Bell Ringer How did John Brown cause the Civil War? Who was Sam Houston? How did Eli Whitney change industrial history?
Vocabulary Secession Contraband Suffrage Partisan FOC
CHAPTER 19 THE CIVIL WAR
SECTION 19-1
Lincoln Faces a Crisis Seven southern states had seceded before Lincoln ever took office. Buchanan was president The Rebels were taking over federal mints, arsenals, & forts.
Fort Sumter federal fort in Charleston Harbor The Union soldiers there were running out of supplies, so the South expected surrender. Lincoln decided to send supplies and ordered them not to give up the fort. April 12, 1861 Confederates fired on Fort Sumter & began Civil War.
C.S.A. U.S.A. Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard Abner Doubleday
FORT SUMTER The fort held for 34 hours before Major Anderson surrendered. The only casualty was a horse.
Choosing Sides Northern States = Union Southern States = Confederacy Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland (Poor Slaves) West Virginia left Virginia to join the Union.
Bell Ringer How many states had seceded from the United States before Lincoln ever took office? Who won the battle for Fort Sumter? Do you visit your grandparents?
Volunteers North fighting to preserve the Union South wanted to defend their way of life/defend homes Border States deeply divided Often the members of a single family were on different sides.
Many men volunteered for service at the beginning of the war.
Civilian Volunteers Raised money for soldiers and families Did without household items and some foods so that soldiers could have supplies. Saved lint to make bandages.
Civilian Volunteers (cont d) Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell first female doctor in U.S. organized the Sanitary Commission which provided bandages, medicine, and food for army.
North vs. South More people/ more soldiers More factories More ships Better officers Defending homeland / did not invade More railroads More money
Northern Strategy Naval blockade destroy southern economy by preventing export of cotton. Control Mississippi River to cut Confederacy in half. Some wanted to take Richmond, the C.S.A. capital.
Southern Strategy Defend home territory and wear down Northern will to fight. Capture Washington D.C. Cotton Diplomacy
Bell Ringer Martha Washington, Abigail Adams and Sojourner Truth all have something in common, what is it? Why were Dr. Blackwell and the Sanitary Commission important to the Union? Will there always be poverty?
Cotton Diplomacy The Confederacy hoped to win foreign allies because of their need for southern cotton. Unfortunately for the South, most European countries had large stockpiles of cotton and could also buy cotton from Egypt and India.
SECTION 19-2
The First Battle of Bull Run July, 1861 Bull Run USA General McDowell complained that his troops were poorly trained CSA Beauregard in command Union was winning at first
First Bull Run cont d Thomas Stonewall Jackson got his nickname here because his CSA line was standing like a stone wall. Inspired CSA men CSA charged and drove the USA troops back. Could have taken Washington D.C., but chose not to because men were too tired.
Stonewall Jackson Jackson s soldiers called him Blue Light because of the way his blue eyes lit up during battle.
The northern press called the Battle of Bull Run the Great Skedaddle because the Union men ran away. The CSA fired artillery after the retreating soldiers and destroyed this stone bridge.
Confederate Victory Bull Run
After the Battle
Bell Ringer What strategy did the North have to defeat the Confederacy? Why did they call Thomas Jackson Stonewall? Why are TCAPS important or are they important to you?
Bell ringer What was the age range for people that fought for the CSA? What is an ELITIST? Could the Civil War have been avoided?
Virginia Battles Lincoln replaced McDowell with George B. McClellan April-May, 1862 McClellan would not attack thought he was outnumbered Gave CSA time to bring in reinforcements to defend Richmond McClellan took Yorktown but not Richmond.
Federal Wagon Park, Yorktown, VA
Federal Artillery at Fair Oaks
George Armstrong Custer with his dog during the Peninsula Campaign
Yorktown, VA-- Confederate positions reinforced with bales of cotton.
McClellan s Troops near Alexandria Winslow Homer
Bell ringer Explain the difference between micro and macro. Why did Robert E. Lee fight for Virginia? Prepare your arguments to defend FACEBOOK. I am going to debate you on it.
