D/DGD&D/1/102/12/LW1 Army Code Number 71384 Part 2 TACTICAL AIDE MEMOIRE (TAM) PART 2 Issue 3.0 January 1998 Prepared under the direction of The Chief of the General Staff
CONDITIONS OF RELEASE Copyright. This work is copyright and the intellectual property rights for this publication belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). No material or information contained in this publication should be released outside MOD establishments except as authorised by both the sponsor and the MOD where appropriate. Security Classification. This document is issued for the information of such persons only as need to know its contents in the course of their official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it into a British Forces unit or to a police station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, D MOD SY, LONDON SW1 2HB, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORIZED RETENTION OR DESTRUCTION OF THE DOCUMENT IS AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACTS OF 1911-1989. (When released to persons outside Government service, this document is issued on a personal basis and the recipient to whom it is entrusted, in confidence, within the provisions of the Official Secrets Act 1991-1989, is personally responsible for its safe custody and for seeing that its contents are disclosed only to authorised persons.) Authentication. This publication is issued under the overall direction of the CGS. More precisely, DGD&D is the sponsor and his staff have prepared the detailed contents of the publication. Any comments or queries concerning this work should be addressed to DGD&D, LW1, Attention SO2 LW1b. Legal Status. This publication has no formal status in legal terms. The contents provide a clear military guide based on the most recent experience and best practice available for commanders and troops to utilise in their operations and training. Where range safety and weapon drills are concerned the rulings and procedures described are to be treated as mandatory requirements. Commanders are to exercise reasonable care and diligence in adhering to safety procedures when in potentially hazardous situations. Issue 3.0: Jan 98
INTRODUCTION 1. This document is the January 1998 Issue of the Tactical Aide Memoire (TAM) Part 2. It replaces the 1988 Issue (Amendment 6) which should now be destroyed. AIM 2. The Aim of the Tactical Aide Memoire (TAM) is to provide a consolidated set of Aide Memoires and Reports and Returns for use at sub-unit level and below. STRUCTURE AND USE 3. This issue of TAM is initially structured in 2 Parts: a.ý b.ý Part 1 Immediate Use. Part 2 Reference Use. 4. Part 1 consists of the minimum essential information and is designed to be carried on the person of all section commanders and above. Part 2 contains more detailed information and it is anticipated that this will normally be carried in the Bergen or vehicle. It is intended that appropriate sections may be temporally transferred from Part 2 to Part 1 and then returned following the conclusion of a particular operation. 5. AUSOPs will be re-issued towards the end of 1998 as TAM Part 3 Unit Level. Their structure and contents will be revised to provide a closely integrated and consistent set of publications for use at the Tactical Level. REPORTS AND RETURNS 6. All Reports and Returns are initially included in TAM Part 1 on the basis that they may be required for immediate use. Unwanted Reports and Returns may be transferred from Part 1 to Part 2 Section 4, where they are to be retained in page order for possible future use. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 i
FOR THE ATTENTION OF ALL SCALE HOLDERS Units requiring amendments to their scales should apply in the first instance to CSE 3b LLANGENNECH. Any proposals for an increase in scale holdings for this sponsor controlled publication should be accompanied by a full justification. Further information regarding the issue of publications is contained in The Army Compendium of Official Military Publications (Army Code 71608). AMENDMENTS Amendment Number Amended By Date Amended 1 Incorporated Feb 99 Issue 3.0: Jan 98 ii
PART 2 - CONTENTS Sect Subject Page Introduction Contents i iii 1 Combat Estimate 1-1 2 Orders Guidance/Preliminaries Company/Squadron Warning Order Generic Orders Format 2-1 2-2 2-3 3 Tactical Check Notes Offensive Operations The Attack Night Attack Defensive Operations Defence Demolition Guards Delaying Operations Transitional Phases Advance Withdrawal Relief of Troops in Combat Obstacle Crossing/Breaching Operations in Special Environments Cold Climates/Mountain Ops Desert Jungle FIBUA 3-1-1 3-1-2 3-1-1 3-2 3-2-1 3-2-5 3-3 3-4 3-4-1 3-4-4 3-4-7 3-5 3-6 3-6-1 3-6-5 3-6-8 3-6-19 4 Reports and Returns 4-1 5 Aide Mémoires All Arms Air Defence AFV Light/Hand Signals Artillery/Mortar Coverage and MSDs Battlefield Discipline Camouflage and Concealment Casualty Evacuation Communications Conduct After Capture Conversion Tables Directed Energy Weapons - Lasers Documentation Equipment Data Equipment Denial Helicopter Operations 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 Issue 3.1: Feb 99 iii
Law of Armed Conflict Map Symbols Medical/First Aid Mines/Minefield Marking NBC Defence Obstacles Prisoners of War Protection Public Information/Media Ops Refugees Replenishment Road Movement Search Procedures States of Command Surveillance/Night Fighting Equipment Weapon Planning Ranges Yardsticks 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-28 5-29 5-30 5-31 6 Special to Arm Insert 6-1 7 Doctrinal Aide Mémoire 7-1 8 Notes 8-1 Issue 3.1: Feb 99 iv
COMBAT ESTIMATE MISSION The task(s) given to you and the unifying purpose, against which all factors are considered. 1. INTENT (Why?) 2 up, 1 up, my role QUESTION STAGE 1 - MISSION ANALYSIS CONSIDERATION 2. TASKS (What?) - Specified - Implied What task(s) must I complete to fulfil my Msn? 3. CONSTRAINTS (What not?) (When?) What limitations are there on my freedom of action? By when do I need to decide? (1/3 rd : 2/3 rd Rule) Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-1
4. CHANGED SITUATION (Continuous process throughout operation) Has the situation changed since orders were received or the estimate completed? Nothing changed - No change, Mission Confirmed Minor change - Same Mission, Same Plan Significant change - Same Mission, Amend Plan Major change - Possible new Mission and New Plan (Refer to superior comd or, if not possible, act in support of his Main Effort, taking into account his Intent) 5. CONFIRMATORY CHECK Clarification Up (if required) ISSUE INITIAL WNG O Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-2
