US. ARMED FORCES IN VIETNAM

US. ARMED FORCES IN VIETNAM 1954-1975 Part Two: Vietnam: Lessons Learned

U.S. Armed Forces in Vietnam Part Two. Vietnam: Lessons Learned Edited by Paul Kesaris Guide Compiled by Ruth McClure and Dale Reynolds A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA, INC. 44 North Market Street Frederick, MD 21701 Copyright by University Publications of America, Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-89093-445-2.

Table of Contents Reel I Frame Base Development in South Vietnam, 1965-1970 0001 Communications-Electronics, 1962-1970 0173 Airmobility, 1961-1971 0366 Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, 1965-1970 0683 Riverine Operations, 1966-1969 0892 Reel II U.S. Army Special Forces, 1961-1971 0001 Cedar Falls-Junction City: A Turning Point 0232 Command and Control, 1950-1969. 0413 U.S. Army Engineers, 1965-1970 0526 Financial Management of the Vietnam Conflict, 1962-1972 0777 Reel III Logistic Support 0001 The Role of Military Intelligence, 1965-1967 0286 Sharpening the Combat Edge: The Use of Analysis to Reinforce Military Judgment 0475 Tactical and Material Innovations 0734 Reel IV Allied Participation in Vietnam 0001 The Development and Training of the South Vietnamese Army, 1950-1972 0196 Field Artillery. 1954-1973 0368 Law at War: Vietnam, 1964-1973 0631 The War in the Northern Provinces. 1966-1968 0805 ReelV Mounted Combat in Vietnam 0001 Division-Level Communications, 1962-1973 0260 Omnibus Executive Study 0377 Volume I the Enemy 0561

Reel VI Volume II South Vietnam 0001 Volume III U.S. Foreign Policy and Vietnam, 1945-1975 0384 Volume IV U.S. Domestic Factors Influencing Vietnam War Policy-Making 0721 Reel VII Volume V Planning the War 0001 Volume VI Conduct of the War (Book I) 0426 Reel VIII Volume VI Conduct of the War (Book II) 0001 Volume VII the Soldier 0554 Volume VI11 Results of the War 0931

REEL INDEX Reel I 1972 0001 Base Development in South Vietnam, 1965-1970. Lieutenant General Carroll H. Dunn. Department of the Army. 1972.172pp. 0010 The Setting 0020 Organizing the Assistance Effort 0036 Real Estate and Land Acquisition 0044 Planning and Construction Concepts 0058 The Bases 0079 Facilities Construction and Engineering 0107 The Road Programs 0121 Construction Logistics 0140 Lessons and a Legacy 0165 Index 0173 Communications-Electronics, 1962-1970. Major General Thomas Matthew Rienzi. Department of the Army. 1972.193pp. 0184 Background and Beginnings of Communications, 1962-1964 0198 Military Intensifies Communications Activities, 1964-1965 0228 Creation of the First Signal Brigade: Organization and Operation 0236 The Evolving Concept for Communications 0241 Communications in Combat 0251 Control and Direction: Problems and Solutions 0257 Integrated Wideband Communications Systems 0268 Elaborations in the Big Networks 0284 U.S. Army Signal Troops and Tet: 1968 0298 Special Communications Operations and Innovations 0310 Sophistication of U.S. Army Communications in Vietnam 0323 Vietnamization and Related Activities 0334 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 0356 Index 1973 0366 Airmobility, 1961-1971. Lieutenant GeneralJohn J. Tolson. Department of the Army. 1973.317pp. 0381 The Growth of the Airmobile Concept 0403 The Early Years in Vietnam. 1961-1965 0429 The Early Years in the United States, 1963-1965 0441 The First Airmobile Division and the Buildup, 1965

