School. Physical Training. Permanent Force Training Cadre. (k) Ordnance Depot. 2. COMMAND. The Command is vested in the G.O.C. New Zealand Military Forces, who is responsible to the Minister of Defence. The G.O.C. is assisted by a G. 0. i/c Administration and a General Staff, which latter is divided into G., A. and Q. branrches. 3. AIR BOARD. An Air Board, consisting of three Naval and Military Officers and five Senior Administrative Officers of the Civil Service, has been set up to act purely as an advisory body to the Government on all matters concerning aviation in the Dominion. 4. COMMITTEES. i. Mobilisation Committee: Chief of the General Staff (Chairman) Adjutant-General; Quartermaster-General; Director of Artillery; General Staff Officer (Secretary). I7
258 BRITISH EMPIRE 2. Establishments Committee Chief of the General Staff (Chairman); Director of Military Training and Intelligence; Adjutant-General; Quartermaster-General; Director of Artillery. 3. Small-Arms Ammunition Committee: Director of Artillery (Chairman) ; Director of Military Training and Intelligence; Quartermaster-General; Director of Ordnance Services; Director of Financial Services. B. TERRITORIAL MILITARY COMMANDS New Zealand is divided into three Commands: Northern (Headquarters-Auckland), Central (Headquarters-Palmerston North) and Southern (Headquarters-Christchurch). Each Command is subdivided into four Regimental Districts and contains the following units of the Territorial Force 3 regiments of Mounted Rifles, 7 batteries of Artillery (the Central command has only 6 batteries), i Engineer Depot, i Signal Depot, 4 battalions of Infantry, i Army Service Corps Depot, and i Medical Depot. This organisation, on mobilisation, produces one complete division and three brigades of Mounted Rifles. In a national emergency each Regimental District could provide extra battalions up to the extent of the man-power and equipment available. Regimental Districts are subdivided into areas for registration purposes, each in charge of an officer and a small staff for training and administration. C. CONSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION OF THE MILITARY FORCES GENERAL. The Military Forces in New Zealand, the headquarters of which are in Wellington, consist of the Permanent Forces, the Territorial Force and the Senior Cadets. In time of war it shall be lawful for the Governor (the occasion being first communicated to Parliament if Parliament is then sitting, or notified by Proclamation if Parliament is not then sitting) by Proclamation to call upon persons liable to serve in the Militia to enrole in the Militia, and thereupon such persons shall, within the time and in the manner prescribed, enrol in the Militia for the prescribed period. All male inhabitants between the ages of 17 and 55 years, with certain exceptions, who have resided in the country for six months, and are British subjects, are liable to be trained and serve in the Militia.
NEW ZEALAND 259 Between the ages of 14 and 17 years, youths are trained as Senior Cadets. Between i8 and 24 years of age, they are trained in the Territorial Force'; from 25 to 29 years ot age in the Territorial Force Reserve. The Territorial Force is by law not to exceed 30,000 men, and is liable for service in New Zealand only, but individual members may volunteer for service abroad. In time of war and when being exercised, its members become subject to the Army Act. I. PERMANENT FORCE. The Permanent Force is organised in such a manner as. to enable it to carry out administrative and instructional duties for the Territorial Force and Cadets, and includes a small number of personnel (IO 7 professional officers) for the care and maintenance of defence works, war material and stores. Men enlist for a term of 5 years and can re-engage for permanent service up to 55 years of age or until they have had 35 years' service. Extension of service up to 60 years of age may be permitted, if necessary, to enable the soldier to qualify for a pension. The Units of the Permanent Forces are the New Zealand Permanent Staff Corps, the Royal New Zealand Artillery, the New Zealand Permanent Air Force, the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps, the New Zealand Army Pay Corps, the New Zealand Medical Corps, and the New Zealand Permanent Army Service Corps. The New Zealand Permanent Forces are charged with the training of the Forces and the administration of all matters connected therewith. The Royal New Zealand Artillery supply the necessary instructors for the Territorial Artillery, provide cadres for the Field Artillery Units, and maintain the harbour defences and artillery equipment throughout the Dominion. The New Zealand Permanent Staff provides drill instructors and custodians of defence property and equipment, and also carries out administrative functions. The New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps are in charge of the mobilisation equipment and bulk depots of the Forces. 2. TERRITORIAL, FORCE. The Territorial Force consists of 3 Mounted Rifle Brigades (9 Regiments, 32 Squadrons); 3 Field Artillery Brigades (I3 Field Batteries, one Medium and one Pack Battery); 2 Coast Artillery Groups (6 Batteries of which two are Medium and two Pack Batteries) ; 3 Depots of Engineers (4 Field Companies); 3 Depots of Signal Corps; 3 Infantry Brigades (12 Regiments comprising 56 Battalions of which 44 are Cadet Battalions); 3 Depots of Army Service Corps (8 Companies); 3 Depots of Medical Corps. In practice, men are only trained for 3 years in the Territorial Force.