STAGE 2 - EVALUATE FACTORS FACTOR DEDUCTIONS TASKS/CONSTRAINTS GROUND/ENEMY (Consider Ground and Enemy together use IPB?) GROUND Routes/Axes (Enemy and Own) Mobility Corridors (Enemy and Own) Dominating Ground Key Terrain/Vital Ground Killing Areas Objectives Going Obstacles Visibility Distance Wind (NBC considerations) Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-3
ENEMY Enemy Intentions Air/Helicopter Threat Known Dispositions & Organisations Weapons & Equipment NBC capability/likelihood of use Key Vulnerabilities Morale Strengths & Weaknesses Likely Enemy Course of Action Worst Enemy Course of Action Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-4
FRIENDLY FORCES Air & Flanking Forces Own Forces Capability - Organisation & Equipment - Dispositions & Availability - Training - Readiness - Motivation - Strengths and Weaknesses CSS - Demand - Current state of C Supplies? Replenishment requirements? - Distance. How far will fighting be from resupply? - Duration. How long will the operation last? Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-5
RELATIVE STRENGTHS (Comparison of Enemy and Own organisations, strengths and weaknesses) Combat Power Infantry Armour Artillery/Mortars Anti-Armour En Forces Own Forces Ratio H- H H+ H- H H+ H- H H+ Deductions Fighting Power Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-6
FACTOR DEDUCTIONS TASKS/CONSTRAINTS SURPRISE and SECURITY Deception Surprise OPSEC/ Protection - How can I deceive the enemy? - How can I seize and maintain the initiative? - How can I prevent the enemy discovering my plan? - How can I protect my own forces and plans? TIME (Identify Constraints) Fixed timings? Enemy timings? Time required for tasks (e.g. Orders, Movement, NTM)? Additional time required due to degradation (NBC IPE) Earliest and Latest time for H Hr? Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-7
OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS e.g. Media HNS ROE PW SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE TASKS TASK COMBAT POWER REQUIRED DEDUCTIONS Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-8
FORMULATION/CONSIDERATION OF COA STAGE 3 - CONSIDER COURSES OF ACTION (COA) COA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1 2 3 May be compared using the principles for the operation of war involved (see Sect 3), or the Functions in Combat. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-9
STAGE 4 - COMD S DECISION SELECTION OF COA CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS Who? Why? What? Where? When? Sub units involved Comd s Intent - including vision of the desired end-state Outline of the intended operation including Main Effort UPDATE WARNING ORDER DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLAN AND ORDERS; REVIEW Issue 3.0: Jan 98 1-10
ORDERS DO DO NOT - Make your orders concise, clear and simple. ðý Consider use of aids (model, op overlay, photos etc.) ðý Give a clear and thorough description of your Intent. ðý Explain the Mission and Concept of Operations of your immediate commander. ðý Give subordinates their Mission (or tasks and a single unifying purpose), and not just a list of tasks. ðý Integrate all subordinate elements to achieve coordinated and effective action. - Allow maximum freedom of action. ðý Try to give detailed instructions covering every possible contingency. ðý Read orders from a prepared script. ðý Use complex terminology or language to impress. This generic Orders format and its associated Tactical Check Notes are provided as a reminder of what you MAY NEED to cover. While paragraph headings are mandatory, their detailed contents are not. There is no requirement to use all headings in every box. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 2-1 - 1
PRELIMINARIES a. Security of Orders Group. Location; Sentries; Actions on Attack. b. Administration. Introduction of attached personnel; Seating Plan (take account of Task Org); Model and/or diagrams; Map folds/traces/map marking. c. Weather. Time of First/Last Light; Forecast; Moon State; Visibility. d. Task Organisation e. Ground Orientation Brief. Should always be included wherever possible/practical. Need not necessarily take place at the same time or location as orders. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 2-1 - 2
COMPANY/SQUADRON WARNING ORDER MUST INCLUDE: a. Situation Including commanders intent one and two levels up, ground and enemy. b. Mission Probable mission and probable missions for subordinates. c. Main Effort Own Main Effort if known/ applicable. d. Timings Particularly earliest H Hour and Notice to Move (NTM). e. O Gp RV and Time. f. CSS Essential matters/changes to SOPs only. g. Acknowledgement. CAN INCLUDE: a. Orders for preliminary operations, recce, regrouping or moves. ISTAR/STAP tasking? b. Assembly Area details. c. Movement of advance and harbour parties. d. Liaison requirements. e. Limitations on recce, movement and use of transport, including helicopters. f. CSS additional service support, replenishments, rest, repair and recovery, move of echelon. g. Command and Signal special instructions, establishing rebroadcasts, movement of HQs. Note: Never delay a Warning Order to make it more comprehensive. Updates can be sent as supplementary information. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 2-2 - 1
GENERIC ORDERS FORMAT (This format is designed to be used in conjunction with the appropriate Tactical Check Notes at Section 3) PRELIMINARIES 1. SITUATION. En Forces Friendly Forces Atts/Dets Deductions from enemy and ground in the estimate process: Strengths Locations Weapons Equipment Morale Obstacles DFs Air Threat NBC Future Intentions Bde Comd s Intent BG Comd s Mission and Concept of Ops (include Intent and Main Effort) Locations and future actions of neighbouring forces which may affect the operation Outline Fire Support Plan Air Only if not covered under Task Org 2. MISSION. Coy/Sqn Mission from Execution paragraph of BG Commander s Orders. 3. EXECUTION. a. Concept of Operations. Coy/Sqn Comd s Intent. Scheme of Manoeuvre how coy/sqn will achieve its Mission. Main Effort use phases as a last resort and only with care in order to synchronise actions. Key Timings. b. Mission Statements. Given to subordinates in turn: Troops, Platoons, Flights Warrior/Saxon Recce Issue 3.0: Jan 98 2-3 - 1