Robert E. Lee June, 1862 took command of CSA troops West Point graduate had been offered command of USA troops
Seven Days Battles Summer, 1862 Lee wanted to push USA away from Richmond. Five separate battles very heavy losses on both sides Lee forced McClellan to retreat
Georgia Private Edwin Jennison, killed in the Seven Days Battles at Malvern Hill - the face of a lost generation
The North South Debate Prep Find other U s or C s- Example- If I drew a CE (I would find CW,CL, and CS) After that, follow direction under Take 5 Minutes to do these steps Every group will need a piece of construction Paper to do the 5 Minute activity. The Debate Process will be done individually (this should take 10-15 minutes to prepare) The group can help each other.
Bell Ringer What were the Peninsula Campaigns known as? Who was the first female doctor? Who was John C. Calhoun What is popular sovereignty?
Second Bull Run Lincoln ordered direct attack on Richmond Lee attacked from left & sent Jackson s troops in from the right Pope s army fell apart/usa troops left Virginia Lee decided to take the war into the North
Bull Run Creek after the second battle
Antietam--Sharpsburg Named for a creek in Maryland USA scout found a copy of Lee s plan used to plan counter-attack USA lost 12,000 troops; CSA lost 13,000 Bloodiest day in American history Stopped Lee s northern advance, but McClellan allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia
Confederate dead at Antietam
Confederate dead in a ditch used as a rifle pit
The sunken road at Antietam
Barn used as a hospital after the Battle of Antietam
Bell Ringer What was the bloodiest day in American history? List the two types of cotton. List the Civil War battles we have talked about and the winners of each battle. What are you scared of?
The War at Sea Union had a much stronger Navy Even though a few small, fast Confederate ships could get through, blockade was working. CSA tried a new kind of ship-- Ironclad
Ironclads CSA took a captured USA ship, the Merrimac renamed the Virginia plated it with armor Sank 2 USA ships at Hampton Roads, VA suffered little damage USA built the Monitor when Virginia returned to Hampton Roads, the USA ship forced it to turn back.
On the deck of the Monitor
Battle between the Monitor and Virginia
Quiz Civil War 1. List other names the Northern Army went by. 2. List other names the Southern Army went by. 3. The Great Skedaddle??? 4. Father of the American Industrial Revolution 5. The Capital of the CSA. 6. Date of Fort Sumter Attack. 7. To formally break away from. 8. The Peninsula Campaign 9. Senator from SC that wanted war 10. First female doctor.
Bell Ringer Name the Ironclads in the Civil War. List the three qualifications to become a state under the Northwest ordinance. What time period would you like to live in?
Section 19-3
Western Strategy Focused on control of the Mississippi River Union was more successful in the West, largely thanks to General Grant. February, 1862 Union in control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee.
Graduated West Point Ulysses S. Grant Served in Mexican War Working as a clerk in his family s store when war started.
Shiloh, Tennessee April 6, 1862 CSA attacked Grant and pushed his troops back. USA reinforcements arrived during the night and allowed USA to win the battle and gain stronger control over Mississippi valley. Heavy casualties 24,000 dead
Battle of Shiloh Memorial Hardin Co.
Fighting For the Mississippi USA objective capture New Orleans guarded by 2 forts Admiral David Farragut could not destroy forts, so he sailed past them. Sailed through heavy CSA fire & went on to capture New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Natchez, MS.
Tennessean Admiral David Farragut Famous Quote: Da** the torpedoes! Full speed ahead! Reagan is cooler than you..
Siege of Vicksburg Mississippi city on high bluffs overlooking the river CSA General John C. Pemberton had managed to hold the city. Grant surrounded the city in the spring of 1863 The siege lasted for six weeks.
Vicksburg, cont d. Citizens lived in caves to avoid shells ate rats, mules, whatever they could get. Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863. Pemberton chose this day hoping USA leaders would be easier on them. July 4 th was not celebrated in Vicksburg for 81 years.
Union troops dug approach trenches to reach CSAoccupied Vicksburg.