0464 Airmobility Comes of Age, 1966 0480 Airmobile Developments. 1966 0504 The Peak Year. 1967 0530 Tet.1968 0543 Major Operations. 1968 0571 Airmobile Developments, 1968 0592 The Changing War and Cambodia, 1969-1970 0612 Organizational Changes and Laos, 1970-1971 0631 Conclusions 0669 Index 0683 Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam. 1965-1970. Major General Spurgeon Neel. Department of the Army. 1973. 309pp. 0698 The Medical Command Structure 0727 Health of the Command 0744 Care of the Wounded 0754 Hospitalization and Evacuation 0775 Medical Supply 0782 Division and Brigade Medical Support 0794 Aviation Medicine 0803 Preventive Medicine 0809 The Military Blood Program 0822 Medical Research 0831 Laboratory Support 0837 Corps Services 0857 Medical Assistance to Vietnamese Civilians 0864 Summary and Conclusions 0882 Index 0892 Riverine Operations, 1966-1969. Major General William B. Fulton. Department of the Army. 1973.217pp. 0902 Background 0925 The Concept of a Riverine Force 0941 Riverine Preparations in the United States and Vietnam 0967 Initial Delta Operations 0988 Plans and Operational Procedures for the Mobile Riverine Force 1002 Third Corps Operations and the Threat to Dong Tarn 1027 Cam Son to the Rach Ruong Canal 1047 Tet Offensive of 1968 and U.S. Reaction 1066 Pacification and Kien Hoa Province 1084 Conclusions and Summary Reel II 1973 cont. 0001 U.S. Army Special Forces, 1961-1971. Colonel Francis J. Kelly. Department of the Army. 1973.231pp. 0011 Introduction 0027 Beginnings of the Civilian Irregular Defense Group Program 0053 The CIDG Program under the U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam: July 1963-May 1965. 0084 The CIDG Program Begins to Mature 0103 The Combined Special Forces-CIDG on the Offensive 0141 Unconventional Operations 0157 The Vietnamese Army Absorbs the CIDG Program 0166 The Balance Sheet 0225 Index

1974 0232 Cedar Falls-Junction City: A Turning Point. Lieutenant General Bernard William Rogers. Department of the Army. 1974.181pp. 0255 Background and Planning 0266 Positioning the Anvil Operations "Fitchburg" and "Niagara Falls" 0271 D-Day Ben Sue 0283 Phase 11 "The Hammer Swings" 0292 "The Hammer Strikes" 0315 The Results 0322 Planning and Preparation 0331 The Warm-Up Tosses: "Gadsden" and "Tucson" 0337 Phase I "The Horseshoe is Pitched" 0352 The Battles of Prek Klok 0362 Phase 11 East to West 0369 The Battles of Ap Bau Bang II, Suoi Tre, and Ap Gu 0389 Phase III Termination 0405 Index 0413 Command and Control, 1950-1969. Major General George S. Eckhardt. Department of the Army. 1974.113pp. 0424 The Formative Years: 1950-1962 0446 The Military Assistance Command, Vietnam: February 1962-July 1965 0468 The Buildup of U.S. Forces: July 1965-July 1966 0485 The Continuing Buildup: July 1966-July 1969 0508 Model for the Future 0517 Index 0526 U.S. Army Engineers, 1965-1970. Major General Robert R. Ploger. Department of the Army. 1974.251pp. 0539 U.S. Army Engineers in 1965 0560 Preparations for Engineer Operations in Vietnam 0572 Initial Engagement of Engineers 0584 Early Operations 0601 The Initial Engineer Command 0612 Engineer Deployment and Mobilization 0643 The Lines of Communication Program 0667 Engineer Tactical Operations 0696 Sustaining Support and Phase-Down 0716 Summary and Evaluation 0771 Index 0777 Financial Management of the Vietnam Conflict, 1962-1972. Major General Leonard B. Taylor. Department of the Army. 1974.115pp. 0786 Planning for Financial Management of Limited War 0794 Budgeting for War 0826 Accounting for the Conflict 0847 The Reimbursement Problem 0871 Organization for Financial Management 0881 Future Financial Management 0889 Index

