Russian and Soviet Health Care from an International Perspective

Russian and Soviet Health Care from an International Perspective

Susan Grant Editor Russian and Soviet Health Care from an International Perspective Comparing Professions, Practice and Gender, 1880 1960

Editor Susan Grant Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool, United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-44170-2 ISBN 978-3-319-44171-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44171-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016963675 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This book was advertised with a copyright holder in the name of the publisher in error, whereas the author holds the copyright. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: ImageZoo / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Note on Russian Archives The footnotes use standard abbreviations for Russian archive references where f. = fond or holding and op. = opis, or inventory. The opisi are the primary subdivisions of a fond. Sometimes the opisi represent subdivisions or departments within an organization; some fondy simply divide the opisi chronologically. These are followed by d. = delo, or file (the actual folders containing the documents) and l. = list, or sheet. v

Acknowledgements The idea behind Soviet health care in comparative perspective emerged from a conversation with Susan Gross Solomon in Toronto in 2011. Three years later scholars from North America, the United Kingdom, and Ireland met in Dublin in May 2014 for a workshop generously funded by the Wellcome Trust, University College Dublin, and the Irish Research Council/Marie Curie. Over the course of two days in Dublin much fruitful discussion took place, focusing in particular on professionalization, gender, and care, as well as comparatives between Russia and other countries, particularly Ireland. The work of those who contributed papers to the workshop but who are not represented in the volume Christopher Burton, Dan Healey, Sioban Nelson, and Anne Marie Rafferty has shaped how I have approached this volume. Panel discussants Frances L. Bernstein and Melanie Ilic, as well as discussants Dan Healey, Sioban Nelson, Anne Marie Rafferty, and Susan Gross Solomon, raised some pertinent issues about how scholars approach the study of Soviet and international health care history. The workshop proved to be a rewarding experience, and the involvement of Gerald Fealy, Lindsey Earner-Byrne, Catherine Cox, and Judith Devlin, as well as members of the Centre for the History of Medicine in Ireland (CHOMI), contributed to the stimulating interdisciplinary discussion. The volume is an extension of this meeting and is intended to be part of a broader dialogue about the place of Russia and the Soviet Union in international health care. Thanks are also due to those who have advised me along the way, and to those who read and commented on various iterations of the introduction. vii

viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These include Tom Beaumont, Seth Bernstein, Judith Devlin, Don Filtzer, Shane Fraher, William A. Glaser, James Ryan, Susan Gross Solomon, and Ben Zajicek. Any mistakes or omissions are my own. I also wish to thank the contributors for their hard work and commitment to meeting deadlines, and Steve Lawler for technical support. My time at University of Toronto, under the mentorship of Susan Gross Solomon, was especially rewarding and particular thanks are due to Susan for her encouragement and enthusiasm. Colleagues at my new academic home, Liverpool John Moores University, have been supportive and I am grateful for university funding towards work on this volume.

Contents 1 Introduction 1 Susan Grant Part I Professions and Practice 29 2 Difficult Sciences: The Emergence and Development of Medical Specialization in Russia, 1880s 1920s 31 Jacqueline (Kim) Friedlander 3 Creating Cadres of Soviet Nurses, 1936 1941 57 Susan Grant 4 Factory Medicine in the Soviet Defense Industry During World War II 77 Donald Filtzer 5 A Soviet System of Professions: Psychiatry, Professional Jurisdiction, and the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences, 1932 1951 97 Benjamin Zajicek ix

x Contents Part II Gendered Health Care 119 6 Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis for the History of Nursing 121 Hafeeza Anchrum, Taryn Pochon, and Julie Fairman 7 She Has Broken Down the Barrier of Bigotry and Exclusiveness and Forced Her Way into the Profession : Irish Women in Medicine, c.1880s 1920s 143 Laura Kelly 8 Gender and Russian Health Care, 1880 1905: Professionalism and Practice 165 Michelle DenBeste Part III Health Care Professionals Crossing Borders 191 9 Thinking Internationally, Acting Locally: Soviet Public Health as Cultural Diplomacy in the 1920s 193 Susan Gross Solomon 10 Public Health Nursing Education in the Interwar Period 217 Jaime Lapeyre 11 Refugee Nurses in Great Britain, 1933 1945: From Place of Safety to a New Homeland 243 Paul Weindling Select Bibliography 255 Index 263

