Working with Veterans and Military Families 2017 New England School of Best Practices in Addiction Treatment Plenary August 30, 2017 Waterville Valley Resort, Waterville Valley, NH 1
Objectives: 1. Describe the demographics of today s military 2. Understand military culture 3. Modern military families 4. Describe impact of deployments for veterans, military families especially the children 2
DEMOGRAPHICS OF TODAY S MILITARY 3
How Many Veterans? There are an estimated 23.4 million veterans in the United States 2.2 million military service members 3.1 million immediate family members 4
Military Statistics 2.2 million service members in Active Duty (AD), Guard and Reserve 32% smaller than 1990 Operation Desert Storm 1.9 million children have at least one parent in the military 1.6 million service members have served at least 1 tour in Iraq or Afghanistan 34% served more than 1 tour (some up to 8 tours) Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn/Operation Enduring Freedom 5
Military Statistics as of Jan 31, 2011 (since 9/11) Iraq Deaths 4422 Wounded in action 32,012 Afghanistan Deaths 1437 Wounded in action 9971 Total deaths 5859 Total wounded 41,983 Iraq Campaign ribbon Afghanistan Campaign ribbon 6
Today s Military Demographics Specifics vary by service All volunteer force for 37 years 2.2 M total serving in uniform today vs. 15 M in WWII Racial integration since 1948 15% are women 7
Women in the Military 8
Today s Military Demographics In Comparison To the Draft Population Average age is older Educational backgrounds higher percent college graduates, high school/ged requirement, ASVAB scores Marital status higher than civilian Heritage: military brat 9
Military Operational Organization Status: Active Duty: 5 branches National Guard: every state has its own Reserve: each of the 5 branches has its own 10
Active Duty Military Most live on or near a military base Immersed in military culture Have ready and immediate access to military support systems such as health care, family support centers, and a community that is familiar with their unique culture. 11
Reserve and National Guard Our citizen soldiers Live and work in civilian communities across the country They do not have ready access to military-specific support mechanisms Often do not live near military installations 1 drill/month 2 weeks active duty/summer 12
Common Reasons Why Members Join Defined in terms of both Personal and Social Significance values Challenge Service Sacrifice Education/Training Opportunities Economic Issues Bonus Sense of Adventure Escape Life Situation 13
Commonalities of the Services Recruiting Testing Training Core Values Fitness Joint Service Same Language Rank is Great Equalizer 14
Mission Differences of the Services Individual Service Culture Uniforms ABUs, ACUs, service & mess Rank Insignia: Army/Air Force vs. Navy Language: Down range, (being deployed over seas) Post/Base Acronyms: AMC (Army Medical Corps), APC (Area Processing Center), TAG (Tactical Assault Group), CBT (combat or combating terrorism), BOG (boots on ground),tdy (temporary duty assignment), PCS (permanent change of station), AOR (area of responsibility, FOB (forward operating base) 15
Positives of Military Service Courage Leadership Under Fire Unit Cohesion/Sense of Purpose and Mission/Camaraderie Never Leave a Soldier Behind Confidence Dedication/Sense of Pride Maturity focus, sense of family appreciation 16
History of Recent Conflicts World War II (1941-1945) 14M w/400k deaths and 670K wounded Korean War (1950-1953) 1.7M w/36k deaths and 92K wounded Vietnam (1961-1975)*» 2.5M w/58k deaths and 303K wounded Lebanon (1982-84) 265 deaths *Military advisors 1950-1961 17
History of Recent Conflicts Grenada (1983) 19 deaths & 116 wounded Panama (1989) 23 deaths & 324 wounded First Gulf War (1990-91) 700K w/383 deaths & 487 wounded Somalia (1993) 43 deaths Bosnia (1993-95) 12 deaths & 6 wounded Kosovo (1998-99) 20 deaths & 2 wounded 18
Operation Enduring Freedom/OEF (2001- present) Operation Iraqi Freedom/OIF (2003- present) > 2 million have served The Current Conflicts 52% Active Duty; 48% Guard & Reserve 5,613 KIA & 38,665 WIA (as of 7/27/10) 19
Differences between Conflicts Stressors Length of Conflict Threat Technology Weapons Individual Protective Equipment Environmental Exposures Media Influence Role of VSOs Casualties 20
Commonality in Conflict Stressors High Risk Occupation Harsh, Lethal Environment (Personal Threat/Loss of Life) Number and Length of Deployments Personal History/Experience Prior to Deployment Perception of Expectations Fulfilled Separation from Family 21
UNDERSTANDING MILITARY CULTURE 22
Military Structure SERVICE ARMY AIR FORCE NAVY MARINE CORPS COAST GUARD ACTIVE DUTY 539,675 372,620 368,217 177,021 39,006 NATIONAL GUARD 360,351 108,488 N/A N/A N/A RESERVE 197,024 75,322 82,558 39,644 8,500 TOTALS 1,097,050 556,430 450,775 216,665 47,506 23
