: Risk Management Range Safety Audio Script Screen Screen 1 of 20 Screen 2 of 20 Screen 3 of 20 Screen 4 of 20 Script Every training exercise involves some level of risk, and live-fire can be the most dangerous. Following the operational risk management process, known as ORM will help you control and minimize that risk. In this lesson, you will learn the five step ORM process, how to mitigate risks, how to categorize risks according to severity and probability and how to implement administrative, engineering, and protective gear control measures. Mitigating risk is the ability to minimize or to eliminate the threat a risk presents to your exercise by implementing controls. The five step ORM process is a formal tool for mitigating risks. Step one is to identify hazards, step two is assess hazards, step three is make risk decisions, step four is to implement controls, and step five is to supervise. Now you will learn about each step in the ORM process. You are the OIC for a squad attack exercise. Each squad will practice attacking and taking a small brick building on the range. You will assess some of the risks for this exercise as you progress through part of this lesson. The weather conditions are overcast and raining with a temperature of 56. The terrain is hilly with grass, rocks and bare dirt. You can click on the My Notes button to review what you know anytime during the scenario. Click Next when you are ready to start assessing the risks for this exercise. Step one in the ORM process is to identify the hazards to the exercise. While the definitions for the MCO 3500.27 and FM 100-14 vary slightly; their basic intent is to protect personnel, property and mission. According to MCO 3500.27 a hazard is any issue, real or potential, that can cause personal injury, death, property damage, mission degradation or damage to environment. FM 100-14 defines a hazard as any condition, actual or potential, that can cause injury, illness, or death of personnel, damage to or loss of equipment, or property or mission degradation. Click each hazard button to see examples of hazards for this exercise. When you have reviewed the examples of hazards for the squad attack exercise, click the Next button to learn about assessing hazards and how to categorize each hazard according to probability and Page 1
severity. Pop audio for Hazard 1: Personnel could slip and fall and hurt themselves due to the rain soaked ground and the rough terrain. Screen 5 of 20 Screen 6 of 20 Pop audio for Hazard 2: Squad members could get ahead of other squad members putting them in a position that is close to the fire of the rear members. Step two of the ORM process is assessing hazards. This involves evaluating each hazard's severity and probability. Personnel falling and injuring themselves is one hazard identified in step one. In step two we will assess this hazard. You can begin to assess this hazard by stating that its severity is low because any injuries would be minor. However, its probability is high because people will be running on wet terrain. Risks need to be categorized once their probability and severity are known. The categories in the table represent each risk assessment category. Category 1: May cause death, loss of facility or assets, or grave damage to national interests Category 2: May cause severe injury, illness, property damage, damage to national or service interests, or may cause inefficient use of assets Category 3: May cause minor injury, illness, property damage, damage to national or service interests, or may cause inefficient use of assets Screen 7 of 20 Category 4: Presents minimal threat to personnel safety, property, national, service or command interests, or may cause inefficient use of assets You can use a risk assessment matrix to determine the Risk Assessment Code or RAC. The RAC is very important because it represents the overall risk of a hazard. The personnel falling and injuring themselves hazard was assessed to be of low severity which is in risk category three. Probability is represented by the letters A through D, or A through E for the Army matrix. Here A represents the most probable and D, or E represents the least. The probability of this hazard occurring is high due to the rain, so we look at column A. The personnel falling and injuring themselves Page 2
Screen 8 of 20 hazard has a RAC of two according to the Marine Corps matrix, or High according to the Army matrix. With a moderate overall risk shown on both the Marine Corps and Army matrix. So, for this example, the hazard was given a high probability because of the wet ground and rough terrain, but it was given a low severity because the resulting injuries would be minor. The hazard, then, was given an overall risk assessment code or RAC of two, based on its probability and severity. Now that you have identified the RAC for this example, you will learn about making risk decisions and how to develop controls to reduce or eliminate the risks of each hazard. Step three of the ORM process involves making risk decisions. In this step you must develop control measures that will reduce or eliminate the risk threat of a hazard. One hazard in the squad attack exercise is personnel slipping and falling. Since two is the lowest RAC of the hazards we have talked about for your exercise, you will begin by developing controls for this hazard. Once you have developed these controls, and any required for the other hazards, you will move on to step four, implementing controls. In step four you will implement the controls that you developed in step three. Pop audio for Control 1: Conduct a walk-through of the course to determine the likely areas where personnel could fall. Pop audio for Control 2: Mark off some of the deep crevices and sink holes in the ground so personnel don t break ankles or twist knees running through them. Screen 9 of 20 Pop audio for Control 3: Notify personnel of the slippery and dangerous terrain areas and instruct them to avoid trip hazards. Step four of the operational risk management process involves implementing controls. There are three basic types of controls: Administrative controls such as warning signs, personnel training and written policies. Engineering controls like firing limit stakes or energy absorbent materials to prevent ricochets. And protective gear such as kevlar flack jackets, glasses and ear plugs. Click each type to see the definition and Page 3