260 BRITISH EMPIRE On mobilisation each command provides ammunition columns, sanitary sections and mobile veterinary sections in addition. ' Service in the Territorial Force is for three years. Officers are commissioned either from members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, who served therein as non-commissioned officers or temporary officers, or from non-commissioned officers in the Territorial Force of the rank of corporal and above. All male inhabitants of New Zealand from I8 to 25 years who have resided therein for six months, and are British subjects, are liable to be trained in the Territorial Force. 3. RESERVE. The Reserve consists of the Reserve of Officers, the Permanent Force Reserve, Territorial Force Reserve, and the General Reserve. The Reserve of Officers consists of all officers of the Permanent Force, Territorial Force, and of all the obligatory Forces raised on mobilisation who are posted thereto. The Permanent Force Reserve consists of all members of the Permanent Force posted thereto. The Territorial Force Reserve consists of all other ranks posted thereto from the date of posting until June of the year in which they attain thirty years of age. The General Reserve consists of all male inhabitants of New Zealand who are liable for military service, and who are not serving in the Permanent Force or in the Territorial Force or in other sections of the Reserve. General Officer Commanding. The General Officer Commanding N. Z. Military Forces is responsible to the Government for the recruiting, organisation, maintenance, efficiency, training and readiness for war of the Forces under his command, and for advice on all questions of military policy affecting, the security of the Dominion and as to the conduct of military, operations. He is responsible for fixing the establishments, and for the preparation of schemes for mobilisation and defence of the Dominion. 4. DEFENCE RIFLE CLUBS. Rifle Clubs exist for the purpose of educating non-members of the Naval and Military Forces and the public generally in the necessity for training citizens to shoot. They are affiliated to, but do not form part of, the Defence Force; any British subject between the ages of I8 and 55 years, including members of the Territorial Force and trainees temporarily placed on the non-effective list, are eligible to join. The regulations as to members having to fire an annual musketry course and the rendering of reports and returns to the military authorities have been abolished, and the Clubs are now permitted to manage their own affairs. There are (March 3 tst, : 929) 139 Clubs with '4',097 members.
NEW ZEALAND 261 5. CADETS. All male inhabitants of New Zealand who have resided therein for six months and are British subjects are liable to be trained in the Senior Cadets from 14 to i8 years of age. The strength on March 3Ist, I929, is 549 officers and 32,070 other ranks. Cadets in each area are organised into battalions to facilitate economy in administration. The organisation of Cadet Battalions is as follows: A battalion consists of a headquarters and from four to six companies; A company consists of from four to six platoons; A platoon consists of from twenty-five to fifty of all ranks. D. AVIATION The New Zealand Permanent Air Force has recently been formed as a unit of the Permanent Military Forces and the New Zealand Air Force as a branch of the Territorial Force. The former consists of a nucleus of officers and other ranks who take charge of the newly acquired aerodrome and carry out instructional duties. The latter consists of officers and other ranks who have had experience in the Royal Air Force and Air Force of other Dominions, and who may be called upon to perform such refresher training as may be laid down by the General Officer Commanding. The aerodrome and plant of the Canterbury Aviation Company at Christchurch have been acquired by the Government and will be used in the training of the Territorial Air Force. The Command is vested in the General Officer Commanding New Zealand Military Forces who is responsible to the Minister of Defence. The General Officer Commanding is assisted by a General Staff consisting of the Chief of the General Staff and staff officers in charge of "G", "A" and "Q " branches (designated, respectively, the Director of Military Training and Intelligence, the Adjutant-General and the Quartermaster-General), by Directors of Artillery Ordnance, Medical Services and Financial Services and by an Air Board with a permanent secretary at General Headquarters. An Air Board, consisting of three naval and military officers and five senior administrative officers of the Civil Service, has been set up to act purely as an advisory body to the Government on all matters concerning aviation in the Dominion. Strength (I928-29) : The New Zealand Permanent Air Force has an establishment of 6 officers and 17 other ranks. The strength of the New Zealand Territorial Air Force stands at 99 officers, 9 cadet pilots under instruction and I8 other ranks. Enlistment. E. RECRUITING SYSTEM Enlistments in all units of the Permanent Force are for a term of five years, of which the first twelve months are on probation, during