5 Important Questions To Ask When First Getting To Know The Veteran Client 1. Did you serve in the military? 2. What branch did you serve in? 3. What did you do in the military (MOS)? 4. What was your best day? 5. What was your worst day? These questions allow for the development of credibility, which can only be gained from a person who knows which questions to ask. 24
15 THINGS VETERANS WANT YOU TO KNOW 25
15 Things Veterans Want You To 1. We are not all soldiers. Know It is important to know that each branch of the armed forces members are titled with different names. For example, Navy sailors, Marine Corps marines, Air Force airmen, Army soldiers. 26
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 2. The reserves are part of the military. There are two different ways to serve the country in uniform active duty or reserve duty All branches of the military have their own reserves. Could be called to active duty anytime. When not in uniform they are regular civilians and members of the community. 27
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 3. Not everyone in the military is infantry. Infantry is military specialty. There are hundreds of military operational specialties (e.g., administration, medical) who come together to carry out military missions. Military members train for months and years to perform specialty jobs. 28
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 4. Leaders are at every level in the chain of command. All of the different titles mean different things depending on which branch of service but the most important thing for nonmilitary people to understand is that officers and enlisted members of the military are different. Officers generally enter the military after completing a college degree whereas enlisted members enter before (or in part) college. Important to understand that leadership, no matter your title, is taught and expected at every level. 29
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 5. We are always on duty. Veterans really want other nonmilitary people to understand this. Members of the armed forces undergo intense training and are always in the state of readiness. Military people and their families live and breather their work at all times. They have to always have a sense of readiness to drop everything to serve the country at any time. Including deployment. 30
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 6. We take pride in our appearance and conduct. Physical appearance is important to all service members. Men wear military haircut, clean shaven while the women wear short haircuts or pulled up and only stud earrings are allowed. Being in constant physical shape is imperative to accomplish assigned missions. Service members must act with dignity and can be charged for conduct 31 unbecoming.
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 7. We did not all kill someone - those who have, don t want to talk about it. PLEASE, DO NOT ASK US THAT QUESTION, EVER! 32
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 8. We do not all have PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). A majority of people who live through trauma do not experience PTSD. It can be cause by combat, sexual assault, childhood abuse, natural disaster. The risk of PTSD is increase with multiple deployments. It is important to note that most service members return from combat without PTSD. 33
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 9. Those of us who do have an invisible wound are not dangerous are not violent. Invisible wounds includes: brain injury, depression, substance abuse disorder. Bear in mind that these are injuries of war and should be treated as real injuries although cannot be seen. Our service men and women should be treated with the same respect as those who have physical injuries. 34
15 Things Veterans Want You To 10. It is really hard for us to ask for help. Know The military has a culture for intolerance of anything other than physical and emotional perfection. Therefore, it is difficult for veterans to ask for help as they view themselves as the ones being of help. 35
15 Things Veterans Want You To 11. Our military service changes us. Know The military changes veterans and we must validate it. Often times the change is permanent, but can lead to great growth. 36
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 12. We differ in how much we identify with the military after we leave active duty. Understand that leaving active duty is a big transition. It differs for everyone. Some people become defined by their military culture and others who considerate it part of their past but completely separate themselves from the life and lifestyle. Key point ASK how the person defines him/herself. 37
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 13. Our families serve with us. Military families are a part of the sacrifice. Constantly dealing with changes such as frequent moves, separation from spouses, and changes in schools for the children. Families often take on the responsibilities of the deployed family member. 38
