Assessment of health systems crisis preparedness Poland POL Supported by The European Commission October 2009 1
Abstract In 2008, with the support of the European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, WHO launched the project, Support to health security, preparedness planning and crises management in EU, EU accession and neighbouring (ENP) countries, with the aim of improving preparedness for public health emergencies in EU Member States and selected EU accession and ENP countries in the WHO European Region. One of the objectives of this project was to refine the assessment tool, which had been revised on the basis of the experience gained through the planning and crises management assessments carried out in Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Moldova under the joint European Commission WHO project, Support to health security and preparedness planning in EU neighbouring countries (2007 2008). The intention was to apply the updated tool during a second round of assessments before finalizing it in 2010. The countries involved in the second round were Kyrgyzstan, Poland and Ukraine. The WHO health systems framework was used as the conceptual basis for describing and analysing the health systems in the countries. This report describes the level of preparedness of the health system in Poland and evaluates the arrangements in place to deal with crises, regardless of cause. It also examines the risk prevention and mitigation initiatives in the country. While the main focus is on the national level, some attention has been paid to crisis management capacity at the regional level and to the links between the various levels of government. In addition, the report considers the topic of mass gatherings and public health. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Keywords Process assessment (health care) Disaster planning Emergencies Risk management Health systems plans Delivery of health care - organization and administration Poland Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization.
Contents Page Acknowledgements 5 Foreword 6 International policy context 7 Health security current issues and trends 7 Global health security 7 Health security in the World Health Organization European Region 7 International Health Regulations 8 EU support to crisis preparedness and response 9 The WHO health systems framework 10 Cross-cutting issues related to disaster preparedness and response 11 The all-hazard approach 11 The multidisciplinary (intrasectoral) approach 11 The multisectoral approach 12 The comprehensive approach 12 Mission objectives and methodology 13 Country context 17 Country profile 17 Past crises and potential threats 18 Findings of the assessment 20 Stewardship and governance 20 Policy and legislation 20 Institutional framework 21 Health sector risk reduction and crisis management 24 Resource generation 25 Human resources 25 Pharmaceuticals, medical supplies, equipment, infrastructure 27 Health information management 29 Health financing 31 Service delivery 32 Mass casualty management 32 Management of health-care facilities 34 Essential medical services 34 3
Mass gatherings 35 Evaluation 38 Strengths 38 Weaknesses 39 Recommendations 41 References 44 Annex 1. Members of the assessment team 45 Annex 2. Persons interviewed 46 Annex 3. Selected legal and regulatory framework related to crisis preparedness and response in Poland 50 4
Acknowledgements The review of the Polish health system s preparedness for crises was made possible thanks to the efforts and support of the Ministry of Health. Special thanks go to Dr Edward Włodarczyk, Head of the Department of Defence, Crisis Management and Medical Rescue, Ministry of Health, and Dr Elżbieta Lipska, National Coordinator of the Medical Committee on UEFA EURO 2010 TM in Poland (PL 2012), who organized visits to the relevant sectors, provided invaluable information and participated in most of the interviews. Special thanks are also extended to the staff of the WHO Country Office in Poland who assisted throughout the preparation and the implementation of the mission. We wish also to acknowledge the grant received from the European Commission Directorate- General for Health and Consumers that supported both the implementation of this project and the preparation of the report. 5
Foreword The number of emergencies and disasters and the severity of their impact have increased in recent decades, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, those of the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO) being no exception. This development emphasizes the importance of the role of health systems in the overall cycle of disaster preparedness, risk mitigation, response and recovery. Strengthening health systems preparedness for crises is not a trivial task. Strengthening stewardship, implementing preparedness planning as a continuous process with a multi-hazard approach, establishing sustainable crisis management and health risk-reduction programmes, to name a few tasks, requires a clear understanding of the country s situation. Unfortunately, until now, there has been no formally agreed standard methodology for assessing the preparedness of a system for crises. This is not surprising given the diversity of countries in the WHO European Region. The assessment in Poland was carried out under the WHO project, Support to health security, preparedness planning and crisis management in EU, EU accession and neighbouring (ENP) countries, which is supported by the European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers. Part of the process was to refine the health systems crisis preparedness assessment tool developed within the project. In Poland, the focus of the assessment was expanded to cover the issue of public health in mass gatherings with a view to the upcoming European Football Championship (UEFA EURO 2012 TM ). Preparation for this important event was the entry-point for looking at the overall preparedness of the health system for any crisis (a multi-hazard approach). By anticipating the health needs of the population in a crisis and taking the necessary steps to be prepared, a health system would be able to respond effectively should the situation arise and thus save lives and alleviate suffering. This report is an important contribution to the evidence being collected on the preparedness of health systems for crises and to the refinement of the standardized tool for assessing capacity for response at the national level. 6