262 BRITISH EMPIRE which probationary period candidates are liable to be discharged if found unsuitable. On completion of twelve months' service they are, if satisfactory, confirmed in their appointments. Promotion. On completion of the original period of enlistment, warrant officers, noncommissioned officers and men may, if recommended by the officer commanding their unit or corps, be permitted to re-engage for permanent service up to the age of fifty-five years, provided that no private soldiers will be permitted to re-engage unless they have qualified for promotion. Discharge. With the exception of the Royal N. Z. Artillery, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and men may be permitted to take their discharge during their original term of engagement, on the recommendation of the officer commanding their regiment or corps, provided the exigencies of the service permit. After the completion of their original term of engagement, and subject to giving one month's notice, they may claim their discharge at any time unless a state of great emergency or national danger exists. Every member of the Royal N. Z. Artillery may obtain his discharge at his own request at any time during the first three years of his service on payment of the sum of 1io, and at any time during the next succeeding two years on payment of the sum of 35, and after five years of service without payment, provided that the right conferred by this paragraph shall not be exercisable during any period in which the N. Z. Permanent Force is on active service. F. TRAINING Subject to the provisions of the Defence Act, all male inhabitants of New Zealand who have resided therein for six months and are British subjects are liable to be trained, (a) In the Cadets, from June ist in the year in which they attain the age of fourteen years (or the date of their leaving a primary school, if later) until May 3Ist in the year in which they attain the age of eighteen years (or such later date on which they cease to attend a secondary school). (b) In the General Training Section or Territorial Force from June ist of the year in which they attain the age of eighteen years (or such later date immediately following that on which they cease to attend a secondary school) until June Ist of the year in which they attain the age of twenty-five years (or such earlier date on which they may have been posted to the Reserve); and (c) In the Reserve from the date of posting thereto until June 1st of the year in which they attain the age of thirty years. The obligatory training for the year 1929-30 is as follows : I. TERRITORIAL FORCE. All units and corps except N.Z. Corps of Signals, Air Force, Medical and Veterinary Corps (a) First-year trainees : six half-day parades;
NEW ZEALAND 263 twelve drills and a prescribed weapon course, which will be carried out during the half-day parades above referred to ; (b) Officers, non-commissioned officers and second and third-year trainees: six days' training in camp, six half-day parades, twelve drills, prescribed weapon course, which will be carried out during the half-day parades above referred to. In addition to the above, officers and non-commissioned officers will be required to attend the following obligatory courses of instruction: (a) Mounted Rifles, Artillery, and Infantry: (i) A six-days' special course of.instruction; or (ii) Three days' special training in camp immediately preceding the annual camp of their unit. (b) Engineers: a special course of ten days' duration. (c) Army Service Corps: a special course of six days' duration. N.Z. Air Force. The obligatory training for members of the N.Z. Air Force will be as follows: Airmen: (a) First, second, and third-year trainees: (i) Ten days' training in camp; (ii) Twelve drills. Air Force Cadets: (b) Air Force Cadets will be required to attend a preliminary training course of instruction of three months' duration. This training will be continuous and will be carried out during the months of January, February and March. Courses of Instruction: (c) Officers of the Active List of the N.Z. Air Force (except those officers who gained their commissions on the completion of the last Air Force Cadet course) will be required to carry out the following training when called on to do so: a special course of ten days' duration. (d) Officers who gained their commissions on the completion of the last Air Force Cadet course will be required to attend a special course of thirty days' duration. N.Z. Corps of Signals. Four courses, each of one week, consisting of three-hours' parade on five consecutive evenings and the afternoon of the Saturday in each period ; six half-day parades; prescribed rifle course.
