CIVIL WAR AP United States History
Ch. 21 The Furnace of War
Fundamental Question How did the Civil War change the political, social, and economic landscape of the United States? Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the sectional conflict?
Confederate Constitution We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America. Three-Fifths Clause The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof. Line-item veto for President To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States. Congress cannot facilitate commerce The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed. Single six-year term for President The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired. State legislatures solely responsible for amendments
Prelude to War After Lincoln s election in 1860, several southern states seceded as warned Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in the South, but explained secession was unconstitutional and prohibited Warned about the use of force to preserve the union and placed the blame toward the secessionists a more perfect union Southern states argued for their sovereignty and had a right to secede Explained how war was another forceful attempt by the North and the South would defend its soil
April 12, 1861 in South Carolina CSA confiscated federal forts in southern territory Lincoln sent provisions to fort and CSA fired upon the fort thus sparking the Civil War Four more southern states joined Confederacy afterwards Sparked nationalism in the North and South and led to massive enlistment Fort Sumter
North vs. South California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Texas
Border States Delaware remained extremely loyal to the Union despite being a slave state Maryland suffered through riots and disagreement between pro-csa and pro-union Lincoln established martial law and suspended habeas corpus for pro- CSA members and citizens Persuaded Maryland to be pro-union through force Missouri voted pro-union, but had to deal with pro-csa leadership; remained Union Kentucky proclaimed neutrality, but after a CSA invasion chose the Union Lincoln would like God on his side but he must have Kentucky. Virginia divides in 1863 Counties in northwest Virginia voted for pro-union and broke away to form West Virginia
Union Advantages over CSA 22 million in Union population (71% of USA) 9 million in CSA population (29% of USA) 3.5 million of which are slaves Union controlled most of the banking, capital, commerce easier to finance the war effort Union owned 90% of total factories and manufacturing 70% of railroad lines 65% of farmland 97% of firearm production Loyalty of the U.S. Navy to the Union Educational advantages
Confederate Advantages over Union Defensive war Union needed to invade and control Geography Rivers and terrain Indented coastline Military Experience Many U.S. military officers resigned to fight for their Confederate home states Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson Confederate Hopes and Liabilities Cotton exports could lead to financial support Hoped for recognition by European powers Hoped for public opinion to build against Lincoln Drag out the war States rights prevented one solid voice
Volunteers and Conscription At first, citizens enthusiastically volunteered for the war at local recruitment centers, but the war dragged on and became unpopular Conscription Union 20-45 yeenrollment Act of 1863/Civil War Military Draft Act Eligible for males ars old Draft quotas per congressional district Substitution and Commutation Pay a substitute or pay $300 ($5,400) to avoid draft A rich man s war but poor man s fight Confederacy Conscription Act Twenty Negro Law Confederacy s Impressment Act Troops could take farmers products at prescribed rates Impress slaves into military service
Union Strategy Anaconda Plan Naval blockade surrounding the CSA Mississippi River Divide the CSA in two Richmond Capture the capital with trained urban fighters
Eastern Theater First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) First major battle of the war Demand for a quick attack, inexperienced Union troops sent in retreat by CSA s Stonewall Jackson Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war Union s Peninsula Campaign (March-July 1862) Failed attempt to capture Richmond as Union McClellan is repulsed by CSA s Lee Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862) CSA s Lee pushed Union s Pope back into Washington Antietam (September 1862) CSA wanted recognition as a nation but needed decisive, big victory CSA s Lee invaded Maryland but pushed back by Union McClellan Bloodiest day in war: 22,000 killed or wounded Loss by CSA loses possible alliances with Britain and France Lincoln will issue the Emancipation Proclamation as a war measure Fredericksburg (December 1862) Lopsided loss by Union: 12,653 casualties to 5,377 Chancellorsville (May 1863) CSA s Lee s perfect battle over Union Hooker Loss of Stonewall Jackson, Lee s right arm Gettysburg (July 1863) CSA s Lee s offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn foreign support Pickett s Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50,000 casualties Widely considered the turning point of the war for a Union victory
Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Western Theater Pea Ridge (March 1862) Solidified Union support and control in Missouri Shiloh (April 1862) I can t spare this man; he fights. Lincoln on Grant Heartland Offensive (August 1862) Invasion of Kentucky leading the state to support the Union Vicksburg (May-July 1863) Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the CSA in two