ATGW, GPMG(SF), Snipers Arty/FOO/MFC/OPs Engrs The Reserve is given planning options NOT Tasks, i.e. Be prepared to... a, b, c. c. Co-ordinating Instructions: Offensive Ops Timings Preliminary Move Control Measures Coord of Fire Fire Plan Surprise/Security NBC Reorg Instructions Actions On P Info/Media Demolition Guard Timings Movement Coord Fire Fire Plan Change of State Change of Command Deception/Security LOs Seniority Safe Distances Check Point Road Block/Traffic Control Point Refugees Control Point Recovery Orders for Withdrawal Field Defence NBC C Movs Action on Attack Other Actions On P Info/Media Defensive Ops Timings Movement Control Measures Coord of Fire Fire Plan Patrols Deception/Security Field Defence NBC Counter Attack Actions On P Info/Media Withdrawal Timings Rear Recce and Harbour Party Coord of Fire Fire Plan for Withdrawal Control Measures Coy Check Point Coy RV BG Check Point BG RV new position Destruction policy NBC Deception/Security Action on Contact Other Actions On P Info/Media d. Summary (if needed). Issue 3.0: Jan 98 2-3 - 2
4. SERVICE SUPPORT SOP Variations Dress Equipment Weapons Log Sp Replen Ammo Rations POL Water IPE CAD Med Locations CASEVAC Stretchers Med Packs Morphine Tpt and Rec Rec Plan Locations - Echelon - Rec Veh Rec Mov 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL Obstacle Crossing Crossing Comds Bank/Breech Group Asslt Tps Engr Comd Zulu Muster Comd Withdrawal Locations at new position Demolition Guard Locations CP Altn CP Altn Comd Dml Firing Party Auth Comd LOs BG HQ AF W 9811 Codewords All Operations Locations Movement Altn Comd CEI changes Codewords Nicknames Nicknumber s Synchronis e HQs Comms Codes Passwo rds 6. Questions. 7. Summary. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 2-3 - 3
TACTICAL CHECK NOTES OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS THE ATTACK Principles Stages Forms of Manoeuvre Handling Enemy Control Measures Security Timings Obstacles Armour Aviation Surprise Security Concentration of Force Maintenance of Momentum Simplicity Preparatory Approach Frontal Penetration Envelopment Use of reserve Battle procedure Killing areas Layout of posn Boundaries LOE Flank protection Minimum of time in FUP Crossing LD Time in FUP, assembly area Ditches Streams Flank security En C attack Size of FUP Reorg phase Killing Areas Flank Security Reorganisation phase Enemy Counter Attack Communications Attack Exploitation Turning movement Infiltration Spoiling Rapid reorganisation Shock effect Likely arcs Report lines Air Defence WCS Security of assembly area and FUP Air Defence Fire plan Wire Minefields Fire support group Intimate support Assault tanks Speed of movement Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-1 - 1
Indirect Fire Simple plan Adjust or predict Smoke Comms Mortars or artillery Location of OPs Recce CSS Location of assembly area Location of FUPs Need for detailed information Indirect fire support available Logistics Medical ES Other Replen before crossing LD Increased scales into assault? CQMS forward on reorg Time/route RV for CASVAC forward on axis. Allocate CASEVAC routes Recovery priority assault troops. RV for repaired vehicles forward. Repair priority dependant on next operation - time? Holding and evacuation of PW Co-ordinating Instructions Timings Preliminary Move Control Measures Coord of Fire Movement H Hr Objective Secure Assembly Area FUP Routes OOM LD Axis Boundaries Report Lines Rate of Advance Dismount Area AD WCOs Aviation routes SAAFRs Priorities Control Arcs Tgt Area Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-1 - 2
Fire Plan Artillery, Mortars Smoke Adjustment Anchor OP Movement Coord with: CAS Avn AD Surprise/ Security STAP Flank Protection Deception NBC States Direction Plans Alarms Reporting Contamination control. Reorg Instr Action On P Info/Media Anti-tank plan GPMG(SF) Tasks DFs/FPF AD Plan PW Civilians Flanking attack Effective enemy fire. NIGHT ATTACK Consider notes for the Attack plus the following: Type STAP Planning Silent/Noisy Illuminated/Dark Infiltration Enemy night aids Exploit enemy weaknesses Defensive measures Co-ordinate TI/II Objective H Hr Arty Mortars Obstacles Width and depth less than by day. On call? Dangers of predicted fire. Illum to release artillery. Action on Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-1 - 3
Recce Illumination Tanks MILAN GPMG(SF) Formations Navigation Reorg/ Exploitation Logistics Route marking TC Flank protection Observation Illumination Know illumination allocation Selection of area Mortars/artillery recce? Time for effect Do not mix with dismounted infantry TI for locating en and direction finding Use tracer to identify enemy location Site with MILAN? File until enemy engages? Compass MILAN assist Recce Assist GPMG(SF) assist Better to remain on position Plan DFs and FPF in advance Adjustment? Routes for Echelon to move forward Daylight recce of replen sites? Guide for CQMS? Night replen light system (takes much longer) Note: Co-ordinating Instructions as for Attack Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-1 - 4
FUP LAYOUT FOR COMPANY NIGHT ATTACK Objective Line of Departure (LD) Pl HQ Pl HQ Company HQ Reserve Platoon Marker for beginning of FUP Protection Patrols Coloured Lights Company Checkpoint Tape or Cable Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-1 - 5
THE DEFENCE DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Principles Types Stages Enemy Ground Handling Armour Infantry Depth Mutual support Reserve Offensive action Mobile Area Key Point Preparation Covering Force action Battle Handover Main Defensive Battle Employment of Reserves What Where When Key terrain Killing areas Anti-tank framework Support between groups Quick reaction Think 2 Down All round defence Deception Concealment Reserve Demolition Tasks Dismount area Use of obstacles Reverse slope Assess priorities Control of STAP Coord of night battle Element at immediate NTM Essential maintenance Counter Attack options Prioritise and recce options Hide locations Calculate deployment times Use of TI Protection of Anti-Tank weapons Need to hold ground? Use of Warrior Cannon/L37 Siting of Ops, Enemy incursion Snipers, Camouflage Bravo/Zulu musters, Patrol debriefs Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 1