International policy context Health security current issues and trends Global health security The United Nations Commission on Human Security established that good health and human security are inextricably linked and that illness, disability and avoidable death are critical pervasive threats to human security (1). It identified the three main health challenges as: conflict and humanitarian emergencies; infectious diseases; and poverty and inequity. The statistics show a steady rise in the number of disasters 1 worldwide, many of which are attributed to climate change. In the past 20 years, disasters have killed over three million people and adversely affected over 800 million. Not only are the established infectious diseases spreading more quickly (for example, multi-drugresistant tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS are becoming an increasing threat to health security) but new diseases are also emerging at a faster rate than ever before (one or more per year since the 1970s). Nearly 40 diseases now exist that were unknown a generation ago. Natural and man-made disasters, depending on their magnitude and the vulnerability of the populations they affect, can have a devastating effect on the health status in both the short and long terms. This is often aggravated by economic loss, which also has a negative impact on the heath status and, therefore, on the economic burden in the health sector as a whole. Increasingly, disaster management is becoming a priority in countries. The reasons for this are the following. The economic and political implications of disasters, particularly outbreaks of communicable diseases, and their effect on trade and tourism can be enormous. Low-income countries are clearly the most vulnerable to these negative effects. The effects of climate change have serious implications for global health security. In addition to the consequences for the health of individuals, environmental changes may well result in mass population movement and competition for scarce resources, leading in turn to conflict and political instability. States Parties to the revised International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), which came into force on 15 June 2007, are legally bound to meet their requirements. Governments, particularly in low-income countries, are often loath to invest in strategies aimed at disaster prevention and/or risk reduction and there is an overall tendency to underinvest in the health sector. Statistics show (2) that, on average, the lower the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any particular country, the smaller the percentage invested in health. Health security in the World Health Organization European Region In 2008, three countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region were among 1 For inclusion in the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) database, a disaster must have resulted in at least one of the following criteria: 10 or more deaths; 100 or more people affected; a declaration of a state of emergency; a call for international assistance. 7
the top ten countries in the world most affected by crises (according to number of deaths), ranking fourth (heat wave in the Netherlands in July), fifth (health wave in Belgium in July) and eighth (cold wave in Ukraine in January) (3). Between 1990 and 2008, 47 million people in the Region were directly affected by natural disasters. Of these, 695 were accidents, 414 floods, 141 events of extreme temperature, 302 windstorms, 110 earthquakes, 36 droughts, 72 wildfires and 59 landslides and avalanches, resulting in over 129 000 deaths. This does not include the wars and violent conflicts that have killed over 300 000 people in the Region over the last 20 years. Other severe events of the recent past include the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, which the United Nations estimates affected several million people, and the Spitak earthquake that killed over 25 000 people in Armenia in 1988. Since 1990, a series of violent wars and conflicts in the Region have had vast political, social and human consequences. Armed conflict in the Balkans resulted in an estimated 125 000 fatalities and the displacement of up to three million people. The break-up of the former Soviet Union brought about a number of violent episodes in Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh), Georgia (Abkhazia and South Ossetia), the Republic of Moldova (Transnistria), the Russian Federation (Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia and Dagestan) and Tajikistan, causing the loss of an estimated 200 000 lives. A number of serious terrorist attacks have taken place in the Region in the last fifteen years, including those that occurred in France (Paris, 1995), Spain (various ETA bombings; Madrid train attack, 2004), Turkey (various) and the United Kingdom (London, 2005). Reportedly, more than five times as many attacks have been thwarted in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, and the list of failed or aborted attempts is probably longer than we may ever know (4). International Health Regulations The need to strengthen capacity for emergency preparedness and response, particularly in low-income countries, is firmly based on current trends and statistics and supported by a wide variety of literature on global warming, environmental hazards, bioterrorism and re-emerging and emerging diseases, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza. The level of international concern about this need is reflected in an increasing amount of media coverage and the establishment of various commissions, committees and international coordinating bodies (for example, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the Commission on Human Security and the WHO Health Action in Crises Programme) to address issues related to emergency preparedness and response. Growing concern about national, regional and international public health security led to the adoption of the revised International Health Regulations (IHR) by the 58th World Health Assembly in May 2005. These provide a new legal framework for strengthening surveillance and response capacity and protecting the public against acute health threats with the potential to spread internationally, affect human health negatively and interfere with international trade and travel. 8 The revised IHR have a much broader scope than the first edition (1969), which focused on the international notification of specific communicable diseases. States Parties to the IHR are now obliged to assess and notify WHO of any event of potential international public health concern, irrespective of its cause (whether biological, chemical or radionuclear) and origin (whether accidental or deliberate). The criteria for assessing the international public health implications of any given event are outlined in the algorithm presented in Annex 2 of the IHR. These include health-related events that are unusual or severe, may have a significant impact on public health, may spread across borders, and may affect freedom of movement (of goods or people).