Note on Contributors Hafeeza Anchrum is a doctoral student at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. Her dissertation research focuses on the social and political history of Black women who trained and worked as nurses in Philadelphia during the modern Civil Rights Movement. She is currently a Ruth L. Kirschstein NSRA Pre- Doctoral Fellow in the Center for Global Women s Health, a Lillian Sholtis Brunner Fellow in the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, and a William Fontaine Society Fellow. Michelle DenBeste is serving as Interim Dean of the College of Social Sciences at California State University, Fresno. Dr. DenBeste comes to her current position after a career as a Russian historian and long-time department chair. Her published research explores the careers of Russian women physicians in the nineteenth century. Her current research project, a cooperative study with undergraduate and graduate students, examines the lives of Russian Molokans in the California Central Valley. Dr. DenBeste has travelled and lived in Russia for research and for fun, has taught semesters abroad in London and in Prague, and has led study abroad trips to Russia and to Central Europe. Julie A. Fairman is the Nightingale Professor of Nursing and Chair of the Biobehavioral Sciences Department at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. She is the Director Emerita of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing. Donald Filtzer is Professor of Russian History at the University of East London, United Kingdom. He has authored a number of studies of Soviet workers during the Stalin, Khrushchev, and Gorbachev periods. His most recent books are The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943 1953 (2010), and the collection co-edited with Wendy Z. Goldman, xi

xii NOTE ON CONTRIBUTORS Hunger and War: Food Provisioning in the Soviet Union During World War II (2015). He is currently writing (with Wendy Goldman) a history of the Soviet home front during World War II. Kim Friedlander is an independent scholar working as a translator and editor. Her dissertation, Psychiatrists and Crisis in Russia, 1880 1917 (UC Berkeley 2007), looks at Russian psychiatrists ideas about psychological trauma in the context of the emergence of psychiatry as a medical specialty. She is currently working on a history of psychotherapy in Russia, 1880 1928. Susan Grant is Senior Lecturer in Modern European History at Liverpool John Moores University. Her monograph, Physical Culture and Sport in Soviet Society: Propaganda, Acculturation and Transformation, was published with Routledge in 2012. She is currently preparing a book on the history of Russian/Soviet nursing. Laura Kelly is a lecturer in the history of health and medicine at the University of Strathclyde. Her first monograph, Irish Women in Medicine, c.1880s 1920s: Origins, Education and Careers was published in 2012 (paperback, 2015). She has also published on the history of medical education and student culture in Ireland, the theme of her forthcoming monograph. Her next project, funded by a Wellcome Trust research fellowship, will explore the history of contraception in Ireland, c.1922 1992. Jaime Lapeyre is currently a lecturer (part-time) at the Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada. She completed her PhD at the University of Toronto on the history of public health nursing education and internationalism in nursing. Dr. Lapeyre also practices in the area of injury prevention in both young adult and older adult populations. Taryn Pochon is an undergraduate nursing student at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing and will be graduating with the Class of 2017. She is interested in pediatrics and is also pursuing a minor in Health Care Management from the Wharton school, and she hopes to one day use her interest in nursing history to help write health policy. Susan Gross Solomon is Professor Emerita, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Her research focuses on transnational connections (Russia France; Russia Germany; Russia USA) in public health between the wars. Publications include: Doing Medicine Together: Germany and Russia between the Wars (ed. 2006); On Shifting Boundaries of Public Health: Europe in the Twentieth Century (co-edited with L. Murad and P. Zylberman, 2008; 2013); The Politics of Inclusion: John Kingsbury and the Soviet Health Care System, in Anne- Emanuelle Birn and Theodore Brown, eds., US Health Internationalists, Abroad

NOTE ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii and at Home (2013). She did the research for and co-produced with Thomas Lahusen a documentary film In Search of Roubakine (2012). She is currently working on a history of the concept of war trauma in French child psychiatry, 1945 1965. Paul Weindling is Research Professor in the History of Medicine, Oxford Brookes University. His research interests cover medical refugees 1930 1945, the history of eugenics, international health organizations, and the victims of Nazi coerced experimentation. He is a Trustee of CARA, the Council for At-Risk Academics. He was recently awarded the Anneliese Mayer Prize which he holds at the German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina in Halle, Germany, and elected an Honorary Member of the German Association of Psychiatry (DGPPN) for investigating its role under Nazism. His books include: Health, Race and German Politics (1989), Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe (2000), and Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments (2004). Benjamin Zajicek is an assistant professor of history at Towson University, Maryland. He specializes on the history of Soviet Union, with particular focus on the sociology of medical knowledge and the history of psychiatry.

List of Figures Fig. 10.1 Early twentieth century American nursing network, 1899 1912 218 Fig. 10.2 Network of American nurse leaders, 1912 1920 220 Fig. 10.3 Public health nurse versus non-nurse public health visitor 228 xv

List of Tables Table 11.1 Refugee Nurses in the UK 1933 1945 246 xvii