Aviation Indirect Fire Recce Reserve Killing Areas Protection Notice to Move Orders for Opening Fire Coord with other anti-armour weapons Fire plan Liaison arty/mors Cam of gun/mortar positions Local defence Provide illumination by night OP role by night Identifying Location Dummy gun/mor positions Digging in? Early warning Grouping NTM Liaison Left to right Front to rear Fire Control Blocking/ C Attack Plans Withdrawal Plan Admin CSS Orders for opening fire Priority of engagement Air Defence WCS Plans to be known at Superior HQ NTM Trace Routes recced RVs known Eqpt packed Latrines Logisitics Medical ES Other Feeding Replen Confirm defence stores pack. RV on position. Resupply plans in contact/when isolated stockpiles? Security of CASEVAC routes. Extra ambulance or CAP forward? Hygiene. Recovery forward. Repair in ECP to rear. Equipment denial instructions. CIVPOL for refugees escorts, routes? Burial policy. Holding and evacuation of PW Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 2
Check at Confirmatory Orders: Armour Infantry Aviation Artillery Engineers Comms Stand to Concealment and Security Recce fire positions, Range cards Replen RV, Recce withdrawal Blocking, Recce infantry trenches Coordination of arcs Primary, secondary and alternate positions Range cards, Aiming marks Location of DFs, Patrol programme Warrior tasks, Trip flares STAP, Milan locations GPMG(SF) locations Observation plan, Fields of fire Confirm Killing Areas Alternate positions Recce battle positions Co-ordinate arcs Recce routes in/out, Comms Plan Confirm fire plan, Location of DFs AD priorities, WCS Protection of AD weapons Minefield lanes Wiring, Cratering Control of Plant Line laying Runner routes Liaison Signals, Passwords Arcs Location of HQs Reference points Camouflage Air Defence STAP Sentries, Track plan Deception Lights Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 3
Co-ordinating Instructions Timings Recce Prep Completion Confirmatory Orders Routine Fire Plan Artillery, Mortars DFs/FPF Adjustment CAS AD Movement Recce Pty Assy Area SP Routes Rel Pt No Vehs Fwd Guides Deception Security Screen/Guard Dummy positions/false Front Track Plan STAP Counter-Surveillance Measures NBC States Warning/Reporting Detection Contamination Control Actions Orders for Opening Fire Air Defence WCS Stand To Ground Attack, Air Attack NBC Attack Enemy Recce/Pen PW/Civilian Control Measures Boundaries FEBA/FLOT AD WCOs ACO Coord Point Patrols Standing Patrols Recce Patrols Locations Tasks Routes In/Out Coord of Fire Priorities Control Arcs Target Areas Field Defences Priority and extent of work Working Parties Fields of Fire Trenches Minefields Wiring, Cratering Route Denial Communications Stores RV Counter Attack NTM Trace P Info/Media Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 4
DEMOLITION GUARDS Enemy What Next? Timings (from comd engr party) Control Measures Security Comms CSS Airborne Saboteurs Heliborne landing Air attack Artillery Priorities after demolition blown Alternate enemy crossing location Time to prepare bridge for demolition Time to change STATE 1 to STATE 2 Time to complete demolition Emergency firing procedures Seniority lists for demolition guard/firing party Orders for withdrawal from en bank CP and alternate CP location Safety distances: - Bridge to own positions - Radio/firing circuit To Authorised Comd (LO) To units forward of obstacle (LO) Signals for withdrawal Attached troops requirements? Logistics Defence stores RV? Resupply in contact stockpiles? Aid post home bank. CASEVAC from enemy Medical bank? Medical support to withdraw troops? ES Other Capability of recovery vehicle? ECP to rear. Repair rear. Holding and evacuation of PW Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 5
Check List Check Point for LOs Road block/traffic control point (Pro) Refugee control point CIVPOL? Parking area for LOs/vehicles Hides for APC/Warrior Recovery vehicle on home bank Assault boats to withdraw troops on enemy bank WD weapons Obstacle plans Charges fixed correctly? Protection of firing cables Concealment of all cables Bank and clearance patrols Anti-helicopter observation Air Defence and WCS Secondary positions Co-ordinating Instructions Timings Movement Coord of Fire Fire Plan Recce State 1 State 2 Complete Obs by... Recce Pty Assy Area Rel Pt No Vehs Fwd of... Pris Con Arcs Tgt Areas Arty Mors DFs/FPF Smoke Adjustment CAS Avn AD Deception Security LOs Seniority Safety Distances Screen Track Plan STAP Trench C Surv Measures Sentries Ptls (incl bank ptls) Details Loc Comms HQ Dml Firing Pty Demolition to: CP Trenches RF Hazard Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 6
Check Pt Location Comd Rd Block/ TC Pt Location Comd Orders for Withdrawal Vehicles Ammo Lanes, Routes Location assault boats NBC States Detection Plans Alarms Reporting Contamin-ation Control Refugees Con Pt Location Comd Alternate route. Recovery On Dml Location recovery vehicle. ARV Tasks Field Defences Priority of Work Mining, Cratering, Wiring Trenches Anti-helicopter obstacles AVRE Stores RV C Movs NTM Trace Action on Attack En Recce LLAD Action On PW Civilians P Info/Media Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-2 - 7
DELAYING OPERATIONS Principles Stages Planning Considerations Control Measures Handling Armour Offensive Action Deception Preparation Delaying Action: Screen Delay Force Local Reserves Break Contact Simplicity Manoeuvre Tasks, Phases and Handover Line Obstacle plan, including control of demolitions. Control of manoeuvre Flank protection and depth Coord and Liaison, including preparation for passage of lines. Denial plan Fire support STAP Liaison Boundaries Routes Axis Report Lines Coord points Check points Timings Handover line Denial measures Recce - deploy forward and identify enemy activity Delaying force - Early engagement of enemy - Mobile actions - Use of ambush positions - Use of fire support - Timely disengagement Disengagement - Withdraw through another unit - Break off silently from engagement Reserve - Block enemy axis - Counter Attack to block gaps - Assist disengagement Max use of firepower and mobility Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-3 - 1
Blocking positions by use of series of Infantry defensive positions snipers? Maximum use of firepower and Aviation mobility Blocking positions and killing areas Slow enemy advance Artillery Assist disengagement of own forces Air/Air Defence CQMS rear, monitors Logistics situation. Pre-position stocks? CSS Medical ES Other Flexibility of CASEVAC plan? Recovery forward ECP in secure location Repair rear Denial instructions Reconstitution plan? PRO traffic control on withdrawal routes. CIVPOL for refugees. Burials. Holding and evacuation of PW Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-3 - 2
