The American Civil War OR THE WAR OF NORTHERN AGGRESSION

The American Civil War OR THE WAR OF NORTHERN AGGRESSION

Southern Independence The American Revolution has been called the War for American Independence. The War of 1812 has been called the Second War for Independence. Should the Civil War be called the War for Southern Independence? Explain your answer.

Civil War Medicine The Civil War was fought, claimed a Union army surgeon general, "at the end of the medical Middle Ages." Little was known about what caused disease, how to stop it from spreading, or how to cure it. Surgical techniques ranged from the barbaric to the barely competent. A Civil War soldier's chances of not surviving the war was about one in four. And about 1/3 of their deaths resulted from disease. What medical changes will improve the mortality rates for soldiers in future conflicts?

North vs. South in 1861 North South Advantages Disadvantages

The Mobilization of the North

North's advantages over the South 1. Potential fighting and working force: 20 million citizens, Population: 2.5:1

2. Technology- Lincoln was a fan of the latest and the greatest.

Early Strategies of the Opposing Sides North 1. Capture Richmond and force surrender 2. Expel Confederates from border states 3. Control the Mississippi River 4. Blockade southern ports and stop cotton shipments South 1. Capture Washington, D.C. 2. Control border states and expel Union troops from South 3. Gain England's support

Cartoon of Scott's 'Anaconda Plan,' 1861

Lincoln s Generals- Army of the Potomac Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!

The Confederate Generals Under various command Stonewall Jackson George Pickett James Longstreet Nathan Bedford Forrest Jeb Stuart Robert E. Lee

I. Northern Domestic Issues A. Prosperity and expansion- -the war provided a stimulant to Northern economic interests

B. Legislation Passed - (Without the Southern Democrats in Congress) 1. 1861 Morrill Tariff Act 2. 1862 Homestead Act 3. 1862 Legal Tender Act (greenbacks) 4. 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act 5. 1862 Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 6. 1863 Pacific Railway Act 7. 1863 National Bank Act

C. Financing the war 1. First income tax (1861): 3% on incomes above $800 2. Borrowing. $6.2 billion through the issuance of bonds 3. Greenbacks--paper currency not supported by specie reserve. Value fluctuated with success of Northern armies. Caused serious inflation problems.

D. Raising the Union army 1. Lincoln issues call for 75,000 volunteers in 1861 to supplement the 16,000-man standing army.

2. Although volunteer call succeeded at first, by 1863 Congress turned to a draft to fill units. States could avoid draft by filling quotas of volunteers. a. Draft opposed by Peace Democrats, laborers, and immigrants.

3. New York Draft Riots in July 1863 Resistance to the draft touched off the NY Draft Riots. Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests degraded into civil disorder directed against African Americans. The city rioted for a week. Over 100 civilians were killed and 300 were injured. The estimated damages were around 1.5 million. The military was called in to restore order to the city.

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

Hire a Substitute: Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

4. Emancipation Proclamation Winter 1862 The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln. The first one, in September of 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in territories of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863, and the second one, issued on January 1, 1863, said the specific territories where it applied. This was a threat more than a punishment by Lincoln because he could not enforce the terms of the proclamation.

Emancipation in 1863 Ex-slave children freed by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation line up outdoors at Freedmen's Village, a temporary settlement at Alexandria, Virginia, c. 1863.

The Southern View of Emancipation

African-American Recruiting Poster

5. Winter 1862 Approximately 180,000 African Americans comprising 163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans served in the Union Navy. Both free African-Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight.

6. In actual numbers, African American soldiers comprised 10% of the entire Union Army. Losses among African Americans were high, and from all reported casualties, approximately one-third of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War. CT regiment

Casualty list of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment from the assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, July 16-18, 1863 Veterans of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry at the dedication of the memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the men of the 54th, May 31, 1897 Shown here is one of the 54th's casualty lists with the names of 116 enlisted men who died at Fort Wagner. Of the 600 men that charged Fort Wagner, 272 were killed, wounded, or captured. Sgt. Henry Stewart, Company E, 54th Massachusetts Infantry Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

E. Lincoln's enormous political problems 1. Seen as inexperienced and unfit, he was challenged by members of his own cabinet, including Chase, Stanton, and Seward.