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 14. We would die for each other, and for our country. Veterans exhibit a willingness to die for their country and for their fellow service members. It is more than a job, it is a lifestyle. 39
15 Things Veterans Want You To Know 15. We all make this great sacrifice for one important reason. Veterans believe in honor, commitment and duty. They believe in serving something greater than themselves and understand that the sacrifice made was worth it. 40
MODERN MILITARY FAMILIES 41
Military Family 58% of military service members have family responsibilities 40% have 2 children By age 5-40% of kids affected by deployment 30-50% relocate to hometowns to seek support from extended family Those with school age kids tend to stay put 42
Military Family 95,000 Dual military families 74,000 single parents 102,000 families with CSHCN (child with special health care needs) Guard/Reserve not usually co-located with a base 43
The Military Family Frequent Moves Negative Disruption of family, social network Students change schools TDY, PCS or deployment Positive Broader perspective toward people and cultures Child can recreate him/herself More moves resulted in higher participation in social activities 44
The Military Family Frequent Moves Repeat combat deployments Media Coverage of wartime events challenging Resilience of the military child and family More frequent relocation experience equals better child adjustment 45
IMPACT OF DEPLOYMENTS 46
Military Terminology Deployment Three phases of deployment 1.Pre-deployment Preparing to go (may take 3-6 months) Training, preparation of the individual and the unit, packing, etc 2. Deployment (1 to 15 months) Actual movement to the duty location 3. Post-deployment Coming back from deployment Reintegrating with family and unit, resting, recuperating, 47
Military Terminology Deployment The short-term assignment of a military member to a combat or noncombat zone 1 to 15 months Can be routine, planned, or unexpected Deployment cycle Recurrent deployment and redeployment* pattern that occurs over the career of a military service member *redeployment-return from deployment 48
Military Terminology Deployment Also the name given to the movement of an individual or military unit Either within the United States or to an overseas location to accomplish a task or mission. May be routine (providing additional training) May be dangerous (such as going to war) 49
Deployment Effects Research also shows the negative impacts that deployment and trauma-related stress can have on military families, particularly wives and children 50
Deployment Effects Cumulative lengths of deployments are associated with more emotional difficulties among military children and more mental health diagnoses among U.S. Army wives. 51
Deployment Effects Children of deployed military personnel have more school-, family-, and peer-related emotional difficulties, compared with national samples. 52
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Stressors in the Deployment Cycle 54
IMPLICATIONS OF DEPLOYMENTS FOR MILITARY FAMILIES AND CHILDREN 55
The Military Family Vulnerable yet exceptional 56
Demographics of Military Community Since September 11, 2001 Approximately 1.5 million American troops deployed to combat zones 1 of 3 served at least 2 tours in combat 70,000 deployed 3 times 20,000 deployed at least 5 times 57
Families 700,000 children in America have at least 1 parent deployed Deployed primary caretaker is most stressful event for children Strain on parent left behind 58
Twenty-First Century Military Changed since last prolonged war Today Approximately 3 million serving in uniform Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard, Reserves, and National Guard Over 25% are members of ethnic minority 250,000 preparing to deploy or are deployed 3 out of 5 of deployed have family responsibilities Women are 15% of military Women assigned to 90% of job categories 59
General Military Family Information Resilience plays major factor in deployment Most families rise to the occasion Family readiness is considered key factor in resilience Family preparedness is a protective factor when deployments are announced 60
Spouse Active Duty Coping Styles Make meaning of the situation Receive community and social support Accept military life style Are optimistic and self reliant Adopt to flexible gender roles 61
Factors That Risk Difficult Transition History of rigid coping styles Family dysfunction Young families (especially first military separation) Families recently moved to new duty station Foreign born spouse Families with young children Families without unit affiliation Pregnancy Dual career/single parents 62
4 Stages of Deployment 1. Pre-deployment (varies) 2. Deployment and Sustainment (varies) 3. Re-deployment/Reunion (last month) 4. Post-deployment (3-6 months after deployment) 63
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Pre-Deployment Stressors Preparedness Practical preparation Power of attorney/will/financial plan Location of important papers Emergency contact procedures Child care arrangements Emotional preparation Prepared to cope with unexpected problems Trust service member will be protected Support mission 65