TRANSITIONAL PHASES ADVANCE Considerations Conduct Handling Control Measures OOM Armour Infantry Indirect Fire Speed Balance Control Surprise Momentum Flank Protection Covering Force/Recce Find and Fix Advance Guard Strike Main Body 2 nd Echelon and Reserve Flank and Rear Guards - Protect Co-ordination of elements Mobile ATGW Not static on forward slopes Cover boundary to boundary Dispersion Axis Boundaries Bounds Report lines Ground ORBAT Threat Engineers forward No convergence on axis Move as sqn or half sqns Maintain momentum Flank protection Avoid tanks Use of dead ground Dispersion No crest lining Air threat Action when static Control of GPMG(SF) MILAN movement Simple fire plan Priority targets Communications Mortars mobility Local defence/camouflage Target lists OP party with recce? Choice of ground for observation Movement drills Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 1
Recce CSS General Movement No gaps Not too far fwd Cover ground within boundaries By-pass policy Action on obstacles Coord with sqn/coy group No convergence on contact Flank security Accurate GRs Logistics Medical CQMS forward and mobile - routes? On call or preprogrammed replen? Extra fuel? CAP mobile until contact. Nominate rolling amb XPs. Cut-off time for repair ES Recover to pre-planned ECPs. Routes forward for stragglers Separate routes for wheels and tracks Other CIVPOL for refugees Holding and evacuation of PW Traffic control organisation Packet size, Speeds, Action on halts Flank protection AD Co-ordinating Instructions Timings Move Timings H Hr Advance to Seize by Clear by Preliminary Move Assembly Area Routes OOM Traffic control Packets FUP Control Measures LD Report Lines Bounds Axis Boundaries Rates of adv Method of move AD WCS Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 2
Coord Of Fire Priorities Control Arcs Tgt Areas Fire Plan Arty, Mors Target List Fire Units Movement Anchor OP CAS Aviation AD NBC States Detection Plans Alarms Reporting Contamination Control Surprise Security STAP Flank Protection Hide Areas Deception Action On Contact By-pass PW Civilians P Info/Media THE WITHDRAWAL Flexibility Simplicity Considerations Offensive Action Maintenance of morale Control Security Tight control of movement Timing/Sequence Handling Plan for forced withdrawal Action on encirclement Identify reserve Counter attack plan In Contact Day/night Possible Withdrawal Procedure Out of Contact Forward elements first Day/night Deception Security Rear elements first Communications, Maintain routine Movement control, Use of arty/mortars Demolition plan, Recovery of patrols Defence of RVs Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 3
Armour Infantry Recce Indirect Fire CSS Mutual support between troops Fast movement, Short bounds Co-ordination between sqns, No gaps Tight control, Balanced movement Integration with Indirect Fire Offensive Action Use of arty and local smoke Break clean quickly Evacuation drills Pre-recce routes Tight control Snipers Patrols Flank protection, Cross obstacles early Maintain contact, Observation DFs on axis Group DFs under nickname Co-ordination of movement Logistics Medical ES Other CQMS to refurbishment location after early resupply. Stockpiles on withdrawal routes? Extra ambulance on axis? CASEVAC policy Recover forward priority? Repair at refurbishment location priority? Denial instructions? Separate forward/rear and refugee routes. Holding and evacuation of PW Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 4
Co-ordinating Instructions Timings Rear Recce Movement Harbour Party Move No Rearward Move Patrols In Movement of Support Weapons Position Denial Position Abandoned Co-ordination of Fire Priorities Control Arcs Target Areas Fire Plan for Wdr Arty/Mortars DFs/FPF Smoke Adjustment Movement of Fire Units CAS Avn AD Rear Recce and Harbour Party Composition Transport RV Movement Tasks Control Measures Withdrawal sequence Boundaries Report Lines Handover Line AD WCOs Location Platoon Check Points Company Check Point Location Comd Routes To BG Check Pt Location Route to OOM to Location Routes Order of March Company RV Location Comd Defence Routes To Action In BG RV Location Route To Action In Embussing New Position Release Point Action at No vehicle forward of Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 5
Destruction Policy Weapons Equipment Vehicles Ammo POL Deception/Security STAP Patrols C Surv Measures Deception Action on Contact During Withdrawal On route NBC States Detection Plans Alarms Reporting Contamination Control P Info/Media Action On PW Civilians Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 6
THE RELIEF OF TROOPS IN COMBAT RELIEF IN PLACE FWD PASSAGE OF LINES REARWARD PASSAGE OF LINES Considerations Control Surprise Security Planning and Preparation Control Security and protection Early liaison Outgoing commander responsible for defence of sector until comd passes Commanders co-located Allocation of routes for movement Allocation of areas C2 responsibility of the superior HQ involved. Attacking force comd responsible for operation beyond LD Timings Fire support Movement control responsibility of inplace force. Comds co-located. Comd of moving force must report when rearward passage complete. Moving force could be placed under OPCON of in-place force. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 7
Conduct of Op Comms Indirect Fire Combat Sp CSS Relief staggered or done simultaneously across a front depending on time. Combat support troops not relieved at the same time as combat troops. Relieve at night or in limited visibility. In-place force provides security for moving force. Moving force to move through LD in one fluid move. Indirect support from attacking force deployed in the in-place area prior to move. Non essential elments of moving force evacuated early. Movement across Handover Line should not be interrupted. Inplace elements must have enough strength for defence. Comms plan to support deception plan. Use of LOs. Comms unaltered for whole operation Artillery prevent interference. Moving force pre-position arty prior to move. Engrs: Take over existing barrier plan, open and maintain routes, deny routes to en movement. AD: Protect concentrations of troops and choke points on routes. Avn: Deploy LOs and recce parties. In-place force assists with ammo, CASEVAC, fuel and recovery. CSS elements of relieved force move back early. Dumped stocks taken over by relieving force which arrives fully replenished. Traffic Control/Pro. Handover, holding and evacuation of PW. Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 8
