Contributors and Reviewers Preface Learn How to Use Fundamentals of Nursing and Midwifery thepoint Teaching/Learning Resources online x xiv xvii xxii Unit I Introduction to Nursing, Midwifery and Health 3 Unit Editor: Valerie Wilson 1 Introduction to Nursing, Midwifery and Person-Centred Care 4 Jennifer Dempsey Definitions of Nursing and Midwifery 6 Aims of Nursing and Midwifery 7 Healthcare Environments 8 Professional Practice 10 Person-Centred Care 11 Thoughtful Practice and Processes of Care 16 Professional Growth Through Learning 16 2 Concepts of Health and Illness 22 Annette Solman Defining Health and Illness 23 Models of Health and Illness 26 Factors Affecting Health and Illness 29 Care to Promote Health and Prevent Illness 31 3 Health of the Individual, Family and Community 38 Jane Conway and Jennifer Dempsey The Individual s Basic Human Needs 39 The Family 44 The Community 48 4 Healthcare Delivery Systems 56 Jennifer Dempsey and Jean Gilmour Healthcare Systems 57 Healthcare Settings and Services 59 Collaborative Care: The Healthcare Team 65 Frameworks for Healthcare Delivery 67 Financial Aspects of Health Care 67 Trends and Issues in Healthcare Delivery 69 The Role of Nurses and Midwives in Healthcare Reform 71 5 Community Practice and Continuity of Care 76 Pam Woolfe Community Nursing 77 Community Midwifery 78 Primary Health Care 79 Home Nursing and Midwifery 81 The Home Visit 83 Roles of the Community Nurse/Midwife 83 Responsibilites of the Community Nurse/Midwife 86 Family and Caregiver Needs 88 Controlling Infection 88 Continuity of Care 89 6 Cultural Diversity 96 Denise Wilson Diverse Populations 97 Concepts of Cultural Diversity 97 Cultural Influences on Health Care 101 Cultural Influences in Illness Care 106 Culturally Competent Nursing Care 106 7 Communication 114 Sharon Hillege and Michael Groome The Process of Communication 115 Levels of Communication 117 v
vi Contents Forms of Communication 119 Factors Influencing Communication 121 The Therapeutic Relationship and Communication 124 Therapeutic Communication and Processes of Care 126 Developing Therapeutic Communication Skills 128 Blocks to Person-Centred Communication 131 Impaired Verbal Communication 134 8 Education and Counselling 140 Lisa McKenna Aims of Educating and Counselling 141 The Nurse and Midwife as Educator 142 Person-Centred Approach to Patient Education 146 The Nurse and Midwife as Counsellor 157 Unit II Foundations of Nursing and Midwifery Practice 165 Unit Editor: Valerie Wilson 9 History, Knowledge and Theory 166 Margaret Kelly and Jennifer Dempsey Historical Perspectives on Nursing 167 Nursing Knowledge 170 Theory 171 10 Inquiry, Research and Evidence-Based Practice 180 Margaret Kelly and Valerie Wilson Nursing Knowledge 181 Nursing Research 183 Evidence-Based Practice 188 11 Values, Ethics and Advocacy 196 Carolyn Elwin and Karen Hoare Values 197 Ethics 201 Ethical Conduct 203 Ethical Decision Making 207 Advocacy in Clinical Practice 213 12 Nursing and Midwifery in Law 218 John Field and Martin Wood Legal Concepts 219 Legal Systems 220 Professional and Legal Regulation of Nursing and Midwifery Practice 222 Professional Boundaries 225 Wrongdoing and the Law 225 Other Laws Affecting Nursing and Midwifery 229 Legal Safeguards for the Nurse and Midwife 231 Other Laws Affecting Nursing and Midwifery Practice 234 Unit III Thoughtful Practice and the Process of Care 241 Unit Editors: Jennifer Dempsey, Sharon Hillege and Jill French 13 Thoughtful Practice: Self-Awareness and Reflection 242 Jennifer Dempsey and Valerie Wilson Thoughtful Practice 243 Reflective Practice 244 14 Thoughtful Practice: Clinical Reasoning, Clinical Judgment, Actions and the Processes of Care 258 Jennifer Dempsey and Valerie Wilson The Context of Thoughtful Practice 259 Clinical Reasoning 263 Actions of Clinicians 268 Processes of Care 269 Evaluation and Reflection 270 Applying Clinical Reasoning