JOHN W. NEWLAND and H. GREGORY TORNATORE NAVY COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNCATONS - AN NTRODUCTON n his aricle we review he meaning of command and conrol in erms of a sysems-ype conrol process and he Navy's organizaional srucure ha uses his process, boh adminisraively and operaionally, o conrol assigned forces. The expeced capabiliy of he Navy Command and Conrol Sysem o suppor Navy commanders in an enduring and survivable manner is discussed briefly. APL's role in Navy command, conrol, and communicaions encompasses he command and conrol of boh sraegic and general-purpose forces, es and evaluaion of communicaions conneciviy o he Flee Ballisic Missile submarines and surface forces on a global basis, analysis of Navy Command and Conrol Sysem requiremens, definiion of a fuure sysem archiecure, and longrange planning o develop his fuure capabiliy of command, conrol, and communicaions. For he pas several years, he growing sophisicaion and he number of weapon sysems deployed by he Sovie Union have posed a subsanial challenge o he Unied Saes and is allies. To mach his unprecedened growh, measures are being sough o ensure ha he Unied Saes maximizes miliary effeciveness o mainain reasonable pariy. Among he approaches under invesigaion by he Deparmen of Defense are he developmen of a wide range of new echnologies o improve war-fighing capabiliy; he consrucion of mulipurpose plaforms and highperformance, exended-range weapon sysems; and he use of unconvenional force mixes and acics o couner a wide variey of posulaed hreas. Each of he foregoing requires innovaive approaches in he employmen and conrol of hese asses for maximum effeciveness. The area of knowledge ha is applicable in he employmen of miliary asses is broadly iled command and conrol (C 2). * The U.S. Join Chiefs of Saff define C 2 as "he exercise of auhoriy and direcion by a properly designaed Commander over assigned forces in he accomplishmen of his mission." 2 Alhough precise and agreed-upon definiions are elusive, acical C 2 generally speaking is he direcion and conrol of general-purpose forces; sraegic C 2 deals wih he nuclear deerren elemens of he U.S. miliary forces. Furhermore, he Join Chiefs of Saff sae ha "C 2 funcions are performed hrough an arrangemen of personnel, equipmen, communicaions, faciliies, and procedures which are employed by a commander in planning, direcing, coordinaing, and conrolling forces in accomplishmen of he mission." Thus, no only is C 2 he applicaion of appropriae conrol echniques, bu i also includes he subsysems used in execuing his funcion. The arrangemen or srucuring of *See Glossary, page 8. Volume 5, N umber 1, 1984 hese subsysems ino a single inegral uni can hus be considered o be a C 2 sysem. THE COMMAND AND CONTROL PROCESS A more echnical appreciaion of C 2 can be obained by considering a sequenial flow of he basic funcions characerisic of he C 2 process. Recen effors by APL 3 in suppor of he Navy Command, Conrol, and Communicaions Program Office have shown ha a any level of command, a common paern of informaion collecion, processing, and acion can be found. This paern can be described in erms of seven fundamenal operaions: sense, process, classify, evaluae, plan, decide, and ac. A each level, evens are perceived direcly by assigned sensors or observers and/or are provided o ha command level by designaed informaion sources, such as inelligence and surveillance unis. The evens are enered ino a manual or compuer processing subsysem where hey are labeled, correlaed, and classified wih oher evens and presened as informaion o an evaluaor. The resul of he evaluaion is compared wih esablished docrine, alernaive plans are developed, and, finally, a decision is made. On he basis of ha decision, an acion is aken ha generaes new evens in he environmen, which in urn are sensed and aced upon. Consequenly, he C 2 process may be viewed as a basic conrol sysem or a closedloop process where human conrollers ac o change he environmen. 4 A model for he process is shown in Fig. 1; he sense, process, and classify operaions are alloed o command suppor; he plan, decide, and ac operaions are alloed o command; and he evaluae operaion falls under boh command and command suppor. This overlap recognizes ha a commander and his saff, as well as designaed miliary analyss, evaluae informaion ses o deermine 3