Battles in the Far West Glorietta Pass near Santa Fe, NM Union defeated CSA troops from Texas Battle of Pea Ridge Arkansas Cherokees fought with the CSA Union victory, but Rebels stayed active in the area forcing USA to keep valuable troops stationed there.
Section 19-4
Bell Ringer What did Abraham Lincoln do to hurt the economy of the South? Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act an epic fail? Is the weather freaking you out?
Vocab Ulysses S. Grant PGT Beauregard Contraband Harriet Beecher Stowe Copperheads Habeas Corpus
Freeing the Slaves Lincoln faced two problems: Feared Northern prejudice against African Americans might weaken the war effort if freeing slaves became a goal Worried that some Northerners would consider slaves property that Southerners had the right to keep
Effects of Emancipation Encouraged slaves to escape if they heard Union troops were nearby Hurt Southern economy & thus the war effort Supported by Great Britain & France Opposed by Northern Democrats
Emancipation Proclamation
African Americans in the Civil War Northern leaders debated whether or not to let African Americans fight Frederick Douglass favored their military service because he thought it would help Africans gain equal rights.
African Americans in the Civil War July, 1862 allowed to enlist as laborers Spring, 1863 allowed to fight in battles 54 th Massachusetts infantry unit consisting of mostly African American men
The USA army hired thousands of contrabands, escaped slaves, to work in army camps as laborers. Army Boots Winslow Homer
Union Recruitment Poster
The Louisiana Native Guards First African-American Regiment
Discrimination in the Army African Americans received less pay. were usually led by white officers. faced greater danger from Confederate troops
Problems in the North Northern Democrats were upset by the length of the war and the high number of casualties. Many Midwesterners sympathized with the South. Copperheads northerners who spoke out against the war
Lincoln s Response Suspended the right of habeus corpus (protection against unlawful imprisonment) Union officials could put protesters in jail without a trial.
Draft Controversy March, 1863 Congress passed a draft law. Wealthy people could legally buy their way out of the draft by paying a replacement. Copperheads said it was unfair to force whites to fight for freeing of African Americans.
And if all of that isn t bad enough Riots broke out in New York City because poor immigrants were afraid freed African Americans would take their jobs. Killed over 100 people and damaged lots of property
Southern Problems Northern blockade was working running short of supplies Food riots broke out in the spring of 1863. Disagreement among Confederate leaders weakened the South.
Draft Controversy Approved in 1862 Did not apply to men who owned many slaves Very unpopular in poorer regions such as western NC and East TN Rich man s war, poor man s fight
Life on the Home Front All people were affected, whether they could fight or not. Many worked on farms or in factories to support the war effort. Women took greater leadership roles because men were off fighting.
Important Women Clara Barton called the angel of the battlefield nursed soldiers founded the American Red Cross Dorthea Dix organized more than 3,000 women to serve as Union nurses Sally Louisa Tompkins founded a hospital in Richmond
Clara Barton Dorthea Dix
Soldier s Life Conditions in camps and hospitals were poor Food was often contaminated More soldiers died of disease than battle wounds.
"Soldiering is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror."
Bell ringer Why did Ulysses Grant want to control Shiloh? What happened at Vicksburg? What is your favorite food to eat?
Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863 Lincoln issued a military order freeing slaves only in areas controlled by Confederacy Did not want to anger loyal slaveholders in border states Waited for a Northern victory (Antietam) to announce decision
Prisoners Very poor conditions Andersonville in Georgia was one of the worst no shelter and little food At one time the prisoners died at the rate of 150 per day.
Doctors are examining a Union prisoner freed from a Southern prison camp.
Returned Union Prisoner
SECTION 19-5
FREDERICKSBURG Dec. 13, 1862 General Burnside s men outnumbered Lee 122,000 to 78,500. Lee challenged Union forces as they tried to cross a river. Union Losses: 12,653 Confederate Losses: 4,201
Town of Fredericksburg
Burying the Dead of Fredericksburg
CHANCELORSVILLE May1-4, 1863 Lee vs. Hooker new Union commander Known as Lee s Masterpiece Called the perfect battle Lee split his forces to defeat a larger Union force
Chancellorsville, cont d Stonewall Jackson was shot in the left arm by his own men arm was amputated, but Jackson later died from complications CSA s greatest loss never recovered Lee said He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.