Co-ordinating Instructions Advance Party Movement Composition, timings, transport, tasks, guides, signs Routes, de-bussing point or LZ, waiting area, BG check point, company check point Security During Relief Patrols Fire Support Deception Counter Surveillance Control Measures Change of Comd Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-4 - 9
OBSTACLE CROSSING Considerations Types Planning Security Armour Infantry Recce Indirect Fire Engineer Surprise Rapid exploitation Deception Control Hasty Deliberate Assault Breaching Covert Breaching Adequate recce Deploy all equipment, use of mini-fascine Concealment Several crossing sites, approaches/exits Use of recce platoon/troop Protect recce Protect crossing sites Security of bridgehead Communications Air Defence (including routes) Conceal location of site Assist recce Cover obstacles Guard flanks Prepare to exploit Mine awareness Scatterable mines Fascine operations Security of breaching operations Rapid close examination Max information Careful use of ground Mark Crossing Point Protection by fire Co-ordination of fire plan Defensive tasks in support of bridgehead Ensure reserve crossing available Hand breach in dead ground Equipment preparation time Provide guides to take engineer equipment to crossing site Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-5 - 1
Manoeuvre Elements Tasks In-Place Force Fire support and other support to the bridgehead force during crossing. Security and defence of obstacle and home bank Implement any deception plans Select and mark assembly areas/routes Pre-position engineer equipment Establish crossing/breaching sites Provide guides and TC Evacuate the wounded Bridgehead Force (Comprises Assault Echelon and Main Body) Seize and control ground to permit crossing of obstacles Security and defence of the far bank Assault Echelon Gain lodgement by seizing intermediate objectives Prevent enemy ground observation and fire onto objective Main Body Conduct build-up on far bank Seize objectives on bridgehead line Consolidate Breakout Force Breakout and continue the operation Replenish before crossing LD Routes forward. Identify Logistics special equipment requirements early. In-place force assists others Medical CAP forward through breach Rear route for CASEVAC CSS Recovery forward. Recover eqpt at breach. ECP forward ES and rear Rear route for recovery Traffic control (Pro) Separate wheeled vehicles and Other tracks. Holding areas. Guides Holding and evacuation of PW Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-5 - 2
Co-ordinating Instructions Timings Preliminary Move H Hr Assembly Area Banks Secure FUP Crossing Complete Routes Echelon Crossing OOM Crossing Site Water Crossing Site Boat Off-Load Platoon Boat Preparation Area Waiting Area OOM with Priorities AVLBs ARVs Control Measures LD Boundaries Report Lines Lanes TC B/Z-Muster Guides Fire Plan Artillery/Mortars DFs/FPF Smoke Adjustment Anchor OP CAS, Avn, AD NBC States Detection Plans Alarms Reporting Contamination Control Recce Limitations P Info/Media Minefield Breach Site Waiting Area OOM with Priorities GVs ARVs Dozers Co-ordination of Fire Priorities Control Arcs Target Areas Surprise Security STAP Flank Guard Bank Posts C Surv Measures Deception Action On PW Civilians Issue 3.0: Jan 98 3-5 - 3
OPERATIONS IN SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS COLD CLIMATES/MOUNTAIN OPERATIONS 1. For Personal Survival and Safety Aspects use the appropriate publication: a. Army Code 71360 dated 1996: Cold Weather Operations Personal Survival and Safety Guide b. Army Code 71617 dated 1996: Mountain Operations Personal Survival and Safety Guide The above are elementary guides for all ranks involved in Cold Weather/Mountain Operations and should be issued on an individual basis when required. 2. Tactical Check Notes for Operations in Cold Climates and Mountain Operations are as follows: Command Battle procedure Control Measures Communications Allow twice the time usually required, particularly for night operations. Location and duration of Orders Group (temperature/available light) Devolve C2 to allow commanders flexibility to take advantage of the local weather conditions and the tactical situation. Maximise the use of mission command. Keep plans simple, clear and direct. Consider objective dangers OOB avalanche areas. Increased use of HF sky wave. Reduced battery life. Use of REBROs. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 1
Manoeuvre Mobility Route Finding MSRs Paratroops Deception Firepower Mortars Artillery Armour Air Defence Vent stops required for foot/ski movement. Wheeled and tracked vehicles canalised by high features, avalanche threat and thick woods. Use of skijoring (where applicable). Reduced capability for tracked vehicles valley bottoms and plateaux only. Reliance on helicopters for troop movement. Increased reliance on recce for routine finding and guiding. MSRs limited with many choke points. Vital ground. Paratroop insertion or resupply to inaccessible areas. Desant operations to disrupt lines of communication. Track discipline and dummy positions. Greater reliance on mortars. Platform stability permafrost/bv. Reduced effect of ground burst ammo on snow. Light Artillery moved by helicopter? Heavy lift requirements for ammo? Manoeuvre/firepower may be limited due to terrain. Vulnerable crossing frozen lakes/marshes. Limited arcs unless sighted on high ground, then may not reach into valleys. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 2
Small Arms Protection Survivability OPSEC C-Surv Snowline Treeline NBC IPE Reduced reliability. Misting of optics and ice fog. High ammo expenditure. Poor dexterity and increased failures/breakages. Use of snipers/lrlcr. Protection from the elements. Avoidance of objective dangers: rockfall and avalanche. Snow defences offer poor resistance to bullet penetration, but absorb shrapnel. Overheating and chilling problems in CBA and helmets. HF Skywave simple to DF. Use of EMCON Camouflage (TI cam) Noise and light travel further in cold still conditions. White cam required above the snow line. Tracks and ground signs. Keep movement below the treeline where possible. Blast effect reduced by heavy snow. Flash and heat effects increased. Radiation reduced. Fallout ranges increased. Contamination of snow (water source). Condensation and frozen outlet valve. Rubber gloves and overboots increase cold weather injuries. Atropine freezes at -5 o C. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 3