an example of that type of control. When you have finished, you will move on to step 5, Supervising. Supervising involves monitoring the controls you put in place in step 4, making adjustments if they aren t working, and adding new controls for new hazards. Pop audio for Administrative: Making notes of potential slip areas and notifying personnel about those areas at the safety brief would be an example of administrative control implementation. Pop audio for Engineering: An example of an engineering control implementation would be to mark off trip hazards so personnel don't injure themselves. Screen 10 of 20 Screen 11 of 20 Pop audio for Protective gear: An example of implementing protective gear controls would be making sure that kevlar helmets are worn to protect the head and neck in the event of a fall. Step five is supervising. Supervising involves monitoring the exercise for new hazards. You may also need to appoint other supervisors to follow through with the controls developed in step four. You also adjust controls which are ineffective and determine effective controls for use in later exercises. An example of supervision for the personnel falling and injuring themselves hazard is to make sure that personnel are not running through potential fall areas. In step 5 you will supervise the exercise to make sure your control measures are working and make changes when controls are ineffective. You will want to remember the controls that work well, so you can use them in future exercises. Click the hazard from the squad attack exercise to see examples of supervision for that hazard. Keep in mind that the effectiveness of the ORM process depends on your ability to perform each step effectively. Pop audio for Personnel could fall and injure themselves: Hazard one is personnel falling and injuring themselves. You developed controls for this hazard. The first control was to brief personnel on potential trip hazards where they were more likely to fall and injure Page 4
Screen 12 of 20 Screen 13 of 20 Screen 20 of 20 themselves. The second control was to mark off trip hazards that were very likely to cause injuries. The third control was to make sure that all personnel were wearing kevlar helmets to protect the head and neck in the event of a fall. To supervise these controls and the controls for other hazards involves you observing activity on the range to make sure your controls are working properly. You may want to designate some observers for the exercise to help you supervise the controls you put in place and tell you if they are working. Sometimes your control measures will not work as you planned. In that case you need to develop additional controls and supervise them until you find one that works to reduce or eliminate risk. Now you know about administrative, engineering and protective gear controls. Here are four situations where controls are being implemented. Read the descriptions by clicking on each image, then choose whether these are administrative, engineering or protective gear controls by selecting the correct choice from each drop down box. Click Submit when you are finished. ORM was used for a recent exercise where weather reports indicated a very slight chance of tornados during the exercise. Tornados were listed as a possible hazard. Read the list of actions taken in the ORM process, then drag the ORM steps to the correct actions taken for the tornado hazard. Click Submit when you are finished. Click Reset to reset the exercise. In this lesson you learned about the ORM process. Click each link to review the 5 steps of the ORM process with examples from the squad attack exercise. Pop audio for Step 1: Identify Hazard: Step one is to identify hazards. One example of identifying hazards is that personnel could fall and injure themselves. Pop audio for Step 2: Assess Hazard: Step two is to assess hazards. The personnel falling hazard was assessed and given a risk assessment code of two because of its low severity but high probability. Pop audio for Step 3: Make Risk Decisions: Page 5
Step three is to make risk decisions. One example of a risk decision is the decision to conduct a walk through of the range to identify potential fall areas. Pop audio for Step 4: Implement Controls: Step four involves implementing controls. An example of implementing controls would be covering the potential fall areas in the safety brief so participants know to stay away from those areas. Pop audio for Step 5: Supervise: Step five is supervising. An example of supervising would be appointing other supervisors to make sure personnel don t run through bad fall areas. You will have to make changes to controls that are not working and develop new controls for any new hazards. Page 6