Chancellorsville Union Losses: 18,400 Confederate Losses: 11,400
Chancellorsville Field Hospital
Bell Ringer
Bell Ringer Who got shot at Chancellorsville? Name 5 Civil War Battles and who won them. Are you proud of your accomplishments?
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG After victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee again decided to go North. Wanted to break Northern spirit and get supplies for his men. Camped near Gettysburg, PA, unaware that Union troops were nearby.
Gettysburg, cont d. July 1, 1863 Lee sent a raiding party into town to get supplies, and they came under fire. Started Battle of Gettysburg 75,000 Confederates against 90,000 Union troops
Gettysburg, cont d. Union men on Cemetery Ridge. Lee ordered an attack, but they were turned back by a charge led by Col. Joshua Chamberlain. CSA General Pickett led charge up Cemetery Ridge disaster for Confederates. Only half reached the top, and all of them were captured or killed.
Gettysburg Battlefield
Dead Confederate Sharpshooter
Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 ceremony was held to dedicate the battlefield as a cemetery & memorial for the soldiers who were buried there. Lincoln spoke for just over 2 minutes. In his speech he rededicated himself and the Union to winning the war.
This is the only known photo of Lincoln at Gettysburg. His speech was so unexpectedly brief, the photographers did not have time to get a better picture.
Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
The Wilderness May-June, 1864 30 days of fighting in Virginia 70,000 CSA vs. 100,000 USA The battles were chaotic because of the overgrown terrain. Many wounded burned to death because of brush fires started by the weapons. Many men got lost from their units and were killed by friendly fire.
The Wilderness, cont d. Battles at Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, etc. The USA lost twice as many men as the CSA, but they could keep fighting because they had reinforcements coming. USA still did not meet its main goad of capturing Richmond.
Fortifications around Petersburg
Troops around Spotsylvania
African Americans collecting bones at Cold Harbor
Bell ringer What killed most of the soldiers in the Civil War? Who was George Mason (hint: Anti- Federalist)? Do you believe you will ever have to be in a war or fight a war?
Vocab Antebellum Embargo Antietam Conservative Liberal Henry Clay- (compromises)
Sherman Strikes the South Spring, 1863 William T. Sherman (USA general) left TN with 100,000 men. Atlanta, GA was his main goal. July, 1864 Sherman s troops arrived in Atlanta and forced the CSA troops protecting the city to retreat. Laid siege to the city
William Tecumseh Sherman Famous Quote: War is cruelty.
Fall of Atlanta Atlanta surrendered on Sept. 2. South lost railroad connections and a major center of industry. Huge boost for the North Helped Lincoln win the election of 1864 by a landslide.
Sherman in Atlanta
Peachtree Street
Federal troops on Decatur Street in Atlanta
Ruins of Atlanta railroad station CSA troops destroyed many resources so USA would not have access to them.
Sherman s March to the Sea Sherman left Atlanta heading for Savannah Said he would make Georgia howl. Reached Savannah on Dec. 10 Presented to Lincoln as an early Christmas gift.
Bell Ringer Which state seceded first and list the six that followed? Where did the Civil War end? What would you have done with the Southern states after the Civil war?
Total War Total war destroying both civilian and military resources Burned crops and houses, killed livestock, destroyed railroads and bridges Thought this strategy would ruin the Southern economy and end the war sooner.
The Beginning of the End Spring, 1865 Sherman left Savannah and began closing in on CSA troops in North Carolina. Grant finally took Petersburg and forced Lee s troops out of Richmond. Lee was surrounded.
Surrender April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse, VA Lee and Grant worked out terms for surrender. Terms were very generous. Grant asked if Lee s troops needed anything gave them 25,000 rations.
McLean House Appomattox Courthouse, VA
Federal troops outside the courthouse at Appomattox