For effective implementation, States Parties (with WHO support) were also required to develop a national IHR implementation plan by June 2009 and to meet national core capacity requirements by June 2012. How this can be achieved, particularly in low-income countries, is not yet fully envisaged. EU support to crisis preparedness and response In 2006, the WHO Regional Office for Europe utilized the health systems framework to develop the document, A practical tool for the preparation of a hospital crisis preparedness plan, with special focus on pandemic influenza (5). It aims to provide a simple tool for planning appropriate measures to be adopted by a hospital and/or, more generally, a health facility in preparation for a critical situation. As this concept was welcomed by the Member States, the Regional Office decided to extend it to developing a similar tool for crises preparedness planning in the health sector as a whole, again based on the WHO health systems framework. In this connection and in the light of the ENP and the IHR, in March 2007, the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General of the European Commission (DG SANCO) (under priority 2.2 of its workplan) provided funding to the WHO Regional Office for Europe for the project entitled: Support to health security and preparedness planning in EU neighbouring countries. The overall objective of the project was to assess available capacity to respond to public health crises in selected ENP countries, including the core capacity required to implement the IHR, and to promote a multisectoral approach to ensuring the interoperability of existing public health emergency plans and their coherence with EU policies and strategies. The specific objectives of the project were: to coordinate the development of a feasible and standardized assessment tool for evaluating: (a) the priority health risks; (b) the status of generic emergency preparedness plans; and (c) the interoperability of public health emergency plans in selected countries; to conduct assessments in three ENP countries of the WHO European Region, the candidate countries being Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Israel, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, and to disseminate the results; to produce and submit a final consolidated report, including strategic and operational recommendations on further developing a joint European Commission (EC) WHO plan of action to improve the level of preparedness in the assessed ENP countries and other EU neighbouring countries. After negotiation with the relevant Ministries of Health, assessments were conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Moldova using the newly developed tool for assessing the health systems preparedness in countries. All three countries showed a keen interest in and a high level of political commitment to strengthening the capacity of the health sector for crisis preparedness and response at the national level, as well as to following up on the findings and recommendations of the assessment. In 2008, the EC and WHO launched the joint project, Support to health security, preparedness planning and crises management in EU, EU accession and neighbouring (ENP) countries, the aim of which was to improve preparedness for public health emergencies in EU Member States and selected EU accession and ENP countries in the WHO European Region. One of the objectives of the project was to refine the assessment tool, which had been revised during the Expert Consultation on Health Systems Crisis Preparedness, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 21 23 April 2009, on the basis of the experience gained through the assessments carried out in Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Moldova. The intention was to apply the updated tool during a second round of planning and crises management assessments before finalizing it in 2010. The countries involved in the second round were Kyrgyzstan, Poland and Ukraine. 9
The Ministry of Health of Poland kindly agreed to host the assessment of the preparedness of its health system in September October 2009. The Ministry specifically requested that the topic of public health in mass gatherings be included in the assessment in the light of the upcoming UEFA EURO 2012 TM event in Poland. This report presents the findings of the assessment. The WHO health systems framework Health systems are defined by WHO as comprising all the resources, organizations and institutions that are devoted to taking interdependent action aimed principally at improving, maintaining or restoring health. It is generally recognized that health systems vary widely in performance and that the achievement of crucial health goals can differ among countries with similar levels of income, education and health expenditure. This is mainly attributable to differences in the design, content and management strategies of the health systems that are often complex and difficult to assess when viewed as a whole. By transforming crucial health goals into a number of measurable objectives and assessing these on the basis of four key functions needed by all health systems to fulfil their purpose, the WHO Regional Office for Europe is focusing on improving the performance of the health systems of all countries in the Region. Working within this health systems framework, WHO can help decisionmakers at all levels to analyse variations in health-care performance, identify factors that influence it and establish policies aimed at achieving better results. The following four key functions make up the WHO health systems framework: (1) stewardship and governance; (2) creating resources; (3) health financing; and (4) service delivery (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. The WHO health systems framework Functions of a health system Goals/quality criteria of a health system Stewardship and governance Resource generation (investment and training) Health financing (collecting, pooling and purchasing) Service delivery (personal and population-based) Better health (level and equity) Responsiveness (to people s non-medical expectations) Financial fairness (equity of financial contribution with protection against financial risk) Stewardship and governance of the health system are achieved through careful and responsible management that results in influencing all sectors with regards to policy on and action for population health. In connection with preparedness planning, this means ensuring the existence of national policy that makes provision for the preparedness of the health system for crises. It also means having effective coordination structures and partnerships in place and involves advocacy, risk assessment, information management and monitoring and evaluation. 10 Resource generation includes engaging all health workers primarily involved in protecting and improving population health. It also encompasses health technologies, infrastructure and