Pre-Deployment Stressors 1. Lack of Preparation Time 2. Unit Preparation vs. Family Preparation 3. Shifting expectations 4. Length of upcoming deployment 5. Open-ended deployments 6. Deployment date 7. Clarifying changes in family dynamics 8. Anticipation of threats to service member 9. Perception of mission purpose 10. Lack of information 11. Rumors 66
Pre-deployment Service Member Normal duties plus Necessary military training (12 to 16 hr days) Complete wills and power of attorney Updating all immunizations Completing numerous screenings/evaluations Family needs Prepare family for separation and increased independence Noted service member becomes mission focus and emotional withdrawal Wants to educate spouse on financial matters and spend more time with children 67
Pre-deployment Spouse and Children Pending deployment initiates significant stress Separation and loss anticipated Possible periods of anger and protest followed by emotional detachment National Guard and Reserve families face unique stressors Short periods of preparation Need information on pay and resources Military pay may not match civilian pay Service members job may not be there on return 68
Pre-Deployment Stressors on Adolescents I don t care Fear of rejection Denial of feelings Anger Higher value on friends 69
Pre-deployment Fear that caregivers won t be able to adequately care for them Ineffective coping Crying, temper tantrums 70
Mixed emotions Deployment Angry, sad, numb, alone Sleep difficulties, anxiety, ineffective coping Poor diet Lack of exercise Changes in academic performance 71
Deployment Service Member Difficult events may produce intense feelings Fear Horror Helplessness (required for diagnosis of PTSD) Traumatic events magnified by Harsh living conditions 130 degree temperatures Unrelenting noise Lack of privacy Constant threat of attack Multiple deployments increases likelihood of mental health problems 72
Deployment Stressors on Spouses PRE-DEPLOYMENT Confusion Denial Resentment Arguing Worrying Planning DURING DEPLOYMENT Busier than usual Crying Loss of sleep, appetite Engrossed in war news Self-growth Independence Decision maker Less angry, but lonelier 73
Deployment Spouse and Children Periods of emotional destabilization and disorganization Reports of Sadness Depression Anxiety Loneliness Anger Feeling Overwhelmed Numbness Relief Physical reactions Sleep disturbances Health complaints Added family responsibilities 74
Impact Deployments on Children Interaction with peers Somatic complaints Added roles and responsibility Uncertainty, loss, boundary ambiguity Relationship conflict 75
Deployment Stressors on Children PRE-DEPLOYMENT Confusion Regression Anger Outbursts Sadness Surprise Guilt Behavioral problems DURING DEPLOYMENT At higher risk for problems than the national norm. Parenting stress during deployment is more than the national norm. Boys and younger children may experience more symptoms than girls. Internalizing symptoms may be more common than externalizing symptoms 76
Children s Reaction to Deployment 77
As Deployment Progresses Family Period of recovery and stabilization Reconfiguration of the family (reassigning authority and duties) Develop new routines Increase sense of independence and self confidence Develop new support systems New friends Family Readiness Groups (FRG) 78
Impact Deployments on Teens Interaction with peers Somatic complaints Added roles and responsibility Uncertainty, loss, boundary ambiguity Relationship conflict 79
Impact of Deployment Partners Mixed emotions Angry, sad, numb, alone Sleep difficulties, anxiety, ineffective coping Poor diet Lack of exercise Changes in academic performance 80
Critical Importance Communication During Technological advances Phone Cell phone Video calls Fax Emails Deployment Positive and negative Keep service member psychologically present Family matters/crisis at home may distract from focus on mission Family members need open communication with Command, FRGs, and other families/spouses 81
Redeployment (Reintegration) Intense anticipation Excitement, bursts of energy, difficulty making decisions Fear of homecoming due to changes in routine or expectations Fear loss of independence 82
Post-deployment Reunion can be difficult for both parent and child Hard to respond to discipline from returning parent Fear of changes to routine Re-establishing old models of discipline and caretaking 83
Reunion Deployment ends Homecoming Excitement and apprehension increases Role redefined New family systems developed All family members have inevitably changed 84
Post Deployment Service Members Documented psychological problems within weeks of returning home Symptoms increased between homecoming and 3 to 4 months Reported Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in 22% wounded Cyclical depression Coordination problems Affective instability Hearing loss Memory problems Decreased ability to concentrate May have problems disengaging from combat life style 85
