How Technology-Based-Startups Support U.S. Economic Growth November 28th, 2017 Join the Conversation: #ITIFtechstartups @ITIFdc
About ITIF Independent, nonpartisan research and education institute focusing on intersection of technological innovation and public policy, including: Innovation and competitiveness IT and data Telecommunications Trade and globalization Life sciences, agricultural biotech, and energy Mission to formulate and promote policy solutions that accelerate innovation and boost productivity Ranked by University of Pennsylvania as top science and technology think tank in United States and number two in world 2
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Why Tech-Based-Startups? Methodology Overall Findings State and Congressional District Findings Policy Recommendations 3
Most Startups Are Not High-Growth Tech-Based 4
How Do We Explain? There s too much entrepreneurship: Disruption running wild! There's too little entrepreneurship: Economy stalling out! Marc Andreesen 5
Tech-Based Industries Outsized Economic Contributions Share of Business R&D Investment Share of R&D Jobs Share of Exports Share of Wages Share of Gross Output Share of Firms Share of Jobs 8.1% 6.2% 3.8% 3.6% 27.2% 58.7% 70.1% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 6
Why Tech-Startups Matter Firm Characteristics Technology-Based Startup A Typical Startup Examples of Businesses Biotech, IT products or services Restaurants, Laundromats Growth Path Large potential for significant employment and revenue growth Addition of a few jobs for this first few years, and then bankruptcy Job Creation Tend to employ more highskilled/semi-skilled workers skilled/low-skilled workers Tend to employ more semi- Wages Pays more than twice the Pays less than the national national median wage median wage Job Multipliers Creates up to five indirect jobs Creates little to no net new in other industries jobs R&D Investments Invests heavily in R&D Little to no R&D investment Trade Focused on trade with international markets Sells predominately in local markets 7
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Why Tech-Based-Startups? Methodology Overall Findings State and Congressional District Findings Policy Recommendations 8
Methodology Identified tech-industries according to: R&D intensity Tech-based classifications from U.S. BLS, OECD, and Eurostat Firm level data from Business Dynamics Research Consortium Industry level data from Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Venture Capital data from Pitchbook 9
Ten Tech-Based Industries Manufacturing Services 1. Aerospace Parts & Products 7. Computer Systems and Design 2. Computer and Electronics 8. Data Processing 3. Pharmaceuticals and Medicine 9. Software Publishing 4. Medical Devices 10. Scientific R&D 5. Semiconductor Components 6. Semiconductor Machinery 10
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Why Tech-Based-Startups? Methodology Overall Findings State and Congressional District Findings Policy Recommendations 11
Industry Breakdown, Tech-Startups, 2016 24.1% Firm Count 3.4% 0.9% Employment 4.1% 27.9% 9.0% 2.3% 17.8% 0.9% 0.6% 19.9% 2.3% 0.4% 0.0% 13.8% 2.9% 29.0% 0.6% 0.1% 43.7% 12
Tech-Startups Are Up 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000-47% 40% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 All Firms Start-Ups Old Firms 13
Employment in Tech-Startups Has Grown 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000-7% 20% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 All Firms Start-Ups Old Firms 14
Tech-Startup Wages Are High and Growing $120,000 $100,000 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $- $85,383 $46,366 $47,915 $39,100 $37,502 2007 2016 Start-Ups All Firms Tech-Based Start-Ups $102,531 15
Early-Stage Startups Are Down 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 16
Pharma and Semiconductors Have More Early-Stage Startups Pharmaceuticals and Medicines Manufacturing Semiconductor Machinery Manufacturing Aerospace Manufacturing Medical Devices Manufacturing Computers and Electronics Manufacturing Software Publishing Services Semiconductor Components Manufacturing Computer Systems Design Services Data Processing Services 5% 46% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 2016 2007 17