: Duties and Responsibilities Screen Screen 1 of 21 Screen 2 of 21 Screen 3 of 21 Screen 4 of 21 Script Range safety is the responsibility of everyone involved in training. Range safety responsibilities span from the installation commander down to the individual participant. In this lesson, you will learn: Who the primary billets/positions for range safety are, the role of the range control officer, the individual responsibilities of the officer in charge, the range safety officer, and the laser range safety officer. And the qualifications needed for each range safety position. Range safety starts with the installation-wide range safety program, run by the installation commander, and the range control officer, who directly oversees all ranges for the Marine Corps. The installation safety manager and range control officer work together to oversee ranges for the Army. For specific exercises, responsibilities lie with the officer in charge, who is responsible for overall training, the range safety officer, who is exclusively responsible for safety, and the laser range safety officer, who has specific knowledge of safety procedures involving lasers. Each individual participant is also responsible for safety. There are several hot ranges on this range map. Click each range and the range control building to learn the responsibilities that safety personnel have for each exercise. You are now on range one for the squad live-fire maneuver exercise. Click the officer in charge and the range safety officer to find out about their duties and responsibilities during a live-fire exercise. Pop audio for OIC: I am responsible for the overall conduct of this exercise which means I ensure that we succeed in training without anyone getting hurt in the process. I verify my plan for the exercise with range control, and I receive a briefing from range control on the proper use of the range. I make sure that the RSO is present and I give the final order to begin firing when we go hot from range control. OICs are certified in the weapons fired during training, and I supervise misfire, hangfire, and cook-off procedures for a weapons system. I make Page 7
sure that a medic or corpsman is at the range. I also make sure that we have primary and secondary communications at all times during the exercise. I make sure that ammunition is properly transported, stored, and accounted for at the end of the exercise. I make sure that no civilians enter the range without clearing it with range control, and I make sure that no unauthorized personnel are on the range, especially in the impact areas. I brief the RSO on their duties, and I receive a briefing from the RSO on the safety of the facility. Finally, I implement the operational risk management process. Overall, I make sure that we are safe and we come out better trained to fight. Screen 5 of 21 Pop audio for RSO: My role is similar to the OIC s role, but I have one major priority, and that is safety. I can not participate in the training. I am weapons qualified and I have completed a range safety certification program. I make sure all weapons and personnel are properly positioned and that we only use authorized ammunition, explosives, charges, and fuses. I make sure that the weapons are within their safety limits. I check the SDZ to make sure it is clear of all unauthorized personnel. I make sure that personnel within noise or eye hazard areas are wearing eye and ear protection. I also read the SOP to make sure we comply with local rules and regulations. Before we fire, I brief the OIC on the tasks I ve performed and the condition of the range and personnel. I work with the OIC and range control to make sure we have proper communications. When we fire, I will watch for safety issues during the exercise. If I see an unsafe act, I will call a cease-fire. I report all accidents or ammunition malfunctions to the OIC. And at the end of the exercise I will verify that all weapons are clear and safe before they can be removed from the range. You are now on range two for a laser qualification exercise. Click the laser range safety officer to find out about his duties and responsibilities during a live-fire exercise. Pop audio for LRSO: I am the laser range safety officer for this course. My responsibilities are the same as all range safety officers, except for some additional responsibilities. Page 8
Screen 6 of 21 Screen 7 of 21 Screen 8 of 21 Lasers are very complicated, and they require a safety officer that is specifically trained in laser operations. In addition to normal RSO responsibilities, I make sure personnel using lasers receive a thorough safety briefing explaining hazards, safety equipment, and safety procedures according to Chapter 18 of the Order. I make sure that all lasers stay within horizontal and vertical limits of the range. I read and implement the local SOP procedures for laser operations. I also ensure continuous communications exist among all personnel conducting laser operations including those in target areas. And I call a cease-fire anytime communications or positive control of the beam is lost. You are now at range control. Click the range control officer to find out about the role he plays in range safety. Pop audio for RCO: I am the range control officer for this range facility. I control the logistics and administrative duties of the range complex. I coordinate and schedule all ranges and publish safe range requirements for each range. I can revoke access to those who violate the rules. I oversee the training and certification of RSOs and OICs. I maintain files on range-related information such as known hazards, ammunition used, dud accumulation, clearance status of impact areas, surface danger and aircraft zones, weapons systems safety data, firing limitations, and maps of the training complex. I assist in a dud awareness education program. I approve overhead fire where permitted and I serve as a member of investigation teams following incidents or accidents at a range. I also develop and publish installation and community range regulation to inform others of the dangers associated with range activities. And I also coordinate the building and maintenance of all range facilities within the complex. Every position involved in range safety has a unique set of responsibilities. Read the action statement then drag the correct person to the empty frame. Click person to see a list of his responsibilities. Click Submit when you are finished. You are at the range control office. Records are kept here on every exercise. Each statement is an action taken by one of the people shown here during an exercise to ensure safety. Drag the corresponding Page 9