Post Deployment Spouse and Children Homecoming exciting and joyful event Not uncommon for both spouses to have unrealistic expectations Family roles and routines must be renegotiated Reintegration into a family that changed May resent loss of independence Family members less supportive when hurt 86
Deployment Stages and Children s Responses Infants Preschoolers School-Aged Adolescents Infants Preschoolers School-Aged Adolescents Infants Preschoolers School-Aged Adolescents Pre-Deployment Fussy, changes in eating habits Confused, saddened Saddened, angry or anxious Withdrawn, deny feelings about pending separation Deployment Limited research Sadness, tantrums, changes in eating/elimination habits, symptoms of separation anxiety may appear Increased somatic complaints, mood changes, decline in school performance Angry, aloof, apathetic, acting out behaviors may increase, loss of interest in normal activities, decline in school performance Post-Deployment May not recognize returning service member and be fearful Happy and excited, but also experience anger at separation Happy and angry, often leading to acting out behaviors Defiant, disappointed if their contributions at home are not acknowledged 87
Supporting the Child Whose Military Parent is Deploying: Tips for Parents 1. Talk as a family before deployment. 2. Bestow, rather than dump, responsibilities on remaining family members. 3. Make plans for the family to continue to progress together, and include the deployed parent in ongoing projects. 4. Continue family traditions and develop new ones. 5. Help children understand the finite nature of a deployment by devising developmental timelines. 88
Tips for Parents Continued 6. To children, no news is worse than bad news. 7. Listen to a child s worries about the deployed parent and answer questions as truthfully as possible. 8. Maintain firm routine and discipline in the home. 9. Initiate and maintain a close relationship with the school and the child s teacher. 10. AS THE REMAINING PARENT, MAKE SURE YOU TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF. 89
Major Stressors for Military Families Frequent moves and separations Individual augmentees Risk of injury and death Expectations Long and unpredictable Foreign residence 90
Risk Factors for Military Families Younger spouses Younger children Socially isolated and dependent families Families undergoing major transitions Families with multiple needs and problems before deployment Children with school history of special education How well children show coping skills prior to deployment 91
Risk Factors for Military Families Family history of mental health issues Families of junior enlisted Single parents Foreign-born spouses Pregnant spouses Prior deployments Dual military Newly married 92
Children of Guard/Reserve Families May be the only children in their schools or communities who have a military parent May not have had prolonged separations before Do not have the same support resources as their active duty counterparts May not have established a sense of being a military family member 93
Children of the Guard/Reserve When Reservists or Guard members are called to active duty they and their families may need to deal with changes to income, child care, and medical insurance. Children and families must become suddenly military when a parent is activated* *activated- called up to serve on active duty 94
Deployment Stressors for Service Members Operational-heat, dehydration, lack of comforts, desert, noises, fumes Cognitive-boredom, monotony, unclear role or mission, experiences that defy beliefs, info overload Emotional-fear of failure, guilt, horror, fear, anxiety, feeling devalued Social-separation from loved ones, lack of privacy, public opinion and media Spiritual-change in faith, inability to forgive, loss of trust 95
Financial Stressors of Deployment Most do not experience serious financial difficulties Potential loss of income offset by supplements Substantial minority does face financial hardships 18% of spouses report serious financial difficulties 29% of spouses report trouble paying bills 1/2 reporting difficulties are from junior enlisted grades Increased expenses Supplies for deployed service member Shipping costs Communication Additional childcare costs 96
Typical Course of Reintegration Family resilience is the rule, not the exception. Usually, families return to the normal routine. Common to incorporate changes without major disruption in family functioning. HOWEVER 97
Reunions Can Be Stressful Changed roles/responsibilities New independence of spouse Lack of time Tug on loyalties Extended family Health/Mental health problems Unresolved marital issues haven t vanished 98
Most Frequently Identified Stressors Following Soldiers Return Readjustment to marital and family relationships Lack of time for family reintegration Couple jealousy and suspicions Ongoing military stressors Uncertainty about future retention 99