Monitor vs. Merrimac Epic battle between ironclad vessels (Battle of Hampton Roads) Monitor fought to uphold the Union naval blockade Merrimac/CSS Virginia fought to break and disrupt the naval blockade to send exports and receive supplies and provisions Ended in a draw in battle, but preserved the Union naval blockade
The Civil War and the World The Confederacy had two foreign priorities: Foreign recognition by European powers Economic dependency (cotton market) Great Britain and the Civil War Trent Affair (1861) Union ship captures Confederate diplomats off British ship British shipbuilders and Confederate raiders CSS Alabama France and the Civil War Sympathy for Confederacy, but conquered Mexico Cotton Diplomacy South believed in continued European dependency on its cotton Embargoed cotton to force economic depression in Europe - FAIL King CORN Union victories delayed or prevented recognition Antietam was decisive along with Emancipation Proclamation
Slavery During the War Slavery continued in the Confederacy as it was the backbone of its society Dissolution of master-slave relationship Inefficiency and destruction of plantations Confederate control Fear of slave revolts forced plantations east Tighter slave codes and scare tactics Loyalty or Freedom? Most remained on plantations due to strong loyalty or slim chance of escape Approaching Union forces allowed for better chances If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong. - Georgia general
The Union and Blacks/Slaves The idea of ending slavery was difficult for Lincoln Border states were slave states, ex. Kentucky Slavery is constitutional Racism in the North and among Democrats Re-election in 1864? Confiscation Acts First Confiscation Act (1861) contraband of war - cannot apply slavery as property to states that seceded Second Confiscation Act (1862) Freed slaves of rebels Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) freed slaves in Confederate states Slavery became an official cause of war Opened the door for black participation in war Very unpopular among Northerners Blacks in the Union military - Army of Freedom 54th Massachusetts (Glory) 200,000 participants; 37,000 casualties Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) Abolished slavery throughout the nation
Women During the War Managed and worked farms and factories as men went to battle Helped develop and strengthen medical field, ex. Nurses Woman s National Loyal League (1863) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony End slavery, fight for women s suffrage Back to tradition after the war
Andersonville Prison Camp Established as a Confederate POW camp in February of 1864 in Georgia Under command of Captain Henry Wirz no man s land, conditions, Raiders vs. Regulators Approx. 13,000 out of 45,000 died from conditions
Politics During the War Lincoln and Congress Since the South seceded, Republicans gained control of Congress in 1860 and dominated throughout Radical Republicans Wanted to punish Confederacy and abolish slavery Conservative Republicans Pro-Union coalition War Democrats Against secession but supported pro-democratic platform Copperheads/Peace Democrats Peace with Confederacy and return to pre-civil War situation Constitutional Powers and Rights Expanded military, ordered naval blockade, spent funds without congressional approval/declaration of war Ex parte Merryman (1861) Suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln unconstitutional Ex parte Milligan (1866) Civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts still operating The Draft Riots of 1863 in New York City Irish workers react to Emancipation Proclamation Copperhead Propaganda
Election of 1864 Unionist (Republican) Lincoln selected Democrat Andrew Johnson as VP Democrats Split by Peace Democrats and War Democrats Nominate General George B. McClellan
Republican Platform During the War Financial Development Legal Tender Act Use of Greenbacks backed by federal government National Bank Act (1863, 1864) National Banking System led to federal-chartered banks to issue Greenbacks Facilitated sale of government bonds to help finance the war Internal Revenue Act (1862, 1864) Progressive tax rates applied: 3% on $600-$10,000; 5% on over $10,000 Infrastructure Morrill Tariff (1861) Raised rates to 47% Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) 30,000 acres of public land for each senator and representative to be sold and revenue placed in endowment fund for state colleges Technical and agricultural colleges Contract Labor Law of 1864 Employers imported labor to supply industries Visions West Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres per family for $10 ($180) to settle and develop for 5 years Pacific Railway Act (1862) Subsidies and land granted for railroads Transcontinental railroad connecting California and East
Ending the War Vicksburg and Gettysburg signaled the end for the Confederacy General Ulysses S. Grant launches total war General William Tecumseh Sherman and the March to the Sea Scorched earth policy and confiscation from Tennessee- Atlanta-Savannah-Columbia
Peace Appomattox - April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant Confederates until the very end Guerilla tactics and The South will rise again!
Cost of the War Union: 110,000 KIA 250,000 Died from war effects 275,200 wounded Confederacy: 93,000 KIA 167,000 Died from war effects 137,000 wounded TOTAL DEAD: 625,000* North Cost: $2.3B ($54B) South Cost: $1B ($23B) South Destruction: $1.5B ($35B) American Revolution: 4,435 War of 1812: 2,260 Mexican-American War: 13,283 Spanish-American War: 2,446 World War I: 116,516 World War II: 405,399 Korea: 36,574 Vietnam: 58,220 Persian Gulf War: 383 Iraq War: 4,486 Afghanistan: 2,145 TOTAL: 646,147