Screen 9 of 21 Screen 10 of 21 Screen 11 of 21 Screen 12 of 21 Screen 20 of 20 officer to each action. Click the Submit button when you are finished. You have learned the duties and responsibilities for all officers involved in range safety. The RCO is responsible for all range safety matters for the USMC and provides oversight responsibility for all US Army range safety matters. The OIC is responsible and accountable for conduct of the exercise and adherence to government regulations. The RSO is in charge of range safety for the exercise. And the LRSO is in charge of laser range safety for exercises involving lasers. Make sure you understand these responsibilities before moving on. Next you will learn the rank requirements for OICs and RSOs. Rank requirements for officers in charge and range safety officers are based on the type of exercise. For example, a small arms exercise requires the range safety officer to be an E-5 or above. An exercise in antitank missiles requires the range safety officer to be an E-6 or above due to the advanced weaponry used. Look at this chart from Chapter 1, Table 1-1 of DA PAM 385-63 to see rank requirements for specific exercises. There will be an antitank missile exercise today on range four. Read over the rank requirement table. Then select the correct OIC/RSO pair from the list on the right. In this lesson you learned the rank requirements for the OIC/RSO positions according to the type of exercise. Review the table shown here to ensure you know the rank requirements for each exercise. In this lesson you learned the responsibilities of the range control officer (RCO), officer in charge (OIC), range safety officer (RSO), laser range safety officer (LRSO); and that the OIC and RSO rank requirements will vary based on the type of training. Page 10
: The Physical Components of a Range Screen Screen 1 of 18 Screen 2 of 18 Screen 3 of 18 Screen 4 of 18 Screen 5 of 18 Screen 6 of 18 Script Each range may be different, but many share common characteristics. This lesson will teach you the physical components of a range; the identification of an impact area and the different types of impact areas; the importance airspace plays in training on ground ranges; and the purpose of the Notice to Airman and Mariners, also known as the NOTAM. The DoD defines an impact area as: An area having designated boundaries within the limits of which all ordnance will detonate or impact. For the purposes of range safety, an impact area is a dedicated area of the range where all fired ordnance will end up. It is off limits to all non-explosive Ordnance Disposal crews unless special permission is given from range control. Fences, barricades, signs, guards or a combination of these types of positive controls are used to protect unauthorized personnel. There are three types of impact areas for a range. Click the impact areas on the range complex to learn more about each one. Dedicated impact areas are normally associated with direct-firing weapons. A dedicated impact area is usually a large piece of land that several ranges fire into. Dedicated impact areas contain impacted rounds and debris as well as explosives in some cases. Like high-hazard impact areas, dedicated impact areas should not be entered without clearance from range control. High-hazard impact areas are permanent sites that contain sensitive ammunition and explosives. Ordnance such as: cluster bombs, artillery rounds, mortar rounds, grenades, and missiles are often fired into high-hazard impact areas. These areas are very dangerous because they contain explosive and sensitive duds. Never enter a high-hazard impact area without permission from range control. A temporary impact area is used for the length of an exercise. The impact area exists for that exercise only. After that range control can schedule another exercise that may or may not shoot in the same direction. Temporary impact areas are normally used for small arms. Page 11
Screen 7 of 18 Screen 8 of 18 Screen 9 of 18 Screen 10 of 18 Screen 11 of 18 Screen 12 of 18 Range control needs to schedule a MK-19 exercise. Your unit will be firing HE/DP rounds. Think about what you just learned about impact areas then look at the range map and select the impact area you are required to fire into. You just learned about the three types of impact areas. The dedicated impact area is a large piece of land that is used by multiple ranges to fire into and it will hold fired ordnance and debris. The high-hazard impact area is used to contain sensitive high-explosive rounds such as cluster bombs, artillery and mortar rounds, grenades, and missiles. And the temporary impact area which is used one exercise at a time and will most likely contain non-hazardous duds only. Next you will learn about the importance of airspace and the effect of live-fire exercises on airmen and mariners. An exercise affects anyone who enters a range or its airspace. Range control publishes the notice to airmen and mariners, otherwise known as NOTAM. The