Reel III 1974 cont. 0001 Logistic Support. Lieutenant General Joseph M. Heiser, Jr. Department of the Army. 1974.285pp. 0016 Introduction 0021. Logistics Environment 0050 Supply Support in Vietnam 0119 Ammunition and Aviation Logistics 0170 Service Support in Vietnam: Transportation and Maintenance 0201 Service Support: Construction, Real Estate, and Communications 0211 Service Support: Subsistence and Miscellaneous 0242 Logistic Support of U.S. Advisors and Special Forces, Vietnam Armed and Pacification Forces, and Free World Military Assistance Forces 0264 Worldwide Impact of Vietnam on Logistic Readiness 0268 Lessons Learned 0279 Index 0286 The Role of Military Intelligence, 1965-1967. Major General Joseph A. McChristian. Department of the Army. 1974.189pp. 0296 Introduction 0314 Combined Intelligence 0387 Combat Intelligence 0419 Intelligence Production 0431 Counterintelligence 0441 Intelligence Support 0450 Summary 0467 Index 0475 Sharpening the Combat Edge: The Use of Analysis to Reinforce Military Judgment. Lieutenant General Julian J. Ewell and Major General Ira A. Hunt, Jr. Department of the Army. 1974.259pp. 0488 Introduction 0500 Unit Management and Personnel Actions 0529 Optimizing Army Aviation Assets and Support Facilities 0560 General Background for Battlefield Analysis 0581 The Intelligence Function 0591 Tactical Refinements and Innovations 0636 The Analytical Approach 0650 Pacification 0670 Division Wrap-Up 0677 Corps Level Operations 0710 Controlling the War. 0718 Limitations and Problems in the Use of Analysis. 0722 Overall Conclusions 0726 Index 0734 Tactical and Material Innovations. Lieutenant General John H. Hay. Jr. Department of the Army. 1974.202pp. 0742 Introduction 0749 la Drang, Irving, and Loc Ninh 0797 Remagen and "Montana Mauler" 0806 "CoronadoX" 0818 Dak To 0837 Fire Support Base "Crook" and Surveillance Base "Floyd" 0847 Tarn Ky. Phong Cao, Suoi Cat, Lam Son II, and Cu Chi

Reel IV 0902 Vinh Loc and Phu Vang I 0909 Search and Destroy 0919 Summary 0928 Index 1975 0001 Allied Participation in Vietnam. Lieutenant General Stanley Robert Larsen and Brigadier General James Lawton Collins, Jr. Department of the Army. 1975. 195pp. 0009 The Background, 1961-1966 0034 Thailand 0061 The Philippines 0097 Australia and New Zealand 0124 The Republic of China 0129 The Republic of Korea 0169 Non-military Aid To Vietnam 0183 Index 0196 The Development and Training of the South Vietnamese Army, 1950-1972. Brigadier General James Lawton Collins, Jr. Department of the Army. 1975. 172pp. 0204 The Formative Years. 1950-1959 0220 The Crucial Years, 1960-1964 0250 The Buildup Years, 1965-1967 0290 Vietnamization. 1968-1972 0328 Overview 0359 Index 0368 Field Artillery. 1954-1973. Major General David Ewing Ott. Department of the Army. 1975. 263pp. 0379 The Vietnam Environment 0397 The Advisory Effort, 1950-1965 0414 In Order to Win 0457 The Buildup, 1965-1967 0514 The "Hot" War. 1968-October 1969 0567 Vietnamization, November 1969-February 1973 0608 An Overview 0618 Index 0631 Law at War: Vietnam 1964-1973. Major General George S. Prugh. Department of the Army. 1975.174pp. 0642 Organization for Legal Services 0654 The Vietnamese Legal System 0679 The Judge Advocate Advisory Role 0700 Prisoners of War and War Crimes 0718 Claims Administration 0727 The Legal Status of Forces in Vietnam 0738 Discipline and Criminal Law 0752 Summing Up 0798 Index 0805 The War in the Northern Provinces, 1966-1968. Lieutenant General Willard Pearson. Department of the Army. 1975.120pp. 0813 Early Developments 0831 Preparing for a Showdown

0839 The Bleak Picture 0876 U.S. Response to the Tet Offensive 0883 Khe Sanh and "Pegasus" 0891 The Free World Counter-offensive 0903 Analysis of North Vietnamese Goals and Failures 0921 Index Reel V 1978 0001 Mounted Combat in Vietnam. General Donn A. Starry. Department of the Army. 1978. 259pp. 0012 Introduction 0026 Armor in the South Vietnamese Army 0059 Growth of U.S. Armored Forces in Vietnam 0093 Combined Arms Operations 0124 Three Enemy Offensives 0147 The Fight for the Borders 0175 Across the Border: Sanctuaries in Cambodia and Laos 0209 The Enemy Spring Offensive of 1972 0230 Reflections 0252 Index 1982 0260 Division-Level Communications, 1962-1973. Lieutenant General Charles R. Myer. Department of the Army. 1982.117pp. 0270 Early Involvements and Developments 0283 Commitment of American Ground Combat Forces 0290 Blunting the Enemy Drive 0304 Shift to the Offensive 0317 Riverine Operations and the Cambodian Incursion 0328 Phase-Out 0332 Communications Security Threat and Response 0341 The Process of Communicating 0345 Logistics 0352 Administration 0355 The Training Base 0367 Combat Communications in Retrospect 0372 Index 1979-1980 0377 Omnibus Executive Summary. 1980.184pp. 0397 The Enemy 0410 South Vietnam 0427 U.S. Foreign Policy and Vietnam, 1945-1975 0438 U.S Domestic Factors Influencing Vietnam War Policy-Making 0456 Planning and Conduct of the War 0518 The Soldier 0534 Results of the War

