End of the Second Party System Republican Party est. 1854 - Comprised of northern Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats, and Free Soilers - Franklin Pierce ( 48-52) death of the Whigs - Free Soil Party est. 1848 - Pro free-labor (anti-slavery in expansion) Note: American Party ( Know-Nothing ) est. 1854 - Anti-immigrant, anti-catholic
1857 Panic of 1857: - The economy crashed psychologically, exacerbated the sectional divide - - Note: not as bad as the Panic of 1837 Cause? Inflation from Cali gold + expected grain production from Crimean War + heightened speculation in RR/land Tariff of 1857: - Lowered taxes (<20%) to help South - Coupled w/ Panic gave North 2 economic issues for next election: - Protection from foreign competition Farms for the farmless
Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 Illinois Senate race - 7 open-air debates over slavery - Douglas (popular sovereignty) v Lincoln (slavery = immorality of slavery) - Freeport Doctrine - Lincoln forced Douglas into a bind - alienated amongst N.
Election of 1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln wins - Democrats split: Douglas (North; pop. sovereignty) v Breckenridge (Buchanan s VP) - - James Buchanan (Dem.) won in 1856, preventing South secession temporarily Abe ran on Free Soil campaign platform Lincoln didn t win a single Southern state... Southern states begin to secede before Lincoln s pres. begins
Secession...
1861-1862: SECESSION AND WAITING First Up, South Carolina John C. Calhoun Nullification States Rights Fire Eaters Secedes Dec. 20, 1860 January Bye, bye, Mississippi February So long, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX Federal Government s Response? Let s wait!
If the cotton States shall decide that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we insist on letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless Whenever a considerable section of our Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures designed to keep it in. We hope never to live in a republic, whereof one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets. Horace Greeley, New York Tribune, 1960
CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA ESTABLISHED Jefferson Davis President Alexander Stephens Vice President
FEDERAL RESPONSE: COMPROMISE Crittenden Compromise John J. Crittenden, KY Two-Part Plan: - 1: Amend Constitution to protect slavery in slave states Congress approves - 2: MO Compromise Line to extend to CA border...lincoln rejects it Free Soil don t encourage them! This compromise would amount a perpetual covenant of war against every people, tribe, and state owning a foot of land between here and Tierra del Fuego
DIVISION IN THE MIDDLE SOUTH Middle Southern States VA, NC, TN, AR Less eager to secede Border States MY, DE, KY, MO Sharply Divided Yeoman power; Industry growing Federal Government Still weak Outgoing Buchanan, push over S. Carolina seizes Ft. Sumter Response?
Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) North naval expedition (w/ food, declaring peaceful intent), South opens fire - 34hrs later, South (Maj. Robert Anderson) surrenders fort 2 days later First fight of the Civil War South justification: exercising right of self-determination under a democracy North (Lincoln) counter: secession was a rejection of democracy
Causes of the Civil War 1. 2. 3. 4. Expansion of slavery Popular sovereignty States rights v Federal Power Uncle Tom s Cabin Are these causes related?
The Civil War 1861-1865 Differences
The United States of America
The Northern Leader Abraham Lincoln exceeds limits of Presidential power: - Expanded the army without Congressional authorization - Suspended the writ of habeas corpus of the enemy - Emancipated slaves (once military advantage was achieved) Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War (1861) - Radical Reps who resented expansion of pres. power... wanted emancipation now
New York Draft Riots (1863) Conscription Act (Mar 1863): forced enlistment into military service - Men 20-45; Draftees could hire substitutes ($300) - 50k drafted, 100k hired subs, 150k failed to report
Southern-less Congress... Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): 30,000 acres of public land higher education Pacific Railway Act (1862): Authorized construction of transcontinental RR Homestead Act (1862): 160 acres / settlers / 5yrs National Banking Act (1863) - Created a uniform currency: Greenbacks - Paper currency issued in the US during the war; since it was inadequately supported by gold, its value was determined by the nation s credit ***All stimulated the economy
Anaconda Plan North s war strategy: Winfield Scott, ancient hero of both War of 1812 and Mexican-American War 1. 2. 3. Coastal blockade Occupy Mississippi River Divide & Conquer
The Confederate States of America
The Confederacy Had to create an administration (under pressure of war) while limited by states rights philosophy - Constitution had no authorization for laws to advance general welfare 1862: Congress Conscription Act - Rich man s war and a poor man s fight
Jefferson Davis Inefficient leader: - Failed to bring Confederacy to quick action - - Paid attention to the details too often Failed to Delegate authority Poor military strategist
Public Perception in the South Many doubted that Northern public would support Lincoln s use of force Believed Northern manufactures depended too much on South s raw materials and markets - Re: Cotton is King Britain-Egypt/India for cotton - England also had wheat famine... Britain-North (Britain favored North anyhow) Militarily, only had to hold their own (defend) less $$$ Many farmers refused to fight; would not let their slaves fight
War of Attrition South s war strategy: - Drag fighting out --- war of attrition will end North s resolve and, over time, European pressure will grow - Do not invade the North
The Civil War 1861-1865 Battles
Important Battles Fort Sumter First action between United States and Confederate forces First Bull Run (First Manassas) First significant The battle falsely buoyed the South's hopes of negotiating an end to the war Shiloh America's introduction to the "total warfare" of the rest of the Civil War. Bloodiest battle of the war Antietam Bloodiest single day of the Civil War; this battle gave Abraham Lincoln the perceived victory he desired to release the Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Largest and most costly battle in American history; Union victory Vicksburg Lincoln realized early in the war that control of the Mississippi was a major goal of the Western forces. Ulysses S. Grant victorious Chattanooga Grant led Union to victory, drove the Confederate Army into Georgia, and began preparing for the Spring campaigns
Battle of Bull Run (July, 1861) July 21st: on a branch of the Potomac - 30k v 30k - Thomas Stonewall Jackson leads the South to victory - Effect: morale boost - This falsely led the South to believe they could win or at least negotiate an end to the war Families were picnic-ing(?) and watching!