Skills 270 15 Assessing 276 Types of Health Assessments 278 Preparing for Data Collection 279 Data Collection 280 Data Validation 287 Data Communication 289 16 Identifying Health Problems 294 The Process of Identifying Health Problems 296 Interpretation and Analysis of Assessment Data 299 Documenting a Health Problem 303 17 Planning Person-Centred Care 306 Planning Person-Centred Care 308 Setting Goals and Planning Care 309 Comprehensive Planning 309 Establishing Priorities 310 Identifying and Writing Goals 311 Developing Evaluative Strategies 313 Person-Centred Care Interventions 314
vii Communicating and Recording the Plan of Care 317 Issues Related to Problem Identification and Care Planning 322 18 Implementing Person-Centred Care 326 Implementing Person-Centred Care 327 Types of Nursing and Midwifery Interventions 329 Implementing the Plan of Care 329 Continuing Data Collection and Risk Management 333 Documenting Nursing and Midwifery Care 333 Failure to Cooperate With the Plan of Care 333 Delegating Care 333 Guide for Students Organising Care 335 19 Evaluating Person-Centred Care 338 Evaluating Person-Centred Care 339 Measuring Goals of Personal Achievement 340 Evaluating Quality Care 346 20 Documenting, Reporting and Conferring 352 Jennifer Hardy Documenting Care 353 Reporting Care 369 Conferring About Care 374 Unit IV Promoting Health Across the Life Span 379 Unit Editor: Sharon Hillege 21 Developmental Concepts 380 June Casey and Olivia Unite Principles of Growth and Development 381 Factors Influencing Growth and Development 381 Overview of Developmental Theories 383 Applying Theories of Growth and Development to Care 390 22 Conception Through to Young Adult 394 Bronwyn Gordon, Jane Allnut and Sharon Hillege Conception and Antenatal Development 395 Neonate: Birth to 28 Days 396 Infant: 1 Month to 1 Year 398 Toddler: 1 to 3 Years 403 Preschooler: 3 to 6 Years 404 School-Aged Child: 6 to 12 Years 407 The Young Person 408 23 The Ageing Adult 418 Lynne Brown The Ageing Population 419 The Ageing Adult 420 Theories of Ageing 421 Losses and Changes of Ageing 423 Health of the Ageing Adult 427 Ageing Adults and the Healthcare System 430 Unit V Promoting Healthy Psychosocial Responses 437 Unit Editor: Sharon Hillege 24 Self-Concept 438 Colum Hearne Overview of Self-Concept 439 Person-Centred Care for Self-Concept 445 Identifying Health Problems 449 25 Stress and Adaptation 462 Kathy Robinson Basic Concepts of Stress and Adaptation 463 Maintaining Physiological and Psychological Homeostasis 464 Effects of Stress 470 Factors Affecting Stress and Adaptation 472 Stress and Adaptation in Professional Practice 473 Person-Centred Care for Stress and Anxiety 474 26 Death, Dying and Loss 484 Katrina Récoché, Margaret O Connor, Susan Lee, Heather Tan and Debra Griffiths Death and Dying in Australia and New Zealand 485 The Illness Experience 486 Palliative Care 488 Loss and Grieving 496 Factors that Affect Grief and Dying 497 The Nurse/Midwife as Role Model 498 Person-Centred Care for Grief, Dying and Death 499 27 Sensory Stimulation 510 Jennifer Evans and Peter Brown Sensory Experience 511 Disturbed Sensory Perception 512 Factors Affecting Sensory Stimulation 515 Person-Centred Care for Sensory Stimulation 516
viii Contents 28 Sexuality 532 Patricia Weerakoon Sexual Health 533 Female Physiology 534 Male Physiology 536 Sexual Response Cycle 537 Sexual Expression 539 Factors Affecting Sexuality 540 The Nurse and Midwife as Role Model 548 Person-Centred Care for Sexual Health 548 Sexual Harassment 567 29 Spirituality 572 Sophie McGrath Historical Background 573 Concepts Related to Spirituality and Spiritual Health 573 Factors Affecting Spirituality 580 Religion and Law, Ethics and Medicine 581 Person-Centred Spiritual Care 581 Unit VI Actions Basic to Nursing Care 593 Unit Editor: Jill French 30 Comprehensive Health Assessment 594 Jill French Conducting a Health