pharmaceuticals. In terms of crisis management, preparedness planning ensures that, given the available resources and circumstances, there would be a sufficient number of qualified staff to respond to a crisis. Education and training, the collection, analysis and reporting of data, and management of the supplies and equipment needed to respond to a crisis, also fall under this heading. The health financing function ensures the collection of revenues, their subsequent pooling and, finally, the purchase of health services from providers. In terms of crisis management, a good health financing system ensures that there are adequate funds for health system activities related to risk prevention and mitigation, preparedness and response. It also provides financial protection in case of a crisis and ensures that crisis victims have access to essential services and that health facilities and equipment are adequately insured for damage or loss. Service delivery relates to a service production process that, when needed, combines the input of various providers into health interventions that are effective, safe and of high quality, and ensures their delivery to relevant individuals or communities in an equitable manner and with a minimum waste of resources. The organization and management of services are reviewed through a health system crisis management process to ensure access to, and the quality, safety and continuity of care across health conditions and health facilities during a crisis. Health system performance is measured not only by how well each function in the framework is carried out but also by the relationship between the functions. Good interaction is crucial to attaining better health outcomes. Further information on health systems can be found in: The world health report 2000 (6), Strengthened health systems save more lives. An insight into WHO s European Health Strategy (7) and Everybody s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes (8), as well as in the report on the WHO European Ministerial Conference on Health Systems Health Systems, Health and Wealth, Tallinn, Estonia, 25 27 June 2008 (9). Cross-cutting issues related to disaster preparedness and response Effective crisis preparedness and response is governed by a number of cross-cutting (strategic) principles that WHO encourages Member States to adopt. These relate to the all-hazard approach, the multidisciplinary (intrasectoral) approach, the multisectoral approach and the comprehensive approach. The all-hazard approach Different crises invariably result in similar problems and responses requiring similar systems and types of capacity. During a crisis, the need to manage information and resources (including human resources), as well as to maintain effective communication strategies, is in essence the same whether the crisis is the result of an earthquake, a flood or a terrorist attack. Hence, WHO promotes a generic, all-hazard approach, actively discouraging the establishment of vertical planning mechanisms while recognizing that each type of crisis requires a specific area of technical expertise. The multidisciplinary (intrasectoral) approach Health systems are defined as comprising all the organizations, institutions and resources that are devoted to improving, maintaining or restoring health. This includes public and private initiatives (for example, by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies) and action at the central, local, population and military levels from tertiary care to local community health care all of which may have a role to play during a crisis. WHO, therefore, encourages transparency and interoperability in the planning process and promotes the involvement of all disciplines and all levels 11
of the health system to ensure a coordinated and effective response, making the best use of often scant resources and ensuring that plans are appropriate and feasible. The multisectoral approach Health sector plans also need to be linked to and interfaced with national disaster preparedness and response plans to avoid confusion, prevent duplication of effort and make the best use of resources. This is important not only during a crisis but also as part of prevention, reduction and mitigation strategies. Other governmental departments, private enterprises and commercial organizations can play an important role in reducing the negative health effects of, for example, inappropriate urban development and use of land, poor agricultural practices and inadequate legislative procedures. Although not directly responsible, the Ministry of Health needs to ensure that health is not overlooked in the push for greater profits and economic growth and to advocate a multisectoral approach in dealing with health issues. However, multisectoral planning continues to be a challenge in many countries as governmental departments often prefer to develop their own individual plans, in parallel with other key partners. The comprehensive approach The economic consequences of a crisis can be enormous and the reduction, prevention and mitigation of the related risks are priority areas that increasingly need to be taken into consideration in preparedness planning. Therefore, WHO encourages Member States to develop and implement strategies for the different aspects of crisis preparedness planning, bearing in mind that they are not separate entities but overlap with each other in scope and timeframe. They can be summarized as follows. Prevention, reduction and mitigation. Activities that address these aspects aim to reduce the likelihood or impact of a disaster and, in the health sector, are devoted mainly to ensuring the functionality of the health facilities and key installations in the aftermath of a disaster. Preparedness. This requires a multidisciplinary, multisectoral planning process to strengthen the capacity and capability of systems, organizations and communities so that they can better cope with emergencies. Response and recovery. Action related to this aspect covers a wide range of activities implemented during and after an emergency, which have specific humanitarian and social objectives linked to long-term strategic goals and sustainable development. 12