A SINKING REALIZATION THE CIVIL WAR WOULD NOT BE SHORT OR BLOODLESS. CONCLUSION: HOW DO EVENTS OF 1861 REVEAL THE WAR WILL NOT GO AS EXPECTED??
1862 CAMPAIGN What we will see: 1862 Uniqueness of Eastern/Western theatre shows through Western Theatre: Costly Union victories Decisive Confederate losses Eastern Theatre: Bloody slaughter Continual stalemate
Battle of Shiloh America s introduction to the total warfare of the rest of the Civil War Bloodiest battle of the Civil War - More Americans fell in 2 days here than in all the battles of the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, and Mexican-American War combined - Union: 13k + Confederacy: 10k + War is no longer romanticized...
Battle of Antietam (Sept 17, 1862) Bloodiest single day of the War - 23,000 casualties
Lincoln & the Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1, 1863) Initially: Lincoln did not talk abolition for fear of alienating border states - and possibly riots - He prefered abolishment by state law Then, Lincoln eventually made abolition an aim of war - Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863 - Freed all slaves in areas of rebellion against the Union
Lincoln & the Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1, 1863) 1862: In response to Horace Greeley s open letter to Lincoln asking about emancipation If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.
Lincoln & the Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1, 1863) 1863: In response to Cincinnati Enquirer... You say you will not fight to free negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you; but, no matter. Fight you, then, exclusively to save the Union. I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union.
Lincoln & the Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1, 1863) Reactions: - South: to incite rebellion (re: Haiti) Europe: a ruse, but better than nothing Abolitionists: late Impact: - Purpose of the war changed Many African Americans enlisted Kept European powers from siding with the South
Battle at Gettysburg
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Gettysburg Address THE NEXT DAY Chicago Times observed, "The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly, flat and dishwatery utterances of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States." Springfield Republican printed the entire speech, calling it "a perfect gem" that was "deep in feeling, compact in thought and expression, and tasteful and elegant in every word and comma."
African-American Soldiers Enlistment was not just effort to end war, but to see through a revolution 40% higher casualty rate than white counterparts - Continually sent to the front lines in the toughest areas Confederate soldiers tended to kill black soldiers on the spot Originally considered contraband: - Escaped slaves were forced to work in the camps and fight in the war
Sherman s March on Georgia (1864) Sherman led Union troops W E through Georgia, destroying not only military targets, but infrastructure, industry, transportation networks, and civilian property - Re: Total warfare - Purpose to annihilate the enemy s morale
WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN "Until we can repopulate Georgia, it is useless to occupy it: but the utter destruction of its roads, houses and people will cripple their military resources. By attempting to hold the roads we will lose a thousand men monthly, and will gain no result. I can make the march and make Georgia howl.
Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865) Lincoln wins 1864 election, inaugurated on March 4th; Richmond, VA fell 1 month later Gen. Robert E. Lee surrenders - Soldiers lay down arms, permitted to return to their homes in peace Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant and I would rather die a thousand deaths. --Robert E. Lee
The Confederates were now our countrymen, and we did not want to exult over their downfall --Ulysses S. Grant
The Civil War 1861-1865 Economic warfare
Financing the War Union: borrowed $2.2b, collected $667m Confederacy: borrowed $712m, printed $1.5b paper money
Financing the War Northern economy flourished: - RRs operate at capacity, taxes stimulate manufacturing Southern woes: - Blockade limited economic strength, leading to shortages of money (inflation rises) - Manufacturing decimated due to RR s cut off, lack of manpower, capital, or tech. knowledge
The Civil War 1861-1865 Aftermath
Winners, Losers, & the Future Winners: - Slavery died - U.S. now viewed as a nation, not a union of states (nationalism) Losers: - Total casualties = +600,000 - Enormous property losses (esp. in the South) - Hatred, bitterness, corruption grew
Soldiers Occupations: N/S Combined
Reasons Union Won 1) Greater manpower 10x more workers, 50% more soldiers 2) Industrial Resources Infrastructure + production 3) Leadership Grant, Sherman, total warfare 4) Emancipation Proclamation Key victory at Antietam