Information and Intelligence IPB Local knowledge. Avalanche danger area maps. Going overlays vary greatly with the seasons (frozen lakes). OPs STA Increased use of OPs. Target areas must be covered by anchor OP. Picket high ground for early warning/ listening. TI and II capabilities are improved and should be maximised. Increased weapon signature (ice fog). Climatic Conditions Freeze levels, wind-chill, reduced vis, snow conditions, precipitation. MET forecasting. Combat Service Support ES Winterisation of vehicles. POL freeze levels. Maintenance time increased. Operator handling difficulties. Effects of cold on weapons, radios and optics. Specialist equipment. Med Log Cold weather injuries: frostbite, frostnip, acute mountain sickness, snow blindness, tenteye, carbon monoxide poisoning, dehydration, exposure, hypothermia. Casevac: use of helicopters/stretcher/ hjelper teams. Section medical packs. High calorie ration supplement. Self sufficiency of sub-units. Use of caches. Provision of dry clothing. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 4
DESERT Information and Intelligence IPB Going maps, air photos Local knowledge Climate RISTA Manoeuvre Control of ground Navigation Drills Combat power Fire and movement Reserves/ Echelon Firepower Armour ATGW Mortar Seasonal considerations: rain, thunder, wind, sandstorms, temperature range Moon state TI superior system Key Terrain: high ground and choke points, local knowledge of going Navsat with redundancy of basic skills available, local knowledge, landmarks Movement, halt and replenishment drills Armour, Armoured Infanty, Engr and aviation are all battle winning assets Concentration of combat power for operations, dispersal for protection. Main body remain minimum one visual bound from recce. If terrain is very open - armour to lead Heavy bias on reserve and self sufficiency of sub-units Targets acquired at greater ranges, danger of unmasking early First round kills vital: sniping tanks Heat and dust obscuration: raise line of sight to at least 2m. Increased weapon signature Possible range anomalies due to heat Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 5
Protection Mobility Counter- Mobility Survivability OPSEC Deception AD NBC CSurv Safety Engineer vehicles always available at head of formation Use of natural barriers (wadis, soft sand, gebel) to enhance allocated assets Destruction of water supplies/storage facilities Dispersal of vehicles when halted or on moves, dig in static positions, IFF SOPs Use of EMCON, landlines by HQs Dust decoys, TI sensitive dummies, dummy minefields Avn/air greatest threat to ground forces - sub-units to operate under existing AD cover. If not possible, consider allocation of AD assets to sub-unit level in addition to AAAD. Does situation justify use of IPE? Minimise use to avoid degradation of troop performance. Good warning system. Adjust work and rest ratios. Watch for symptoms of heat illness. Increase water intake. Camouflage including thermal, noise/light discipline Drivers trained in desert driving, navigation and lost/ survival techniques Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 6
CSS ES Medical Logistics Command Battle procedure Liaison Control Measures SOPs Comms Preparation for desert use of vehicles and equipment Acclimatisation, hygiene, heat illnesses, water discipline Emphasis on fuel and water and selfsufficiency of sub-units. Carry as much Csups as possible. Use ground dumps? Tempo of operations faster and more changeable Use of LOs to enhance security of comms up to formation HQ Strict boundary control, report lines etc will be sited further apart. Use landmarks or lasers for ease of recognition Standardised drills Increased tempo of operations demands that comms must be good: good planning, careful recce and frequency management. Communications can be very difficult in desert conditions Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 7
JUNGLE 1. For Personal Survival and Safety Aspects use the appropriate publication: Jungle Operations Personal Survival and Safety Guide This is an elementary guide for all ranks involved in Jungle Operations and should be issued on an individual basis when required. 2. Tactical Check Notes for Jungle Operations are as follows: Types of Jungle Primary High 3 tiered canopy, reduced light & heat, clean floor, movement 5km per day, visibility 50m. Secondary Coastal and Estuarine Previously cleared, thick undergrowth & lower canopy, increased light and heat, movement 1-3km per day, visibility 5m. Swampy ground, high canopy, reduced heat, dirty water, slow movement 1km per day, varying visibility. Cultivated Includes all plantations, rubber, coconut groves etc. Rice paddy-fields, orchards and gardens. Common Characteristics Heat Seldom less than 80 0 F (27 0 C) Humidity 80-95% Rain Minimum 80 per year Terrain Coastal swamp to rugged mountainous areas. All jungle terrain is difficult. Factors Affecting Jungle Operations. Visibility Contacts at close ranges requiring high standard of drills and close quarter battle skills. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 8
Mobility Movement Intelligence Comms Dispersal Command and Control Resupply Limited routes means movement by air, boat and especially on foot. Slow movement on foot, up to 5km per day in primary jungle (planning figure). Conventional surveillance assets often ineffective due to limited visibility. VHF radio ranges reduced due to the canopy and rugged terrain. HF comms adversely affected at night. To cover ground and gaps in surveillance, to deny enemy freedom of action, to protect local settlements and villages. All of the above make C2 difficult. Mission command will be vital and junior commanders will have increased responsibility. Difficult as supply routes on the ground are limited. Air resupply likely to be vital. Fire support Limited due to targeting inaccuracies, ranging difficulties, lack of observation and premature detonation on the canopy. Information and Intelligence IPB Going maps, air photos, local knowledge, types of jungle and their characteristics. Climate RISTA Manoeuvre Infantry Tropical conditions, heat and humidity, monsoon, heavy rains, temperature range in cold areas, moon state. Patrolling, tracking, local knowledge, air recce, RGS. Movement by foot, air and boat. Vehicles may be usable in certain areas. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 9