Post Deployment Stressors of Service Members Physical: traffic, crowds, unarmed, access to alcohol Cognitive: loyalty issues to family vs unit, secrecy vs disclosure, boredom, regrets, thoughts of losses Emotional: grief, anger, feeling unsafe, guilt, withdrawal from war rush, numbness Social: separated from buddies, overwhelmed or misunderstood by family, feelings of alienation Spiritual: asking why buddies died, lack of purpose, changed faith, conflicting values 100
Service Mindset When Deployed Stay focused on mission /nothing else matters Truly life or death / always on the edge Constant adrenaline rush Black or white / all or nothing Sense of purpose, invincibility Only trust battle buddies /others are threat Need to control environment Real problems and needs exist in theater 101
Mindset of Returned Service Members at Home Life is now unfocused and complex No longer on the verge of life or death What can replace the high of war? Things aren t clear cut No sense of purpose, nothing matters Can t trust anybody Can t be in control of surroundings Problems at home pale in comparison to those in theater 102
Reserve Components Stress after Deployment Return to civilian life Job may no longer be available May experience a reduction in income Transition of health care or loss of health coverage Loss of unit/military support system for the family Lack of follow up/observation by unit commanders to assess needs 103
Changes In Family Faced By Returning Service Members Family has New routines New responsibilities More independence and confidence Made many sacrifices Worried, felt lonely Gone through milestones that were missed 104
Impact of Returning Home Veteran s Return Can Interrupt routine Disrupt space Throw off decision making Cause family to walk on tip toes Not make everything perfect Not replace the sacrifices and missed milestones 105
Post Deployment Stressors for Spouses 106
Post Deployment Stressors for Children Afraid of returning parent /Avoiding Wants attention Clingy Anger Needs reassurance Attempts to split parents Desires recognition Joy Excitement 107
Child Psychosocial Functioning 1/3 of military children are at high risk for psychosocial morbidity Caregiving parent stress Significant predictor of child psychosocial functioning Affects perceptions of child psychosocial functioning 108
Post-Deployment Stressors of Adolescents Spending more time with friends School problems Behavioral problems Relief Defiance Resentment Avoidance Withdrawal 109
Tips For Both Spouses During Reintegration Recognize that readjustment stress is common Listen to each other s stories and be curious Recognize that experiences have changed both partners Discover new family strengths Negotiate a new balance, roles, and routine Make sure each spouse has space 110
Tips For Both Spouses During Reintegration Don t play one-up games about deployment Build common interests again Go slow Don t drill the other if there are concerns regarding an affair Don t plan sudden romantic getaways Both spouses may feel unneeded, unwanted - discuss changes and gradually develop solutions 111
Tips For Both Spouses During Reintegration Expect children to test limits Be flexible and patient Communicate respect Plan for future together Compliment each other more Be willing to apologize Take time outs when things feel out of control 112
Tips For Both Parents During Reintegration Spend one-on-one time with each child Be giving of time and energy Allow child to also have space Listen and accept child s feelings Be realistic and flexible Avoid excess gift giving Don t get upset if child has reactions to you Don t give into demands of guilt 113
Tips for Both Parents during Reintegration Express specific concerns and offer to help but don t push Become an expert in available resources Have honest discussion about financial situation Use connections made during deployment to develop strategies to help transition Give your child a chance to talk about war experiences Have a battle buddy talk to your child 114
Support Most families & children do well Most families feel supported overall (82%) Military groups and organizations (64%) Church (48.5%) Nonmilitary groups and organizations (25% - including schools) Non-local family (22%) 115
Additional Resources: VA https://www.ptsd.va.gov/ https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professiona l/index.asp https://www.ptsd.va.gov/apps/about Face/ 116
Video: Military Children http://www.bratsourjourney home.com/ 117
Video: Female Combat Veterans http://lionessthefilm.com/about_t he_film/ 118
Video: Military Sexual Trauma http://chaincamera.com/theinvisi blewar/ 119
Video: The War in Iraq http://www.hbo.com/generationkill 120
Video: National Guard Deployment http://citizensoldierfilm.com/ 121
Video: Michigan National Guard http://www.pbs.org/pov/whereso ldierscomefrom/ 122
Video Iraq Documentary http://www.hbo.com/documentar ies/only-the-dead-see-the-endof-war 123
Video: Minority Veterans http://www.veteransofcolor.org/v eterans_of_color/home.html 124
QUESTIONS? 125