Assessment 595 Components of the Health Assessment 602 General Survey 602 Assessing the Integument 604 Assessing the Head and Neck 608 Assessing the Thorax and Lungs 617 Assessing the Cardiovascular and Peripheral Vascular Systems 621 Assessing the Breasts and Axillae 625 Assessing the Abdomen 626 Assessing Female and Male Genitalia 628 Assessing the Musculoskeletal System 630 Assessing the Neurological System 634 Documenting the Data 639 The Nurse s and Midwife s Role in Diagnostic Procedures 639 31 Vital Signs 644 Jill French Temperature 646 Pulse 656 Respirations 662 Blood Pressure 664 Teaching Vital Signs for Home Care 674 32 Safety 678 Jacqueline Randle Factors Affecting Safety 679 Person-Centred Care for Maintaining Safety 682 Maintaining Emergency Preparedness 696 Clinical Risk Management Strategies 697 33 Asepsis and Infection Control 702 Elizabeth Gillespie, Penelope Leszkiewicz, Natalie Williams and Jill Wilson Process of Infection 703 Infection Control and Prevention 707 34 Complementary Therapies 738 Helen Hall Introduction to Complementary Therapies 739 Types of CAM 741 Nursing, Midwifery and CAM 753 35 Medications 758 Lisa McKenna and Anecita Gigi Lim Drug Legislation, Regulations and Policy 759 Introduction to Pharmacology 760 Principles of Medication Administration 767 Administering Medications 772 36 Perioperative Care 824 Lois Hamlin The Surgical Experience 825 Preoperative Care 829 Person-Centred Preoperative Care 830 Intraoperative Care 844 Person-Centred Intraoperative Care 844 Postoperative Care 845 Person-Centred Postoperative Care 845 Ongoing Postoperative Care 847 Person-Centred Ongoing Postoperative Care 847 Unit VII Promoting Healthy Physiological Responses 861 Unit Editor: Jill French 37 Hygiene 862 Michael Bauer Introduction to Hygiene 863 Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene 864 Person-Centred Care for Skin and Personal Hygiene 865
ix 38 Skin Integrity and Wound Care 908 Julie Baulch Integumentary System 909 Factors Affecting Skin Integrity 910 Wounds 912 Person-Centred Care for Wounds 917 Pressure Ulcers 937 Person-Centred Care for Pressure Ulcers 941 39 Activity 954 Louise O Shea and Jill French Physiology of Movement 955 Body Mechanics 958 Factors Affecting Body Alignment and Mobility 960 Exercise 966 Person-Centred Care for Safe Handling and Repositioning 970 40 Rest and Sleep 1002 Michael Bauer Physiology of Sleep 1003 Factors Affecting Sleep 1006 Common Sleep Disorders 1010 Person-Centred Care for Rest and Sleep 1013 41 Pain Management 1026 Maryanne Sparrow The Pain Experience 1027 Factors Affecting the Pain Experience 1033 Person-Centred Pain Management 1036 42 Nutrition 1064 Sharon Strikeberg and Jill French Principles of Nutrition 1065 Adequate Diet Selection 1074 Factors Affecting Nutrition 1075 Person-Centred Care for Nutritional Needs 1080 44 Bowel Elimination 1158 Ann Kuypers Anatomy and Physiology 1159 Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination 1162 Person-Centred Care for Bowel Elimination Disturbances 1166 45 Oxygenation 1196 Julie Considine Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration 1197 Factors Affecting Respiratory Function 1202 Person-Centred Care for Oxygenation 1204 46 Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance 1254 Malcolm Elliott Anatomy and Physiology 1255 Disturbances in Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance 1266 Person-Centred Care for Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance 1269 Appendix A Suggested Answers to Scenario Questions (Chapter 15 to 19) 1318 Appendix B Medical Terminology: Prefixes, Roots and Suffixes 1322 Appendix C Commonly Used Abbreviations and Symbols 1329 Appendix D Normal Adult Laboratory Values 1332 Glossary 1338 Index 1365 43 Urinary Elimination 1112 Ann Kuypers Anatomy and Physiology 1113 Factors Affecting Micturition 1115 Person-Centred Care for Urinary Elimination 1117