Venture-Capital Backed Startups in 2016 Total Aerospace Biotech & Pharma Medical Devices Information Technology VC-Backed Startups 19,573 154 1,303 1,935 16,181 Tech-Based Startups 175,247 1,732 12,078 6,254 127,126 VC Share of Startups 11% 9% 11% 31% 13% 18
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Why Tech-Based-Startups? Methodology Overall Findings State and Congressional District Findings Policy Recommendations 19
Tech-Startups State-Findings In the median state 1,800 tech-startups out of 76,000 firms 17,000 jobs in tech-startups out of 1.6 million workers Tech-startups in the median state represents: 2.4 % of all businesses 0.9 % of all jobs 20
Tech-Startups, 2016 Top 5 States 1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. California 4. Virginia 5. Maryland 21
SD ND WY IA MS AR MT NE WV RI KY OK ME LA MO HI WI KS SC ID NY VT IN PA AL Median MI TN OH DE MN IL UT NM Average FL NC GA NJ CT NV AK TX OR WA CO AZ MD VA CA MA NH Tech-Startup Firm Share, by State, 2016 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% Most states have similar levels of tech-startup activity 4.7% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.4% 2.9% 2.0% 1.5% 1.4% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 22
Tech-Startup Employment Share, by State, 2016 GA AZ AK OR Average CT UT WA NC NJ AL VA MD NH CO CA MA 3.0% 2.5% 2.4% 2.0% Most states have similar levels of employment in tech-startups 1.5% 1.0% 0.9% 1.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.0% MS SD KY WY HI ND IA SC AR WV LA MT WI RI OH OK MI NV ME IN DE MO NE IL ID Median PA MN TX KS NY TN FL NM VT 23
Why Some States Attract More Tech-Startups Correlation of 0.75 between a state s level of technology-based startup activity and ITIF s 2017 State New Economy Index (SNEI) overall score. 24
Tech-Startups Congressional District Findings In the median Congressional district 300 tech-startups out of 13,000 firms 2,300 jobs in tech-startups out of 250,000 workers Tech-startups in the median district represents: 2.3 % of businesses 0.9 % of jobs 25
California-17 (Part of Silicon Valley) 2,700 tech-startups that employ 35,000 workers 16.1 % of businesses 6.4 % of workers Source: Wikipedia 26
Virginia-10 (Just Outside DC) 1,900 tech-startups that employ 18,000 workers 11.6% of businesses 5.8% of workers Source: Wikipedia 27
Texas-2 (In-and-Around Houston) 1,300 tech-startups that employ 9,700 workers This represents 8.9% of businesses 2.7% of workers Source: Wikipedia 28
Washington-1 (Just Outside Seattle) 1,300 tech-startups that employ 9,200 workers This represents 8.3% of businesses 3.5% of workers Source: Ballotpedia 29
Virginia-8 (Alexandria and Arlington) 1,300 tech-startups that employ 12,000 workers This represents 8.3% of businesses 3.4% of workers Source: Wikipedia 30
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Why Tech-Based-Startups? Methodology Overall Findings State and Congressional District Findings Policy Recommendations 31
Policy Recommendations: Tax Expand the rate of the Alternative Simplified Credit to at least 25 percent from 14 percent. Amend Section 469 of the tax code to permit passive investors to take advantage of the net operating losses and research tax credits of companies in which they invest. Amend Section 382 of the tax code to make it easier for small companies to carry net operating losses forward even as they continue to attract new investors. 32
Policy Recommendations: Regulation Create a new Office of Innovation Policy within the Office of Management and Budget. The office would specifically review the impact major regulations would have on future innovation and would be empowered to force agencies to consider policies that would more effectively promote innovation. Charge the Office of Advocacy in the Small Business Administration with focusing solely on advocating for and reviewing federal regulations that affect new firms in technology-based industries. 33
Policy Recommendations: Stem Skills Establish NSF program to award prizes to universities that dramatically increase the rate at which freshmen STEM students graduate with STEM degrees. Establish NSF-industry Ph.D. fellows program. Expand STEM immigration 34
Policy Recommendations: Technology Transfer Establish SBIR-like set-aside program that to support technologycommercialization activities. Develop a Phase Zero SBIR award program. Develop metrics for universities to report entrepreneurship and commercialization information annually. 35
Thank You! @ITIFdc