NOTAM gives the time and area of live-fire exercises, so pilots, air-traffic controllers, and mariners know to avoid those areas. The NOTAM is very important because it keeps unauthorized planes and vessels out of areas where they could be hit by fired ordnance. Firing weapons into the sky can threaten aircraft. Range control will schedule airspace for each exercise. Range control gets permission from the federal aviation administration for live-fire exercises that could threaten aircraft. All personnel need to think about the vertical effect of fire as well as fire toward ground targets. Remind personnel to think in 3D. You are the RSO for an exercise where fire teams are engaging ground targets and suppressing simulated fire from a second floor window. You notice that some personnel firing suppressive fire are aiming at a much higher window than originally planned. You know that range control has accounted for airspace. Select the best action to take in this situation. You just learned about the NOTAM and the importance of respecting airspace. The NOTAM is a document that warns pilots, air traffic controllers, and mariners about entering airspace and waterways during an exercise. Range control will make sure that the airspace is sufficient for an exercise based on the weapons used. Remember to make personnel think in three dimensions and to respect airspace. Next you Page 12
Screen 18 of 18 will move on to the lesson quiz, which will cover your knowledge of the topics in this lesson. In this lesson you learned about the physical components of a DoD range; the three types of impact areas; and the Notice to Airmen and Mariners or NOTAM and the importance of airspace in relation to range safety at ground ranges. Page 13
: Surface Danger Zones Screen Screen 1 of 24 Screen 2 of 24 Screen 3 of 24 Screen 4 of 24 Script Surface danger zones or SDZs are very important to range safety. SDZs are the areas designated to contain projectiles, fragments and debris from fired, launched or detonated ammunition. In this lesson you will learn about the importance of SDZs; the different types of SDZs; the SDZs used for different types of ammunition and weapons and how SDZs are calculated. SDZs are created from what is called the ballistic footprint of a weapon system. The ballistic footprint is created when a weapon is tested, firing a certain ammunition at certain target media. Here you see a weapon which is firing at a static target. A pattern of test fired rounds is recorded. The SDZ that is created for the specific type of weapon, rounds and impact media includes the area around the target where the rounds land, the resting place for ricochets and some fragments, and the final resting place for all other debris and fragments. You can see that the SDZ will contain all rounds, debris and fragments if set up correctly according to the weapon, type of ammunition and impact media used. Larger weapons systems have many different SDZs, but small arms SDZs have two specific types. First is the cone SDZ which will contain rounds, ricochets, fragments and debris. The second is the batwing SDZ. The batwing provides for greater containment of ricochets. Click the links to learn about the batwing and cone SDZs. Let's first learn about the cone SDZ which is an older design and will contain rounds, ricochets, fragments, and debris. Shown here is a cone SDZ. Pop audio for Distance X: Distance X is the maximum distance that a projectile will travel when fired from a given elevation with a given charge or propulsion system. Pop audio for Dispersion Area: The dispersion area within the surface danger zone is located between the gun target line (GTL) and the ricochet area. This area accounts for human error, gun Page 14
or cannon tube wear, propellant temperature, etc. Pop audio for Ricochet Area: The ricochet area is defined as an additional 5 degrees off the dispersion area line on the left and right sides. Screen 5 of 24 Pop audio for Area A: Area A is the secondary danger area, or buffer zone, that laterally parallels the ricochet area and is 100m in size. It contains fragments, debris, and components from frangible or explosive projectiles and warheads functioning on the right or left edge of the ricochet area. Only SDZs for exploding projectiles will contain an Area A. Next you will learn about the batwing SDZ which has a greater containment of ricochets compared to the cone SDZ. Batwing SDZs should be employed wherever possible. Click the links to learn about each SDZ component. Pop audio for Distance X: Distance X is the maximum distance that a projectile will travel when fired from a given elevation with a given charge or propulsion system. Pop audio for Dispersion Area: The dispersion area is located between the gun target line (GTL) and the ricochet area. This area accounts for human error, gun or cannon tube wear, propellant temperature, etc. Pop audio for Distance Y: Distance Y is the maximum distance downrange at which a lateral ricochet is expected to occur when a projectile is fired at a given quadrant elevation. Pop audio for Angle P: Angle P is the area beginning at the firing point, located to the left and right of the dispersion area, which contains projectiles after making initial contact with the target medium. Pop audio for Angle Q: Angle Q is the area beginning at distance Y, located to the left and right of the dispersion area, which contains Page 15