Mission objectives and methodology The Ministry of Health of Poland kindly agreed to host the assessment in September October 2009 and to cooperate with WHO in piloting the revised assessment tool. In connection with the upcoming UEFA European Football Championship (UEFA EURO 2012T M ), which will be hosted partly by Poland, the Ministry specifically requested that the assessment include the issue of public health in mass gatherings. Objectives The objectives of the assessment were: to support the Ministry of Health in identifying the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the current preparedness of the health system for crises; to support the Ministry of Health in evaluating the preparedness of the health sector for a large-scale international mass gathering; and to further refine the standardized health systems crisis preparedness assessment tool. Methodology A multidisciplinary team of five international experts carried out the assessment in Poland from 21 September to 2 October 2009 in cooperation with local counterparts from the WHO Country Office (Annex 1). One of the experts was nominated to write the report with contributions from the other experts on, in particular, the sections related to mass gathering and disease surveillance. The areas of expertise of the team members included generic disaster preparedness planning and response, mass gathering and public health, and communicable diseases surveillance and response. The team adopted an all-hazard, multisectoral approach to the assessment, using the standardized tool for assessing the preparedness of the health system for crisis. Structured and/or informal interviews were held with key stakeholders, including: representatives of the Ministry of Health; representatives of the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate and regional State Sanitary Epidemiological Services (SES); representatives of the Ministry of National Defence and the Ministry of the Interior and Administration; representatives of the National Institute of Public Health; representatives of the National Health Fund managers of selected health facilities; national public health focal points for UEFA EURO 2012 TM. 13
On-site assessments of selected facilities were conducted at: tertiary medical-care referral centres; national and regional SES; emergency medical services: pre-hospital hospital; airports; stadia (under construction). Two round-table meetings were held with all stakeholders at the beginning of the mission to develop a common understanding of its objectives and expected outputs, and at the end of the mission to present the results and gain consensus on the conclusions and recommendations. Deliverables To the Ministry of Health A report highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of and the gaps in the preparedness of the health system in Poland for crises with a focus on public health in relation to large-scale international mass gatherings (UEFA EURO 2012TM football championship). To the WHO Regional Office for Europe A revised tool for assessing the preparedness of health systems for crises. Standardized tool for the assessment of health systems crisis preparedness The assessment was carried out using the assessment tool that was piloted in Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Moldova and revised during the Expert consultation on health systems crisis preparedness, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 21 23 April 2009, on the basis of the experience gained in these countries. The tool is sectioned according to the four functions of the WHO health systems framework. Each function has main components, which are divided into the key elements required to develop a preparedness plan (Table 1). In the tool, each key element is presented in a separate table with a general description of the element and a list of the attributes considered essential for its success. 14
Table 1. Health systems crisis preparedness assessment tool Stewardship and governance Functions Resource generation Health financing Service delivery Main components Key elements Main components Key elements Main components Key elements Main components Key elements Policy and legislation National crisis management and legislation Health sector crisis management policy and legislation Human resources Human resources strategy and planning for health crisis Capacity-building for health crisis management Preparedness financing Budget for health crisis management Budget for vulnerability analysis and risk reduction of critical health facilities Mass casualty management Capacity and ability to respond to health consequences of mass casualty incidents Surge capacity for health system response Emergency medical services (pre-hospital and hospital) Medical evacuation (role of the health sector) Institutional framework Multisectoral high-level crisis management committee Multisectoral operational crisis management body Health sector multidisciplinary crisis management committee Health sector crisis management entity Pharmaceuticals, medical supplies, equipment, infrastructure Essential pharmaceuticals, medical supplies and equipment strategies Disaster-resilient health facilities Service-delivery support functions, logistics and infrastructure Contingency funding National contingency fund International contingency fund Management of health-care facilities Preparedness of health-care facilities Hospital crisis management