Chapter 22 Lecture Outline Seizing an American Empire 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Philippines
Toward the New Imperialism Imperialism in a Global Context Second Industrial Revolution had generated a desire for new markets renewed European competition to colonize Many pursued colonies for religious reasons
American Imperialists Toward the New Imperialism sail power was dwindling and the steam-powered ship was rising Admiral Alfred T. Mahan: a strong nation competing globally economically required a strong navy to protect their shipments and naval bases
Toward the New Imperialism Imperialist Theory Many proponents for expansion used the concept of Social Darwinism to justify their beliefs Anglo Saxon meant civil liberty & a pure spiritual Christianity
Expansion in the Pacific Alaska Goal was British Columbia Seward's folly of buying icebox for 7.2 million Samoa
Hawaii Expansion in the Pacific In 1875 Hawaiian royalty entered into an agreement with the US to import sugar duty free Caused sugar boom-> more planters- >planters overthrow royal family & ask for territory status Cutting sugar cane Heightened demand for cheap labor in the sugar cane fields dramatically affected the demographic and political conditions of the Hawaiian islands.
Cuba Libre The War of 1898 Cubans had repeatedly revolted against their Spanish colonizers. Each time put down bloodily. When another attempt broke out in 1895, the Spanish placed all of the Cubans in detention This would be luridly portrayed by New York World and New York Journal newspapers, then locked in a competition for the most readers. Sensationalist stories about Cuba were dubbed yellow journalism. Pres. Cleveland tried to protect American interests in Cuba (sugar plantations)
Pressure for War The War of 1898 McKinley inaugurated & battleship Maine was sent to Havana harbor to protect American citizens and interests. Maine sinks killing 260 Americans, US declares war adding the Teller Amendment
Manila The War of 1898 The Splendid Little War lasted only 114 days and marked the finale of Spain s overseas empire. On April 30, Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish flotilla in Manila Bay in the Philippines. Once done, Dewey had to rely on Filipino guerrillas to hold the islands until a contingent of American troops arrived.
The Cuban Campaign U.S. navy blockaded the Spanish navy while the army was transported to the island. The Spanish navy stationed at Havana was defeated and the peace treaty was signed on August 12, less than four months after it started. Spain was required to relinquish Cuba, Puerto Rica, and Manila.
Rough Riders One regiment, led by former assistant secretary of the navy Theodore Roosevelt and dubbed the Rough Riders, became famous for their role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ndcvfnybhk
The Debate over Annexation The War of 1898 The proximity of the island to China, the availability of vast quantities of natural resources, and the opportunity to Christianize.
The Philippine- American War In 1899, an American solider outside Manila fired on a group of Filipino nationalists, and a new war erupted. It would take three years to suppress the nationalist uprising that followed. The same guerillas that Dewey had relied on to secure Manila before the army could arrive now turned against their American saviors. The War of 1898
The War of 1898 Organizing the Acquisitions Philippines eventually would be added as a territory of the United States Succeeding legislation would provide for greater Filipino control of the islands culminating in their independence in 1946. Puerto Rico had come under U.S. control in the peace treaty, and it was organized to provide a bastion from future European aggression and as a guard post for a future isthmus canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Cuba would be allowed to craft its own constitution but was limited in its freedom by the Platt Amendment, which placed restrictions on its rights. Lease land to US Guantanamo Bay
Well, I Hardly Know Which to Take First! At the end of the nineteenth century, it seemed that Uncle Sam had developed a considerable appetite for foreign territory.
Imperial Rivalries in East Asia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rds6fgmo4j8 The Open Door Policy In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry had sailed to Japan to force its acceptance of items from Western markets. By 1895, Japan had begun to expand by defeating China in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), taking several islands and, more importantly, revealing China s weakness against aggression.
Imperial Rivalries in East Asia The Open Door Policy Acting on this new revelation, Germany, France, Russia, and Great Britain began dividing China up into markets for their expansion. Unwilling to accept a China that was divided so many ways, the United States issued the Open Door Note, which proposed leaving China open to trade by all nations.
Roosevelt s Rise Theodore Roosevelt was the first modern president. Was the model president Big-Stick Diplomacy After his role in the Spanish- American War, he became governor of New York, and in 1900, he was elected vice-president under McKinley. Then, in 1901, McKinley was assassinated, making Roosevelt the youngest president ever to hold the office.
The Panama Canal Big-Stick Diplomacy The Spanish American War once again revealed the need for a canal between the two seas. Eventually Panama was chosen, and when Columbia refused to go along, the Panamanians declared their independence, and Columbia was unable to respond due to U.S. warships conveniently located in the way. The canal would eventually open in 1914. Digging the canal President Theodore Roosevelt operating a steam shovel during his 1906 visit to the Panama Canal.
Big-Stick Diplomacy The Roosevelt Corollary In 1904, Roosevelt would issue the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that if a foreign nation had an issue with a Western nation, it should come to the US for redress of their grievances and the US would take care of it.
The Russo-Japanese War Big-Stick Diplomacy Japan attacked Russia in 1904, when Japan felt that Russia s ambitions counteracted its own. In a brilliant attack on the Russian navy, Japan destroyed the fleet. Roosevelt sponsored a meeting between the two nations, and the result was the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905.
The world s policeman President Theodore Roosevelt wields the big stick, symbolizing his aggressive diplomacy.
The Great White Fleet Big-Stick Diplomacy The capstone of Roosevelt s successes as president came in 1907 when he sent the entire navy, dubbed the Great White Fleet (it had been painted white in time of peace) across the globe. It landed at every major port, illustrating the might of the United States.