264 BRITISH EMPIRE 2. CADETS. Thirty drills of one and a-half hour's duration, six half-day parades and a prescribed rifle course. 3. RESERVE OF OFFICERS. The training of Officers of the Reserve of Officers, except N.Z. Medical Corps, N.Z. Veterinary Corps, and N. Z. Dental Corps, will be as follows : (a) Officers posted to the Reserve of Officers must attend one annual training with an appropriate Territorial unit at least once in every three years. Attendance at a course of instruction of equal duration will be accepted in lieu of training with a unit. (b) This period of three years will be reckoned in the first place as from the date of being posted to the Reserve. The second and subsequent periods will be reckoned from the termination of the last course or camp attended. 4. RIFLE CLUBS. Active members are no longer required to carry out a musketry course. The free issue of 200 rounds to each member has been suspended, but members may purchase up to 500 rounds at reduced rates. 5. MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. There is a General Headquarters School, at which there are refresher courses for officers and N.C.O.s of the Permanent Force and courses in signalling, musketry, physical and recreational training, infantry drill, etc., for officers and N.C.O.s of the Territorial Force. Other training establishments are: Woolwich Dockyard; Equitation School ; Small-Arms School; School of Artillery; School of Signals; School of Education ; Machine-Gun School; Artillery College. G. ARSENALS, ETC. The Colonial Ammunition Company is under contract to supply the Defence Department with ammunition. Sufficient raw materials to meet requirements are obtained from England and supplied by the company. Cordite is obtained from England and supplied by the Defence Department. -Arrangements have been made whereby a reserve of cordite will always be maintained. Small-arms, field guns and other armaments are procured from the United Kingdom as are all kinds of gun ammunition and explosives. H. BUDGETARY EFFECTIVES (I928-29 and I929-30) I. PERMANENT FORCE FOR 1928-29. General Total...... 31
NEW ZEALAND 265 2. PERMANENT FORCE FOR I929-30. Staff Corps and Permanent Staff... i 4 5 16 30 29 85 127 212 Royal Artillery... -- I 4 5 4 2 I4 9 127 2 Ordnance Corps... - - i 5 3 9 115 T24 Pay Corps.... -- i i 2 i 5 ii i6 Service Corps... - - - i i 14 15 Medical Corps... - - 4 5 Aviation... - i 3 i 5 64 69 Caretakers, etc.... - - - - 28 28 Total..... i 4 7 24 44 40 120 454 574 3. TERRITORIAL FORCE. The strength on March 3Ist, i929, of the Territorial Force was 1,05 I officers and 16,541 other ranks. 4. POLICE FORCE. (In charge of Police Department.) 1928-1929 1929-1930 Police Officers.... 1,181 1,182 Cruisers. II. Navy. LIST OF UNITS (December Ist, 1929) I. Diomede (I922) Displacement, 4,850 tons. Dimensions: 472 2 x 46Y X 141/2 2. Dunedin (I919) feet (mean), i6 1 (max.). H.P. 40,000 = 29 kts. Guns: 6 6-inch, 3 4-inch, A.A. 17 small guns, 12 torpedotubes (21-inch). Training ship (ex-cruiser). Philomel (189o) 2,575 tons. Dimensions: 278 x 41 x 165/6 (max.) feet. Guns : i 6-inch, i 4-inch, 2 12-pdr. Milsellaneous: 4 units.
266 BRITISH EMPIRE SUMMARY TABLE OF NAVAL UNITS Number Tonnage Depreciated tonnage 19281 I929 2 Cruisers... 2 9,700 5, 35 4,565 1 On January ist, I929. 2 On January I st 1930o. Naval effectives (1927-28)... I,44 IIL. Budget Expenditure on National Defence* A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE. (I) The financial year covers the period April ist to March 3Ist. The usual practice is for Parliament to meet at the end of June and vote supplies from month to month until the estimated expenditure for the year has been approved, the expenditure and revenue for the intervening period being provided for by temporary authorisations. (2) The budget is divided into three main parts: the Consolidated Fund, the Public Works Fund, and a large number of separate funds or accounts. The Consolidated Fund comprises the current expenditure of the various departments, including the Departments of Defence and Naval Defence. Among the separate accounts are the following, which represent expenditure resulting from the war : Land for Settlement Account (Discharged Soldiers Settlement Account); War Expenses Account; Discharged Soldiers Settlement Account; Discharged Soldiers Settlement Loans Act, 1920, Depreciation Account; and the Hunter Soldiers Assistance Trust Account. (3) As regards the receipts collected by the various departments in the course of their activities, the New Zealand budget is in the main a net budget, these receipts being carried to the credit of the votes of the corresponding departments as appropriations-in-aid and set off against expenditure. There are, however, exceptions, but none of these relates to the Defence Department.