Health sector risk reduction and crisis management programme Risk-reduction initiatives Crisis-preparedness planning Coordination and partnerships Health education, public information and communication Evidence-based guidance and monitoring and evaluation Health information management Continuous health risk assessment, surveillance and early warning Rapid health needs assessment Continuity of essential medical services Essential health programmes, including primary care Assurance of health services for displaced populations Review of documents and reports The following national documentation, among others, was reviewed for background information and with the aim of triangulating and supplementing information collected during interviews. National health programme 2007 2015 The sanitary state of Poland in 2007 The health situation of the population in Poland The final report of UEFA EURO 2012 TM The structure of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Interior and Administration 15
The disaster plan of Wrocław Hospital Short summary on international cooperation on health care and medical rescue National system for contamination detection and response Act on emergency management establishing the Government Security Centre, 26 April 2007 (Dz.U.2007.89.590) Act on the preparations for the UEFA EURO 2012 TM tournament in Poland, 7 September 2007 (Dz.U.2007.173.1219) Act on mass event safety, 20 March 2009 (Dz.U.2009.62.504) Ordinance of the Council of Ministers determining which government authorities shall establish emergency management centres and defining their methods of operation,15 December 2009 (Dz.U.2009.226.1810). Recording and analysis of results Accuracy of the facts Transcripts were prepared as soon as possible after the interviews and on-site assessments and shared with the other interviewers present to allow for additions and corrections and ensure a common understanding of the facts. The WHO Country Office in Poland was asked to clarify, where possible, any contradictory information and to provide additional information where necessary. Feedback The team met when possible at the end of each day to share information, discuss the findings of the day and plan future interviews. Triangulation and report writing A further analysis of the information was carried out following the mission, when all the transcripts had been received by the report writer. Using a triangulation system, the responses were compared for differences in the viewpoints of those interviewed on the key issues of the WHO health systems framework, as well as in the interviewers interpretation of the information received. It should be noted that qualitative research techniques, such as textual analysis of the transcripts or transactional analysis of the interviews themselves, were not used. 16
Country context Country profile Source: Map No. 3784 Rev. 4, United Nations Cartographic Section, January 2004. Poland is situated in Central Europe with an area of 312 685 km 2 bordering Belarus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), Slovakia, Ukraine and the Baltic Sea. The climate is predominantly temperate: winters are cold, cloudy and moderately severe with frequent precipitation; summers are mild with frequent showers and thundershowers (10). The cities have their own administrations headed by the President of the city authorities. Each of the sixteen provinces (voivodships) also has its own administration, which is part of the governmental administration directly subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior and Administration (10). The Polish economy is based on industry and agriculture. The country has natural resources, such as coal, sulphur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt and amber, and about 40% of the land is arable. Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and while the GDP per capita is still much below the European Union (EU) average, it is similar to that of the three Baltic States. Since 2004, EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy. Unemployment is falling rapidly, though, at roughly 9.7% in 2008, it is above the EU average. Thanks to a strong economic position at the start of the recent global crisis, Poland 17
is likely to be relatively less affected than other countries by a recession in Europe. Nevertheless, the external economic deterioration has had an impact on the country. Economic growth has slowed dramatically, forcing the Government to focus on structural improvements and maintenance of critical programmes in the social sectors (10). In 2006, 19.2% of the GDP was spent on social protection (11). The population has remained stable at about 39 million over the last 20 years due to much improved life expectancy over the past three decades. In 2007, life expectancy at birth in Poland was 75.4 years. Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) account for about 81% of all deaths in Poland, external causes (accidents, traumas, etc.) for about 7% and communicable diseases for less than 1%. In total, 46% of all deaths are caused by diseases of the circulatory system and 24% by neoplasms (10). In 2008, the proportions of the population in the 15 24, 25 49 and 50 64 years age groups were 15.9%, 36% and 19.6% respectively (11). The health system is managed and coordinated by the Ministry of Health at the national level and by the health-care departments at the provincial level. The system is based on the Bismarckian system 2, with a relatively robust health insurance scheme under the National Health Fund, which operates in each of the 16 provinces. The ongoing health-care reform aims to improve resource mobilization and allocation and enhance service delivery. The rationalization and corporatization of public hospitals and the introduction of competition among public and private insurers are also among the objectives of the reform (10). At the national level, the Ministry of Health is responsible for the implementation of state national health policies and for administering a few specialized state-owned health facilities. At the regional level, the health administrations are responsible for the implementation of state national health policies in the