The Tide of War Turns, 1863 1865 The Civil War is won by the Union and strongly affects the nation. Union soldiers sitting in front of a tent.
Section 1 The Emancipation Proclamation In 1863, President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, which helps to change the war s course.
SECTION 1 The Emancipation Proclamation Calls for Emancipation Abolitionists, Frederick Douglass, urge Lincoln to emancipate slaves President Lincoln does not feel he has power to abolish slavery Does not want to divide the nation further by freeing slaves If freeing the slaves weakens the South, then Lincoln would do it
SECTION 1 The Emancipation Proclamation President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863): - frees all slaves in Confederate territory Frees southern slaves, weaken South, makes proclamation military action Lincoln asks Congress to gradually abolish slavery throughout Union Few slaves actually liberated because most live far from Union troops Proclamation makes Civil War a war of liberation
SECTION 1 Response to the Proclamation Abolitionists are happy about Emancipation Proclamation Some Northern Democrats afraid proclamation will anger South more Most Union soldiers welcome proclamation, it makes South weaker Southerners outraged, many slaves begin to run away to Union lines: - deprives Confederacy of labor - provides Union with soldiers
SECTION 1 African American Soldiers Emancipation Proclamation lets African American men join Union army After emancipation, African Americans rush to join army African American soldiers are often given worse jobs, less pay Show great courage on the battlefield By war s end, 180,000 black soldiers in Union army
SECTION 1 The 54th Massachusetts African American 54th Massachusetts Regiment 1st organized in North Leads heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina (July 1863) Heroics of 54th lead to increased African American enlistment African American prisoners often shot or returned to slavery by South William H. Carvey 54 th Regiment Medal of Honor Recipient
Section 2 War Affects Society The Civil War causes social, economic, and political changes in the North and the South.
SECTION 2 War Affects Society Disagreement About the War Southerners grow weary of war, Confederate deserters increase Copperheads Northern Democrats that favor peace with South Lincoln has protesters arrested, suspends writ of habeas corpus
SECTION 2 The Draft Laws North, South pass laws of conscription, also known as the draft: - require men to serve in military In South, North men can hire substitutes to serve in their place North offers bounties, cash payments, to men who volunteer to serve Anger over draft leads to New York City draft riots (July 1863)
SECTION 2 Economic Effects of the War Inflation an increase in price and decrease in the value of money In South, food shortage, inflation are common In North, inflation is less, war boosts industry U.S. establishes the first income tax a tax on earnings (1861) U.S. issues new paper money, greenbacks, which: - ensures people have money to spend - helps Union pay for the war
SECTION 2 Resistance by Slaves To hurt Southern economy, slaves: - slow their work pace or stop altogether - sabotage crops and farm equipment - refuse to join fleeing planters Many enslaved people run away from plantations, join Union army
SECTION 2 Women Aid the War Effort Many women run farms, take over men s work in factories, offices Work for soldier relief agencies and as nurses In North, Dorothea Dix is leader of about 3,000 nurses Women serve as spies, including: - Harriet Tubman for North - Belle Boyd for South
Anne Bell Belle Boyd Clara Barton
SECTION 2 Civil War Prison Camps In North, South prisoners of war face terrible conditions Prison camp at Elmira, New York, is one of the worst in North Camp at Andersonville, Georgia, is one of the worst in South Thousands of prisoners die of sickness, exposure
Andersonville Prisoner
Section 3 The North Wins Thanks to victories, beginning with Gettysburg and ending with Richmond, the Union survives.
SECTION 3 The North Wins The Road to Gettysburg President Lincoln names Ambrose Burnside as commander of U.S. army Burnside loses to Confederates at Battle of Fredericksburg (1862) Lincoln replaces Burnside with General Joseph Hooker Hooker loses to Confederates at Chancellorsville, Virginia Confederate General Stonewall Jackson is killed at Chancellorsville General Lee decides to invade North again to: - fuel Northern discontent with war - gain European support
Burnside Hooker Jackson
SECTION 3 The Battle of Gettysburg Union, Confederate forces fight 3 days, Battle of Gettysburg (1863) Confederate attack, known as Pickett s Charge, fails General Lee, Confederates retreat, Union army fails to pursue Lee s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North are crushed Lee Meade
SECTION 3 The Siege of Vicksburg General Grant, troops fight Confederates at Siege of Vicksburg After a month and a half siege, Confederates surrender (July 1863) Union has control of entire Mississippi River, South is split in two Britain gives up all thought of supporting the South
SECTION 3 Sherman s Total War President Lincoln names General Grant commander of Union armies General William Tecumseh Sherman, Union troops push to Atlanta Captures Atlanta (September 1864), marches to sea, wages total war Union troops tear up rail lines, destroy crops, burn and loot towns Sherman s success helps Lincoln win re-election Sherman captures Savannah (December 1864)
SECTION 3 Grant s Virginia Campaign Grant s army, Lee s army fight series of battles in Virginia Despite high casualties, Grant s army continues to advance Grant s army lays siege on Richmond, Virginia, for 10 months General Lee, troops evacuate Richmond, Grant captures the city
SECTION 3 Surrender at Appomattox General Lee sends message, he is ready to surrender to General Grant Surrender arrangements made at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865) Grant offers generous terms, Confederates can return home in peace After four long years, the Civil War comes to a close
Section 4 The Legacy of the War The Civil War brings great changes and new challenges to the United States.
SECTION 4 The Legacy of the War Costs of the War Many Northerners, Southerners have bitter feelings toward each other President Lincoln hopes to heal the nation, bring North, South together Civil War, deadliest war in American history; has great economic costs
SECTION 4 The Thirteenth Amendment Emancipation Proclamation only frees slaves in the Confederacy Thirteenth Amendment (1865) bans slavery in the entire U.S.
SECTION 4 Lincoln s Assassination John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln at Ford s Theatre Booth s accomplice stabs Secretary of State William Seward Lincoln dies morning after, (April 15, 1865), Seward recovers First American president to be assassinated U.S. troops kill Booth, capture his accomplices Lincoln s murder stuns the nation, causes intense grief
SECTION 4 Consequences of the War U.S. is viewed as single country not collection of states The Civil War also causes: - national government to expand - national government to grow more powerful - new industries to grow rapidly - economic disaster in the South