NEW ZEALAND 267 B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE. I. Summary of Defence -Expenditure (Net). 1926-27 1 927-28 1 928-29 1929-30 Closed Accounts Estimates Naval Defence... 527,023 486,830 463,496 504,967 Defence Department (excluding civil aviation).... 493,274 481,759 464,595 484,287 Total... I,020,297 968,589 928,091 989,254 Index numbers of % % %//o Wholesale prices (1913= - Ioo)... I53 146 148 147 1 Retail prices: Cost of living (July I914 = Ioo)...... 163 161 162 i61 2 Average, April to November I929. 2 Average of May, July and November 1929. The summary above includes expenditure on some so-called non-effective services, Rifle clubs, National Rifle Association, etc., but not debt service or pension charges. The table does not include the expenditure charged to the separate accounts for post-war expenditure. Practically all of the expenditure shown in the last-named accounts represents settlements of claims, etc., arising from the war period, and does not constitute a development of the fighting forces of the Dominion. II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure. 1926-27 1 927-28 1 i928-29 I929-30 Closed Accounts Estimates I. Naval Defence Gross Total....... 559,896 520,338 503,167 532,917 Credits-in-aid... 32,873 33,508 39,671 27,950 Net Total... 527,023 486,830 463,496 504,967 II. Defence Department: N.Z. Staff Corps.... 39,045 38,117 39,343 N.Z. Permanent staff..44,533 44,600 45,I46 44,7Io Royal N.Z. Artillery... 38,742 38,018 36,532 36, 143 N.Z. Army Ordnance Corps... 37,92I 38,054 38,o8o 38,924 N.Z. Army Pay Corps. 6,88i 6,829 6,792 6,847 N.Z. Army Service Corps... 3,240 3,784 3,982 4,290 N.Z. Army Medical Corps... 2,199 2,244 2,258 2,316 General Duty Section... 7,090 8,86o 9,211 9,373 Civilian personnel.... 16,763 17,014 17,202 17,267 Military education of officers abroad... 8,i81 II,229 1o,291 8,598 Purchases, maintenance and training.. 284,580 260,731 233,332 237,858 Aviation... 27,337 28,878 39,372 53,097 Non-effective Services... 8,748 5,818 6,247 4,201 National Rifle Association... 1,463 2,028 1,505 1,570 Rifle clubs... 793 372 340 350 Gross Total... 525,086 507,504 488,407 504,887 Credits-in-aid... 31,812 25,745 23,812 20,600 Net Total... 493,274 481,759 464,595 484,287 Grand Total (net)... 1,020,297 968,589 928,091 989,254
268 BRITISH EMPIRE Of the net Naval Defence estimates for 1929-30, 226,100 was for salaries and the balance for other charges; similarly, the first nine items in the estimates for the Defence Department were for salaries and the remainder for other charges. In addition to the expenditure on Naval Defence shown in the budget of the Fighting Services, 64,6I3 was spent in 1928-29 under Permanent Charges on account of Interest and Repayment of Funded Debt relating to the Naval Defence Act of 1909 - H.M.S. New Zealand; and a sum of 63,365 is included in the budget for I929-30. III. Expenditure re/erring to Previous Years. (I) Pensions : Neither the ordinary pensions of the fighting services nor war pensions are charged to the military budgets. Included in the Permanent Appropriations of the Consolidated Fund (Ordinary Revenue Account) are the following : Defence Act 1909: Military Pensions principally in con- War Pensions Act (Maori War) nection with the of 1915 South African War 1926-27 19,446 2,627 1,122,741 1927-28 Closed Accounts..i. 6,377 2,695 I,146,955 I928-29 13,673 2,715 1,I78,647 1929-30 Estimates... ii,ooo000 2,700 1,175,000 (2) No Debt Service is charged to the budgets of the fighting services, but in the Consolidated Fund appropriations certain sums are specified as interest and sinking funds on War Loans or on liabilities incurred for discharged soldiers' settlement and for naval defence. The details available are as follow: 1926-27 927-28 1928-29 i929-30 Closed Accounts Estimates Interest (net): War Expenses... 3,545,644 3,489,334 3,384,11I8 3,321,836 Discharged soldiers settlement... 292,257 81,628 46,416 - Naval Defence..... 66,787 65,800 64,613 63,365 A mortisation and reduction of Funded Debt : Naval Defence Act, 1909... 22,456 23,587 24,775 26,022 War Expenses: Finance Act, I916, 35... 58,409 61,35I 64,441 67,687 Public Revenues Amendment Act, 1914, 8 25,493 26,777 28,125 29,542 Public Revenues Amendment Act, I915, 5 99,954 104,988 II0,275 115,830 War Purposes Loan Acts, I917.... 59,559 62,557 65,708 69,017