relevant jurisdictions and health facilities under state and provincial ownership. At the subprovincial level, primary care facilities and hospitals are owned by the councils of the various tiers of local government (provincial, municipal, city district, village, rural and private) (10). Past crises and potential threats In the past two decades, Poland has experienced more than thirty natural and man-made disasters, such as floods, extreme weather conditions and industrial and transport accidents, affecting nearly 250 000 people and killing 1500 with an estimated economic loss of at least US$ 4.5 million (3). Environmental vulnerabilities include air and water pollution, environmental degradation with deforestation, and wind and water erosion. According to their Information Bulletin, the State Fire Services responded to about 450 000 events countrywide in 2008; 35% of these were forest and crop fires. In the same year, there was a dramatic reduction in their need to respond to events caused by adverse weather conditions, compared to previous years. Analyses of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks in the country indicate the following threats for 2010 and 2011. 18 2 A system of national social security and health insurance introduced into the 19th century German empire under the then Chancellor Bismarck. This system is a legally mandatory system for the majority or the whole population to obtain health insurance with a designated (statutory) third-party payer through non-risk-related contributions, which are kept separate from taxes or other legally mandated payments.
1. Weather anomalies, predominantly torrential rain and thunder storms in June and July, causing local pluvial and fluvial floods and other disturbances (for example, destruction of electricity supplies networks, small local bridges and other road and rail traffic infrastructures. 2. Importation of contagious diseases. 3. Local forests fires (natural or intentional). Other far more serious threats, such as epidemic outbreaks of disease, terroristic attacks and natural and industrial disasters, are also taken into consideration by all relevant services and institutions in planning preparedness and response activities. The likelihood that these serious threats will emerge is the same as in other countries of central and western Europe. 19
Findings of the assessment The findings of the assessment are presented according to the four core functions of the WHO health systems framework essential to a comprehensive and effective crises planning process. The complexity and interdependency of the components have been taken into account. Overlapping and repetition have been accepted for reasons of clarification. Stewardship and governance In planning crisis preparedness, the stewardship and management pillar of the health systems framework seeks to ensure the incorporation in national policy of health systems crisis preparedness and effective coordination structures. It includes three building blocks: (1) policy and legislation; (2) institutional framework; and (3) health sector risk reduction and crisis management. Policy and legislation The Constitution of the Republic of Poland and statutes, acts, regulations and ordinances of the Council of Ministers define the authorities dealing with crisis management and describe and regulate the roles and responsibilities of those involved. There are laws defining a state of emergency, civil defence, rescue services, the classification of extraordinary situations, contingency planning, protection of the population, etc. A legal framework based on the Act of 26 April 2007 on emergency management establishing the Government Security Centre defines the roles, responsibilities and authority at the national level, which are replicated at the lower administrative levels. It refers in detail to transport and logistics, contingency, information flow, interactions within governmental structures, etc. Any crisis situation is managed according to the subsidiarity principle, that is, at the lowest administrative level, the next level up being involved only when additional resources are required or when several levels are involved. The Ministry of the Interior and Administration is overall responsible for crisis management. The Ministry of Health drafts and reviews legislation in this area pertaining to health, such as the Act on the Emergency Medical System of 8 September 2006, the Act on emergency management establishing the Government Security Centre of 26 April 2007 (mentioned above) and the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers of 15 December 2009 determining which government authorities shall establish emergency management centres and defining their methods of operation. The Ministry of Health operates on the basis of this legislation. Response to health-related emergencies is organized through the Ministry of Health and depending on the administrative level the health administrations at the local level. The legislation specifies, for example, sources of the funding and lines of communication and describes trauma centres for response units. However, whereas the Act on mass event safety (2009) relates more to the security aspects than to the health aspects of mass gatherings, it does not provide guidance on minimum service levels nor does it provide for more than basic emergency medical services (EMS) coverage. 20 Legislation governing the stockpiling of emergency reserves is strong and access to the national stock is possible within several hours of request. Provision has been made for procuring unlicensed
