Using Aircraft-based Radar for Monitoring Critical Water Infrastructure Cathleen E. Jones Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology DWR / NWRI / SCSC 2016 Drought Response Workshop. May 16, 2016 2016 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.
UAVSAR NASA Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar for Airborne Sciences NASA/JPL UAVSAR Airborne Radar Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 2
Why use an Airborne Instrument? Image Resolution & Signal Strength Parameter Value Frequency L-Band 1217.5 to 1297.5 MHz (10 [23.8 cm] wavelength) Resolution 5.6 x 3.3 High Resolution Imaging Operational Altitude Swatch Width Polarization 41,000 feet 14 miles Quad-Polarization (HH, HV, VH, VV) Repeat Track Accuracy ± 16 Transmit Power > 3.1 kw Higher power => cleaner signal Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 3
What makes UAVSAR Special? A Marriage between Instrument and Aircraft Frequency Parameter Value L-Band 1217.5 to 1297.5 MHz (10 [23.8 cm] wavelength) Resolution 5.6 x 3.3 Operational Altitude Flight Track Repeatability 41,000 feet Swatch Width The Precision 14 miles Polarization Autopilot Quad-Polarization System (HH, HV, VH, VV) was designed and Repeat Track Accuracy developed at Dryden ± 16 Flight Research Transmit Power Center to provide > < 3.1 kw 5 meter repeat track capability. Typically we achieve < 2 m accuracy. Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 4
InSAR Intensity Image vs. Interferogram SAN ANDREAS FAULT, CENTRAL CALIFORNA (NORTH OF PARKFIELD) Intensity A B Interferogram 1 km 0 inch +4.7
Levee Threats / Levee Status Motivation for Imaging the California Aqueduct with UAVSAR UAVSAR currently used in a pilot study in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Cracks Seepage Subsidence Photo credit: Tom Williams, Gerald Bawden, Cathleen Jones, Joel Dudas Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 6
Levee Health Indicator: Ground Movement Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 7
Jersey Island InSAR - SBAS Time Series Analysis Water-Side Slope of Levee 0-4 -8 cm 8
West Sherman - Inland Line of Sight Displacement [cm] Line of Sight Displacement [cm] 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0-4 -8 Cumulative Displacement in the Line-of-sight Direction [cm] 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 InSAR - SBAS Time Series Analysis 9
West Sherman Levees Photo credit: J. Dudas (CDWR) Line of Sight Displacement [cm] 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0-4 -8 Cumulative Displacement in the Line-of-sight Direction [cm] Relatively recent repair New fill subsiding? InSAR - SBAS Time Series Analysis 10
Sherman Setback Levee Scour Pond Site 10 5 0-5 -10 Cumulative Line-of-sight Displacement in cm Toe 10 5 0-5 -10 Levee InSAR Validation Test Site 2015-2016 -15-20 -25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 10-15 -20-25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 10 5 0 Toe 5 0 Toe -5-5 -10-10 -15-15 -20-20 -25-25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 10 10 10 5 0 Toe 5 0 Landside Slope 5 0 Landside Slope -5-5 -5-10 -10-10 -15-15 -15-20 -20-20 -25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014-25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014-25 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 11
SacDelta UAVSAR Base Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 12
13 Central Valley Subsidence: Measured from Aircraft "Californiacentralvalley". Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:californiacentralvalley.jp g#/media/file:californiacentralvalley.jpg
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct Aqueduct west of Bakersfield: Progress Report: Subsidence in the Central Valley, California (Farr, Jones, Liu, 2015) Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 14
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct South Tulare Basin Worst large scale area Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 15
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct Small Area near Former Seap Southeast of Buttonwillow Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 16
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct Central Section New Subsidence Hot Spot Progress Report: Subsidence in the Central Valley, California (Farr, Jones, Liu, 2015) Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 17
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct Worst Case Effect of Drought / Groundwater Pumping A single well or cluster of wells can cause rapid subsidence of the aqueduct. Aqueduct subsided up to ~13 in < 2 years, and ~8 in 4 months 1.3 miles of the acqueduct subsided over 8 Progress Report: Subsidence in the Central Valley, California (Farr, Jones, Liu, 2015) Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 18
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct Central Section Historical Subsidence Area Progress Report: Subsidence in the Central Valley, California (Farr, Jones, Liu, 2015) Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 19
Subsidence Along the California Aqueduct Central Section Progress Report: Subsidence in the Central Valley, California (Farr, Jones, Liu, 2015) Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 20
Subsidence in Central Valley Spaceborne / Airborne Comparison May 2014 Jan. 2015 July 2013 March 2015 Progress Report: Subsidence in the Central Valley, California (Farr, Jones, Liu, 2015) Difference: 1. Different time periods 2. Spatial smoothing of spaceborne data Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 21
South Bay Aqueduct Geologic Hazards Milpitas San Jose mm/yr
Calaveras Fault, Crossing the Aqueduct Line 23502 mm/yr
Landslide Impact to Aqueduct Line 14501 mm/yr
Levee Health Indicator: Seepage Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 25
Cathleen E. Jones, JPL 5/17/2016 Seep Detection: Current Methodology
Multi-Polarization Based Detection of Seepage Example: Mississippi River Flood, Spring 2011 20 km 4 km Flooding Levee Break June 7, 2011 UAVSAR, combined polarizations *** SINGLE IMAGE*** (POLSAR) The radar data indicates not only large area flooding but also where there is seepage through relief wells along the levee in this area. We used the polarizationdependence of the radar return to enhance detection of leaking sections of levees and to automatically classify high-likelihood seepage areas. NASA DEVELOP student project : JPL, Fall 2011 Spring 2012 1 km Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 27
Cathleen E. Jones, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Next: Seep Detection along the Aqueduct (Airborne SAR) POLSAR
Why use an Airborne Instrument? Test-bed for the upcoming NASA Satellite SAR Mission - NISAR Today 2021+ NISAR Launch Dec. 2020 Complete land coverage every 8 days All NASA data is free Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 29
SUMMARY Remote Measurement of Subsidence from Space & High Altitude Earth science tools can be successfully applied to problems of relevance to water managers. InSAR is a game-changing technology for O&M of water storage & conveyance infrastructure. Groundwater withdrawal can profoundly impact local areas Tectonic hazards can be identified with remote sensing to target ground monitoring. Cathleen Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - 30