projectiles after making initial contact with the target medium. Pop audio for Distance W: Distance W is the maximum lateral distance a projectile will ricochet after impacting within the dispersion area. Distance W defines the maximum lateral edge of the ricochet area. Pop audio for Ricochet Area: The ricochet area is located to the left and right of the dispersion area that contains projectiles after making initial contact with the target medium. For surface danger zones having angles P and Q, it is also the area located to the left and right of the dispersion area. The ricochet area width is defined by distance W. Pop audio for Area A: Area A is the secondary danger area, or buffer zone, that laterally parallels the impact area or ricochet and contains fragments, debris, and components from frangible or explosive projectiles and warheads functioning on the right or left edge of the impact area or ricochet area. Only SDZs for exploding projectiles will contain an Area A. Screen 6 of 24 Screen 7 of 24 Pop audio for Area B: Area B is the secondary danger area, or buffer zone, on the downrange side of the impact area and Area A. Area B contains fragments, debris, and components from frangible or exploding projectiles and warheads functioning on the far edge of the impact area and Area A. Only SDZs for exploding projectiles will contain an Area B. The batwing and cone SDZs are similar and both have some of the same basic components including distance X and dispersion area. The major difference is the ricochet area. The cone SDZ does not have the widened ricochet area of the batwing SDZ. Therefore, the batwing has greater containment of ricochets. The Area A in a batwing SDZ is used for an exploding projectile where as the Area A in a cone SDZ is a buffer zone for the containment of ricochets. Drag the corresponding measurements and angles to their locations on the SDZ. Click Submit when you are finished. Page 16
Screen 8 of 24 Screen 9 of 24 Screen 10 of 24 Screen 11 of 24 Drag the corresponding measurements and angles to their locations on the SDZ. Click Submit when you are finished. Select one of the references below and see a listing of angle and distance measurements for several weapons systems. Then select the weapon and ammunition combination that matches the SDZ measurements shown here. The SDZ is made up of several components. SDZ components account for the ammunition, debris and fragments. There are two different types of SDZ, the batwing SDZ and cone SDZ. Batwing SDZs are used whenever possible because they account for ricochets more effectively than cone SDZs. Ammunition and impact media affect the features and dimensions of an SDZ. You will now learn about the effects of multiple and moving targets and the type of impact media on an SDZ. Training often requires a unit to use multiple targets, multiple gun positions with targets or moving targets and SDZs need to adjust to keep the training area safe. Bisecting the SDZ at the gun target line will adjust the SDZ for multiple targets and gun positions as well as moving targets. Click the links to see how SDZs change for each situation. Pop audio for Single firing position with multiple targets: Use the left and right gun target lines to establish the left and right limits of fire for single firing positions with multiple targets. Pop audio for Multiple firing positions: For multiple firing positions with multiple targets use the left and right-most firing position s gun-target lines to establish left and right limits of fire. Screen 12 of 24 Pop audio for Moving targets: For moving targets, which are similar to multiple targets, use the left and right-most movement of the target to establish left and right limits of fire. You are the RSO for an exercise using multiple firing positions to shoot at static targets. Adjust the SDZ for multiple firing positions by dragging the left and right lateral limits of fire to their proper locations. Click Submit when you are finished. Page 17
Screen 13 of 24 Screen 14 of 24 Screen 15 of 24 Screen 24 of 24 The areas around, behind, or the actual target where a projectile may impact are known as impact media. Impact media may have an effect on SDZs because of different densities and compositions. Differences in composition between impact media result in different deflection characteristics. For example, a bullet hitting a pile of sand will react differently than a bullet hitting hardened steel. The four main impact media types are earth, water, steel, and concrete. Due to their similar density and composition, they are grouped in pairs. Earth and water are one group. Examples would be a hill or water where the rounds pass. Concrete and steel are the second group. Examples are steel and concrete walls behind a target. The table from page fourteen of the pocket guide shows the differences in X, Y, W, Q, and P values as well as the differences in vertical hazard, which is the distance a projectile may deflect vertically once impacting with each type of media. You are the RSO for a pistol exercise where you will be firing the M9 with 9mm M882 ammunition. You will be firing at steel impact media. Click the pocket guide to open it, then find the appropriate SDZ dimensions. Click the SDZ on the screen that has the appropriate dimensions. Impact media and training that requires multiple or moving targets and or multiple firing positions will impact the size of your SDZ. Look up the weapon and ammunition you are using in the Pocket Guide to determine the correct SDZ dimensions for your exercise. Remember that you need to adjust your SDZ when training requires multiple targets, moving targets or multiple firing positions in order to account for the greater area of fire. In this lesson you learned about the different types of SDZs, the components that make up an SDZ, the effects of impact media on the dimensions of an SDZ, and the effects of multiple targets, moving targets and multiple gun positions on the dimensions of an SDZ. Page 18