pharmaceuticals from abroad under a temporary authorization but only pharmaceuticals licensed in the country may be included in the national reserve. The State Fire Service developed a policy on chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) mass decontamination (the national contamination detection and alert system) and, at the time of the assessment, they were in the process of translating it into operational activities. Decontamination is shared between the fire services and the military, the latter being responsible mainly for the biological, radiological and nuclear part. The system is activated only if there is a threat of large-scale contamination, which would necessitate the use of all the resources available in the country. Institutional framework The emergency management system comprises an emergency management authority, a consultative and advisory body and an emergency management centre and it is represented at every administrative level (Table 2). Response to emergencies is carried out according to the subsidiarity principle, that is, at the lowest possible administrative level. Since the introduction of emergency management centres is a recent development, this concept has not yet been institutionalized at all levels. Table 2. Emergency management system in Poland Administrative level Emergency management authority Consultative and advisory body Emergency management centre National Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Government Team for Emergency Management Government Security Centre Provincial (Vojewodztwo) Governor Provincial emergency management team Provincial emergency management centre District (Powiat) District Head (District staroste) District emergency management team District emergency management centre Communal (Gmina) Head of commune Mayor President of a city Communal emergency management team Communal emergency management centres may be established but there is no obligation to do so. In a national emergency, the Council of Ministers activates the Government Team for Emergency Management, a multisectoral high-level crisis management committee, which is the consultative and advisory body for the Council of Ministers and responsible for the initiation and coordination of emergency-related activities. Permanent members of the team are the Prime Minister (Chair), the Minister of the Interior and Administration, the Minister of National Defence, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Head of the Government Security Centre. Other ministers are invited by the Chair to attend meetings depending on the type of emergency. The Government Team for Emergency Management meets quarterly or as needed during crisis situations. Only recently established, the Government Security Centre has been functional since August 2008. As the national body for multisectoral crisis management operations, it reports to the Prime Minister and coordinates with representatives of each ministry and heads of entities within the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, such as the Chief of the State Fire Service, the Chief of National Civil Defence, the Chief of Police, etc. The Government Security Centre is located in the Ministry of the 21
Interior and Administration as a separate department with specific terms of reference and about 50 staff. Its responsibilities range from gathering, analysing and distributing information on a 24/7 basis to coordinating and monitoring crisis situations. Other activities carried out by the Government Security Centre include: planning emergency management through assessments on risk, vulnerability and available resources; supporting the development and biannual update of the national emergency plan; organizing simulation exercises and training; monitoring threats and establishing expert groups if necessary (as was done recently in relation to pandemic H1N1 (2009)); cooperating with the Anti-terrorist Centre, which is responsible for surveillance (the Government Security Centre being responsible for operational planning); coordinating international processes, such as the repatriation of Polish citizens from abroad; ensuring the critical infrastructure. The Government Security Centre establishes working groups of technical experts from various fields to advise the Governmental Team for Emergency Management. For example, a working group on pandemic (H1N1) 2009 meets regularly to this end. Guidelines exist on writing press releases and, in addition, the Press Office provides training in this discipline to spokespersons in the districts. Procedures for collaboration between the Government Security Centre and the emergency management centres in other ministries and at the lower administrative levels are still being established as some of these entities are not yet functional. There is close collaboration between the Government Security Centre and the National Centre for Coordination and Civil Protection. Through a government order issued in 2009, provision is made for support to civilian services during emergencies, if requested. This has developed into response plans for different scenarios. While other services report to the local administrations, the Armed Forces response team remains under the authority of the military commander. Health units respond in cooperation with the military police, engineers, transport and logistics units, etc., facilitated by a crisis management committee in the Ministry of National Defence. The Armed Forces have two mobile hospitals for evacuation purposes, specialized equipment for mass decontamination, facilities for first aid and transport to hospitals, all of which they can mobilize within six hours. One of the mobile hospitals is in Afghanistan. During an emergency, and by order of the Chief of Military Health Care, the eight wellequipped hospitals of the Ministry of National Defence can provide a substantial number of beds. All hospitals are now routinely open to the public. The Ministry of National Defence also has blood transfusion stations and laboratories connected to the main hospitals. 22 Crisis management committees comprising representatives of stakeholders at the national, provincial and municipal levels are being developed and/or reinforced. In particular, the newly established committee of the city of Wrocław is integrating the various emergency response actors by basing emergency management services (EMS) teams, police, municipal guards and fire-fighters in the same premises. At this level, there is a master plan for crisis management that includes drills in different scenarios, threat assessments, procedural guidelines and information on resources. Since there is no emergency management centre in the City of Warsaw, the Government Security Centre coordinates the efforts of the different agencies at this level.