Mr. Lincoln keeps a fountain of first-class practical telling wisdom. I do not dwell on the supposed failures of his government; he has shown, I sometimes think, an almost supernatural tact in keeping the ship afloat at all, with head steady, not only not going down, and now certain not to, but with proud and resolute spirit, and flag flying in sight of the world, menacing and high as ever. I say never yet captain, never ruler, had such a perplexing, dangerous task as his, the past two years. I more and more rely upon his idiomatic western genius, careless of court dress or court decorums. Walt Whitman, 1863

2. Expansion of war powers a. Call for troops to repress rebellion without declaration of war b. Proclamation of naval blockade without Congressional approval c. Suspension of habeas corpus d. Arrest of unfriendly newspaper editors e. 13,000 political opponents arrested for varying periods

f. Gen l Burnside attempted to restrain all Confederate sympathizers residing in the Department of Ohio by issuing General Order 38. The habit of declaring sympathy for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offenses will be at once arrested. Clement Vallandigham, a Peace Democrat (called Copperheads), immediately criticized Burnside and Lincoln. He was arrested and tried. He was not executed or imprisoned, instead he was exiled to the Confederacy for the rest of the war. (He made his way to Canada and ran for the Senate)

3. Presidential Election of 1864 a. Abolitionists urged the Republicans to choose a candidate who would wage total war against the South b. Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson as his running mate to attract "War Democrats" and formed the Union Party. c. Democrats nominated McClellan and a platform which called for a truce and settlement with the South.

1864 Presidential Election d. Lincoln once again won in the electoral college, but only had a 400,000 vote majority in the popular vote.

The Mobilization of the South

South's advantages over the North 1. Fighting a defensive war. Local support and familiarity with terrain 2. Moral advantage: They were seeking independence 3. Short communication lines and a friendly population 4. United public in contrast to the North. Non-slaveholders eager to volunteer to fight 5. Experienced officer corps--many veterans of the Mexican- American War joined the Confederacy 6. Cotton (24:1 advantage over North.--necessary for textile factories of England and France

IV. Southern Domestic Issues A. There was a struggle for power between strongwilled states in the South and the Confederate government; they felt the states had more rights. 1. States like Georgia thought the Confederacy was taking over the states rights and refused to pay taxes. 2. Texas thought the draft was appalling and refused to send soldiers.

B. They printed money, but the inflation was extreme during the last years of the war. 1. By 1864 a bar of soap sold for $5 and an regular suit of clothes was $270.

C. The Confederacy needed the strong support of its citizens and volunteer soldiers. 1. Bread riots in 1863 were caused by lack of food and inflation. 2. 1864 soldiers were deserting and the citizens were only looking to protect themselves.

Strategy and Diplomacy

I. Foreign Issues Secretary of State William Seward, far right, with British Minister Lord Lyons, sitting third from right, and other international diplomats at Trenton Falls, NY. A. Relations with England 1. English support for the Confederacy a. Upper class felt socially close to the Southern plantation aristocracy, and needed cotton. 2. English support for the Union a. The middle class hated slavery and supported any country without slavery. b. The Union threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America (no countries did.)

3. Trent Affair (November 1861.--American warships stopped a British ship and removed two Confederate diplomats. a. Britain threatened war unless they were released. b. Sec. of State Seward ordered the men released, although Northern sentiment opposed backing down

B. Relations with France 1. Union defeats in 1861 and 1862 convinced France that the South would win. 2. France placed Archduke Maximilian on the Mexican throne in challenge to Monroe Doctrine. 3. Lincoln delayed both France and England's recognition of the Confederacy by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

C. West Virginia secedes from Virginia, 1863 When the state convention at Richmond passed an ordinance of secession it was as valid an act for the people of Virginia as was ever passed by a representative body. The legally expressed decision of the majority was the true voice of the state. When, therefore, disorderly persons in the northwest counties assembled and declared the ordinance of secession "to be null and void," they rose up against the authority of the state.... The subsequent organization of the state of West Virginia and its separation from the state of Virginia were acts of secession. Thus we have, in their movements, insurrection, revolution and secession.... To admit a state under such a government is entirely unauthorized, revolutionary, subversive of the constitution and destructive of the Union of States. Jefferson Davis, 1881

The Course of Battle

Chronology of the War Spring 1861 Ft. Sumter under Confederate flag April 4, 1861 Lincoln s election in 1860 and his inauguration in 1861 sparked fears among the South that he would attempt to abolish slavery in the South. 7 states immediately seceded and 4 more seceded after Ft. Sumter in April of 1861.

East 1861

West 1861

1 st Battle of Bull Run July 1861

1 st Battle of Bull Run July 1861 Location: Result: Northern Virginia Confederate victory - It psyched out the North Surprising victory for the South. It demoralized the North and made them realize that this war would be longer than a single battle. Union Irvin McDowell Commanders Strength 35,000 32,500 2,896 (460 killed, 1,124 wounded, 1,312 captured/missing) Casualties Confederate Joseph E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard 1,982 (387 killed, 1,582 wounded, 13 missing)

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

East 1862

West 1862

The Battle of the Ironclads March, 1862 The USS Monitor vs. the USS Merrimac CSS Virginia

Battle of Shiloh April 1862 Portrait of Pvt. Sampson Altman, Jr., Company C, 29th Regiment Georgia Volunteers, C.S.A.