0561 Volume I the Enemy. 1979.327pp. 0591 The Enemy's Goals 0624 Character and Will 0649 Organization of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and the National Liberation Front (NFL) 0698 Mobilization 0734 Bases, Sanctuaries, and LOG 0792 External Support 0836 Constraints on Policy Reel VI 1979-1980 cont. 0001 Volume II South Vietnam. 1979. 383pp. 0031 Changing Society 0069 Government 0107 Climate, Geography and Transportation 0151 The Economy 0191 The Military 0253 Morale and Will 0295 Constraints on RVN Policy 0384 Volume III U.S. Foreign Policy and Vietnam, 1945-1975.1980.337pp. 0405 U.S. Global Policy and Its Relationship to U.S. Policy for Southeast Asia. 1945-1975. 0452 Historical Precedents Which Influenced U.S. Involvement in Vietnam 0486 Washington and Vietnam: U.S. National Level Policy-Makers and the Policy-Making Process 0557 U.S. Foreign Policy and Vietnam, 1945-1975: Lessons to Be Learned 0721 Volume IV U.S. Domestic Factors Influencing Vietnam War Policy-Making. 1980. 246pp. 0743 Support for the War 0775 Changing Society 0821 The Media and the Vietnam War 0864 U.S. Economy and the Vietnam War 0905 Domestic Political Factors Influencing Vietnam War Decision- Making Reel VII 1979-1980 cont. 0001 Volume V Planning the War. 1980. 425pp. 0035 Objectives and Strategies. 0061 U.S. Foreign Policy 0117 Contingency Planning 0146 Mobilization 0184 Pacification and Vietnamization 0270 U.S. Withdrawal 0295 Negotiations 0380 Follow-On Effort

0426 Volume VI Conduct of the War. (Book 1). 1980.649pp. 0468 U.S. Aid and Advice, 1950-1960 0508 The Counter-insurgency Era. 1961-1965 0546 America Takes Charge, 1965-1968 0704 The U.S. Phases Out, 1969-1972 0819 RVNAF Stands and Falls Alone, 1973-1975 0879 Air Operations 0972 "Blue" and "Brown" Waters Reel VIII 1979-1980 cont. 0001 Volume VI cont. Conduct of The War. (Book 2). 1980.553pp. 0050 Intelligence 0142 Logistics and Bases 0215 Command, Control and Cooperation 0311 The Advisory Effort 0346 Psychological Operations 0380 Civil Affairs 0439 Measures of Progress, or Keeping Score 0471 Operational and Technical Innovations 0512 Allies 0554 Volume Vll-the Soldier. 1980.377pp. 0579 Socioeconomic Background, Personnel Policies, and the Individual Soldier 0639 Training and Indoctrination 0680 Leadership and Ethics 0720 Morale and Discipline 0792 Race Relations 0816 Drug Abuse 0875 Psychological Effects 0931 Volume VIII Results of the War. 1980.134pp. 0951 Lessons from History 0956 Results of Vietnam: United States Foreign Policy and the Evolving International Order 0971 The U.S. Domestic Scene in the Post-Vietnam Environment: Changes and Results 0995 Results for the U.S. Military: The Implications and Impact of Vietnam 1025 Regional Results: the New Face of Southeast Asia

U.S. ARMED FORCES IN VIETNAM 1954-1975 Part One. Indochina Studies Part Two. Vietnam: Lessons Learned Part Three. Vietnam: Reports of U.S. Army Operations Part Four. Vietnam: U.S. Army Senior Officer Debriefing Reports UPA