Armour Armour employment likely to be limited to jungle fringes and those roads/tracks able to support weight. Used as mobile bunker. Will require infantry close protection. Navigation Under the canopy basic navigational skills will be primary. Landmarks, main features, bearings, time and distance, pacing and Sat Nav (certain areas only). Helicopter Operations Roles Airborne OP/CP, troop movement, control of indirect fire, armed action, recce, resupply, CASEVAC & TI. Troop movement Landing areas Planning Deception Normal enplaning/deplaning, rope down, fast rope, low hover jump, abseil, winching and parachuting. Winch hole natural clearing, stream junction/river bend or high point for emergencies. Landing Point(LP) sect/pl single ac Landing Site (LS) coy (> one LP) Landing Zone(LZ) bn (> one LS) Ground Tactical Plan, landing plan, air movement plan, loading plan. Dummy drop-offs, round about routes, weather, other aircraft. Security At LPs by advance party clearance, electronic surveillance, explosive devices, alternative drop-offs, creating own landing area. Boat Operations Safety Life jackets, weapons & equipment security, trained in emergency drills. Types of operation Offensive operations fighting patrols etc, defensive operations protection of villages/firm bases, administrative tasks resupply, CASEVAC etc. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 10
Intelligence Rivers Types of craft Boat preparation Drills Movement/ formations Emergency drills Consult maps & charts, tide tables, weather reports, air photos, patrol reports, local knowledge, coast guard, air recce. Know the depth for boat clearance, tidal or non tidal & timings, width wide enough to turn around, river bank for disembarkation, enemy ambush etc, river bed for anchorage and disembarkation, all obstacles. Military purpose built and robust, civilian easily adapted and higher specification, indigenous covert insertion. Protection sandbags/other materials, fit weapons MG/mortar/LAW, other equipment smoke, camouflage etc, running kit and fuel. Gun boats prepared either light and fast for QRF, or heavy and slow for fighting purposes. Embarkation/disembarkation, contact, breakdown etc. Single file, file, staggered, line of sight, leap frog, caterpillar, packets. Man over-board, capsize, fires etc. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 11
River Crossings Safety Considerations include; speed of current ideally less than walking pace, depth of water wade rather than swim, river bank suitable entry and exit and must be firm enough to support weight of a man, river width not too wide so manageable by weak swimmers, flotation worn by all on the body, in equipment and in Bergens, weak swimmers pair with strong swimmers, safety swimmers always - safety boat if available, crocodile sentry if required, use ropes for safety. Flotation Methods Sequence Section drill Platoon drill Lilo section, life jacket, empty water bottles/bags, clothing, bamboo/wood rafts, bivvy bags and waterproof liners. Using Bergen rafts as flotation, using ropes, wading. Recce, occupation, protection, preparation, the crossing, reorganisation. Stop short and recce, occupy in all round defence, sentries and claymores posted, prepare 2 x four man Bergen rafts, first team cross, clear far bank, next team cross, re-org, clear all signs. Short term halt, platoon commander and home bank section recce, secure home bank, collect remainder, occupy in triangle, clearance patrols, prepare equipment and ropes, lead swimmers and light line, fix ropes, remainder of bridgehead cross, reserve cross, home bank cross, re-org, clear all signs. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 12
Company drill Attack Types of camp Concept of Operations Grouping for the attack Occupy short term halt/strong point, coy comd & home bank platoon recce and secure home bank as platoon drill, bridgehead platoon cross and establish on far bank, reserve platoon cross and move to new short term halt/strong point location, home bank cross and move to strong point, bridgehead follow. Strong prepared position mutually supporting bunkers, trenches, sentries, patrols, booby traps, early warning devices, obstacle plan, counter attack plan. Temporary positions limited defences Good patrolling is vital, cordon position prior to recce if possible, full recce, orders & rehearsals, action, re-org, exploitation Cordon & ambush troops & local cut offsassault force including: LD protection, breaching groups, assault groups, fire support groups, flank protection groups reserves The attack Breaching quick or silent, the assault one position at a time, 3 dimensional battlefield, flank protection Reserves Exploitation No tasks but prepared to take over in assault, break up counter attack, reinforce cordon, cover withdrawal, exploitation Cordon & ambush troops, pursuit with CTT Note: Refer also to TAM Part 1 - Tactical Check Notes for Attack, which are equally applicable to jungle operations. Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 13
Company Firm Base Location Determined by Mission, sited using Principals of Defence. Will require operational and administrative facilities Operational CP, mortar/artillery, LP/winch hole, facilities CVR(T) Admin facilities Water, accommodation, medical, catering (central feeding), latrines & washing, stores areas Routine Troops allocated to offensive operations, base protection, administrative tasks Note: Refer also to TAM Part 1 - Tactical Check Notes for Defence which are equally applicable to jungle operations. Patrolling Search Patrols Typical search patrol patterns are as follows: Base Line Search Fan Search Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 14
Sdfg Cross Grain Search Ridgeline/ River Search Close Target Reconnaissance Sequence of Initial discovery, occupy firm base, events preparation, CTR, after action Initial camp DTG, GR of target, type of target, GR of report own firm base, intentions Information Exact GR of target, command locations, required on bunker/strong points, weapons, routines, enemy camp patrols, water points, defences, dress & equipment, routes in & out, early Information for follow up Never warning/surveillance devices RV location, routes, attack options, FUP & LD locations, fire support locations, all bearings & distances, CAS angles & marker, cordon/cut off locations Take eyes off target Issue 3.1: Feb 99 3-6 - 15