Battle of Shiloh April 1862 Location: Result: Tennessee Union victory Grant wins, barely, and the Confederates were forced to retreat from the bloodiest battle in U.S. history up to that time, ending their hopes that they could block the Union invasion of northern Mississippi and the Mississippi River. Union Ulysses S. Grant, Don Carlos Buell Army of West Tennessee (48,894), Army of the Ohio (17,918) 13,047: 1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, 2,885 captured/missing Commanders Strength Casualties Confederate Albert Sidney Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard Army of Mississippi (44,699) 10,699: 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, 959 captured/missing

Battle for New Orleans Apr-May 1862

Battle for New Orleans Apr-May 1862 Location: Result: New Orleans, LA Union victory With this victory the Union gained the vital port of New Orleans, which controls access to the Mississippi River. Union David G. Farragut Benjamin Butler Commanders Strength Confederate Mansfield Lovell Department of the Gulf Department No. 1 Casualties (no reported data) 0 0

Confederate Draft Spring 1862 The Confederate States of America instituted conscription in the Spring of 1862. Resistance was both widespread and violent, with comparisons made between conscription and slavery. Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes. The first Confederate conscription law also applied to men between 18 and 35. A revision approved 27 Sept. 1862, raised the age to 45; 5 days later the legislators passed the expanded Exemption Act. The Conscription Act of Feb. 1864 called all men between 17 and 50. Conscripts accounted for one-fourth to one-third of the Confederate armies east of the Mississippi between Apr. 1864 and early 1865.

Battle of Antietam September 1862

Battle of Antietam September 1862 Location: Result: Near Sharpsburg, Maryland Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory Antietam was the first major battle in the Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history. McClellan s refusal to pursue Lee after the battle resulted in his dismissal later. Union George B. McClellan Commanders Strength Confederate Robert E. Lee 87,000 45,000 12,401 (2,108 killed, 9,540 wounded, 753 captured/missing) Casualties 10,316 (1,546 killed, 7,752 wounded, 1,018 captured/missing)

The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 "That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion designate as the States Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Battle of Fredericksburg Winter 1862

Battle of Fredericksburg Winter 1862 Location: Result: Near Fredericksburg, Virginia Confederate victory This was one of the most one-sided battles of the war. The Union Army suffered terrible casualties in futile frontal assaults against the Confederate defenders on the hill behind the city. This ended their campaign against the Confederate capital of Richmond. Union Ambrose E. Burnside Commanders Strength Confederate Robert E. Lee Army of the Potomac ~114,000 engaged Army of Northern Virginia ~72,500 engaged 12,653 (1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, 1,769 captured/missing) Casualties 5,377 (608 killed, 4,116 wounded, 653 captured/missing)

East 1863

West 1863

Battle of Chancellorsville April May 1863

Battle of Chancellorsville April May 1863 Location: Result: Near Fredericksburg, Virginia Confederate victory The superior tactical skills of the Confederate leaders Lee and Jackson plus Hooker's timid performance in combat combined to result in a significant Union defeat. The Army of the Potomac's lack of competent leadership doomed its forces, as in earlier campaigns of the war. Stonewall Jackson was lost to friendly fire, a loss that Lee likened to "losing my right arm. Union Joseph Hooker Commanders Strength 133,868 60,892 17,197 (1,606 killed, 9,672 wounded, 5,919 missing) Casualties Confederate Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson 12,764 (1,665 killed, 9,081 wounded, 2,018 missing)

Siege of Vicksburg May to July 1863

Siege of Vicksburg May to July 1863 Location: Result: Vicksburg, Mississippi Union Victory This was the final significant battle to gain control of the Mississippi River. In a series of skilled maneuvers, Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his army crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army to defend Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant then besieged the city from May to July of 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. Union Confederate Commanders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Strength 77,000 Over 30,000 Casualties 4,855 32,697 (29,495 surrendered)

Battle of Gettysburg July 1863 LITTLE ROUND TOP

Battle of Gettysburg July 1863 Location: Result: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Union Victory This battle is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Gen. George Meade's army defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's army, ending Lee's invasion of the North. Union George G. Meade Commanders Strength 93,921 71,699 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured/missing) Casualties Confederate Robert E. Lee 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured/missing)

Said The New York Times: Mr. Brady has done something to bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war. If he has not brought bodies and laid them in our door-yards and along streets, he has done something very like it.

Gettysburg Address November 1863 It was delivered at the dedication of a cemetery in Gettysburg four and a half months after the battle. Lincoln's address becomes known as one of the greatest speeches in American history. In just over two minutes, Lincoln talked about the principles of human equality and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its citizens.

THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS November 19, 1863 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives, that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate we can not consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here, have, this far, so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that, government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

East 1864

West 1864

Prisoners of War On 17 April 1864, General Grant ordered that no more Confederate prisoners were to be paroled or exchanged until there were released a sufficient number of Union officers and men to equal the parolees at Vicksburg and Port Hudson and unless the Confederate authorities would agree to make no distinction whatsoever between White and Black prisoners. Prison Camp at Point Lookout, MD for Confederate soldiers Built to hold 10,000. Had almost 50,000 at one time.

Confederate Prison Camp at Point Lookout, MD

Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA for Union soldiers Built to hold 10,000. Had over 32,000 at one time.

Sherman s March to the Sea 1864 "We cannot change the hearts and minds of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible... [and] make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it. William Tecumseh Sherman

Sherman s March to the Sea 1864 Location: Result: From Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia Union Victory Sherman's "total war" methods brought a level of destruction upon civilians rarely seen since the Middle Ages. He started open warfare upon civilian populations. Union Confederate Commanders William T. Sherman William Hardee Strength 62, 000 13,000 Casualties 200 approx. 2000 approx.

The Progression of the War: 1861-1865

East 1865

West 1865

Siege of Petersburg June 1864 to April 1865

Siege of Petersburg June 1864 to April 1865 Location: Result: Petersburg, Virginia (near Richmond) Union victory General Grant s army assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles around the eastern and southern outskirts of the city. Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Lee's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond. Lee finally yielded and abandoned both cities in April 1865, leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox. Union Ulysses S. Grant Commanders Strength Confederate Robert E. Lee 67,000 125,000 average of 52,000 Casualties 53,386 ~32,000

Richmond falls and is destroyed by Union troops April 2, 1865

Lee s Army Surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865 Mary Custis Lee remarked about her husband that "General Lee is not the Confederacy." 1. The Grant-Lee agreement served as a signal that the South had lost the war and most other surrenders offered the same terms. 2. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army surrenders to Sherman on April 26 th. 3. Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia on May 10 th. 4. Johnson doesn t officially declare the war over until August of 1866. The terms of the surrender: a. Confederate soldiers would have to turn in their rifles b. Soldiers were immediately paroled and could return home c. They could keep their horses or mules and were given rations.

Grant recorded in his memoirs an account of Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. When What had I had suffered thought General I had so left it Lee s much very camp feelings likely for that a that cause, morning were I had I though do I not had attracted know. not that expected cause As his he was, so a I man believe, attention soon of the much one sufficiently result dignity, of that the to was worst with be then an remembered for impassible taking which place, by a face, people him and it after was consequently ever such a impossible fought, long was interval. rough and to Our say one garb. whether conversation for I was which without he felt there grew inwardly a sword, so was pleasant the glad I least usually that the excuse. I almost was end had I forgot when do finally not the question, object horseback come, of however, our felt on meeting. sad the the over field, sincerity After the and result, wore the of conversation the a and soldier s great was too mass blouse had of manly those run for on a who coat, to in show this were with style it. opposed the Whatever for shoulder some to us his time, straps... feelings, General of my they Lee rank were called to entirely indicate my to concealed We attention the soon army fell to from who the into I my object was. a conversation observation; When of our I meeting, went but about into my and old the own army said house feelings, that times. I found he which had He had remarked asked General been for quite this Lee. that interview We he jubilant remembered greeted on for each the receipt purpose me other, very of and well of his getting after letter, the shaking from were old army; me sad hands the and terms took depressed. I told I our proposed him seats. that I I felt to had as give like a my matter his anything staff army. with of course rather me, a I than good remembered rejoicing portion of him at the downfall perfectly, whom were of but a foe in from the who the room had difference during fought the so in long our whole rank and of valiantly, and the interview. years and (there being about sixteen years difference in our ages),

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

The Grand Review of the Army in Washington D.C., May 1865. President Johnson organized a formal review of Federal soldiers in the nation s capital in order to commemorate the service and sacrifices of the Union armies.

Ford s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassination Major Rathbone and his fiancé Clara joined the First Family when the Grants cancelled.

The Trifecta Lewis Paine- attacked Lincoln's Secretary of State, William Seward. George Azterodt- was assigned to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson.

Now He Belongs to the Ages!

The Manhunt Booth, now traveling with David Herold, arrives at Dr. Samuel Mudd s house in southern Maryland. Dr. Mudd sets Booth s broken leg. Exile in the Swamps After being hunted like a dog through swamps, woods, and last night being chased by gunboats till I was forced to return wet, cold, and starving, with every man's hand against me, I am here in despair. And why? For doing what Brutus was honored for. John Wilkes Booth

Capture Trial and Execution