J. W. Newland and H. G. Tornaore - nroducion o Navy Command, Conrol, and Communicaions rj."~ Environmen NCA f-- ---farmed Forces Policy Council Adminisraive srucure Operaional srucure L::=l Direc -- Daa -- nformaion -- Commands Figure 1 - The command and conrol process - a conrol sysem model showing he basic operaions from sense hrough ac. he need for acion. The exension of he C 2 process model o muliple levels of command is discussed in he aricle by Halushynsky and Beam in his issue (page 9). NA VY COMMAND STRUCTURE The Navy organizaional srucure,5 hrough which he C 2 process is realized, includes wo funcionally differen chains of command: adminisraive and operaional (see Fig. 2). The adminisraive chain of command is asked primarily o mainain Navy force effeciveness. provides he personnel, maeriel, and faciliies for he accomplishmen of Navy missions. The operaional chain of command is asked o accomplish specific missions and miliary objecives. The sysem ha suppors he Navy command organizaion is referred o as he Navy Command and Conrol Sysem. Because of is obvious imporance o he C 2 funcion, his sysem mus funcion coninuously worldwide, in all environmenal condiions, in he air, on he surface and subsurface, and adjacen o land mass regions where naval forces could be en- 4 Chief of Naval Operaions Flee Commander-in-Chief Type Commander Group Commander Ship Squadron/ Airwing Commander ndividual Uni Commanding Officer Unified (specified) Commander Naval Componen Commander Numbered Flee Commander Bale Force Commander Bale Group Commander Task Uni Commander Task Elemen Commander ndividual Uni Commanding Officer Figure 2 - Command srucure of he U.S. Navy, showing he adminisraive and operaional chains of command and heir relaion o he Naional Command Auhoriy. gaged o furher naional ineress. Furhermore, he sysem mus be designed o be responsive o he enire Navy command srucure for he employmen of sraegic as well as general-purpose forces. mus provide he capabiliy for commanders in all echelons o be responsive o Naional Command Auhoriy direcives-as he Unied Saes moves by defense condiion level beween peaceime, crisis, convenional war, and nuclear war environmens. The scope of he Navy Command and Conrol Sysem is illusraed in Fig. 3. As shown, he Naional Command Auhoriy inerfaces wih Naval forces hrough he World Wide Miliary Command and Conrol Sysem via he Join Chiefs of Saff and he Unified Commander (i.e., he Commander-in-Chief of all U.S. forces in a given heaer or area of operaions). Naval forces operae under he Naval Componen Commander (i.e., he Flee Commander-in Chief) subordinae o he heaer Unified Commander. The Navy Command and Conrol Sysem suppors Navy commanders from he Flee Commander-in-Chief o he uni or individual plaform commander in his use of assigned sensors, weapon sysems, and counermeasure asses. A each level of Johns Hopkins A PL Technical Diges
J. W. Newland and H. G. Tornaore - nroducion o Navy Command, Conrol, and Communicaions Naional Command Auhoriy Commander-in-Chief Theaer World Wide Miliary Command and Conrol Sysem Theaer Command Ceners Commander-in-Chief Fleej ~ Numbered Flee Commander " Commander, Flee Air Commanding Officer (Aircraf), Commander, Bale Force/ Bale Group Commander, Submarine Forces Commanding Commanding Officer (Ship) Weapon Tacical Flag Command Ceners Officer (Submarine) Sensor Navy Command and Conrol Sysem (or plaform equivalen) Counermeasure Figure 3 - The Navy Command and Conrol Sysem exends from he Naval Componen Commander level down o he individual Unied Commander level. Command cener faciliies suppor each Operaional Commander ashore, afloa, and airborne. command, he various operaional commanders are suppored by command cener faciliies ha provide informaion processing, sorage, and display, and communicaions capabiliies. These faciliies are idenified on he righ-hand side of Fig. 3 for each level of command. Figure 4 is a phoograph of a Flee Command Cener. This paricular faciliy operaes in suppor of he Commander-in-Chief of he Pacific Flee, a componen commander in charge of all assigned Navy forces in ha heaer. APL SUPPORT TO NAVY COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNCATONS APL suppor o he Navy in he area of command, conrol, and communicaions (C 3 ) began in 1969. This suppor has covered a wide specrum of engineering and analyical aciviy. The iniial Laboraory effor in his area concerned iself wih sraegic communicaions. n 1969, Henry Kissinger, hen Assisan o he Presiden for Naional Securiy Affairs, requesed informaion Volume 5, N umber 1, 1984 Figure 4 - The CNCPACFLT Flee Command Cener in some ways resembles he nerve cener of a large corporaion, wih group-size displays of acical informaion and various means of communicaions for he receip of new informaion and he issuance of orders. 5
J. W. Newland and H. G. Tornaore - nroducion o Navy Command, Conrol, and Communicaions from he Chief of Naval Operaions concerning he performance of high frequency radio backup o he primary fixed very low frequency and low f:e~uen~y communicaion broadcass o he Flee Ballsc MSsile submarine force. n an effor o provide quanified empirical daa no hen available, he Assisan Secreary of he Navy requesed APL assisance. An examinaion of he problem resuled in he developmen of he es mehodolog~ described. by Prezioi e al. (page 37) for auomacally collecmg communicaions sysem daa in Flee Ballisic Missile submarines on parol and hen auomaically reducing and analyzing he daa o esimae communi.caions sysem performance. This es and evaluaon approach provided informaion on he specific quanified performance of all operaional communicaions o he Flee Ballisic Missile submarines deployed worldwide and also provided a high confidence esimae of submarine force C 3 sysem performance ha can be expeced for he delivery of a criical message from he Naional Command Auhoriy o he commanding officers of individual submarines on parol. Quinn and Cox (page 41) discuss he es equipmen ha was developed by he Laboraory o suppor he evaluaion of acical and sraegic communicaions circuis. During 1974-1976, he mehodology, sofware, and daa collecion equipmen used in he Flee Ballisic Missile Communicaions Evaluaion Program were applied o Navy surface ships deployed in he Medierranean Sea and he Norh Alanic Ocean. Tha mehodology, developed originally for esing sraegic submarine C 3 sysems, has now been applied o acical communicaions sysems, including saellies. n 1977, under he sponsorship of Rear Admiral Guy Shaffer of he Naval Elecronic Sysems Command, a long-range projec, he C3 Sysem Engineering Developmen Program, was iniiaed. T~e program, which unil 1981 addressed only ac~al ~r general-purpose force C 2, now includes sraegc C. The goal of he projec was o develop op level sysems engineering and design specificaions ha describe he necessary echnical performance capabiliies of he Navy's C 2 sysem in he year 2000 for boh sraegic and general-purpose forces. n arriving a he goal of a fuure sysem requiremens specificaion, he following objecives were achieved: Descripion of he presen Navy Command and Conrol Sysem in an approved sysem echnical requiremen specificaion forma Descripion of fuure C 3 hrea and is impac on sysem design alernaives Descripion of he year 2000 Navy C 2 concep Funcional descripion of he year 2000 C 2 sysem War gaming o define he impac of he hrea and new weapon sysems on C 2 sysem conceps 6 Quanificaion of fuure sysem performance Technology assessmen and possible applicaion o C 2 Compleion of Sysem Technical Requiremen Specificaion Halushynsky and Beam (page 9) describe a concep for he year 2000 Navy C 2 ha was developed as par of he C 3 Sysem Engineering Developmen Program. n 1977, in he same ime period as he iniiaion of he C 3 Sysem Engineering Developmen Program, a similar program for defining he requiremens for an Over-he-Horizon/Deecion, Classificaion, and Targeing capabiliy in suppor of he cruise missile employmen was underaken. Following a series of procedures similar o hose underaken for he overall Navy C 2 sysem, a requiremens documen for fuure capabiliy was developed. This engineering analysis of over-he-horizon argeing requiremens is coninuing and now includes various aspecs of solving he surface ship correlaion and racking problem. Mizel e al. (page 28) discuss an algorihm for muliple-source correlaion and racking when he inpus are principally from such wide-area sensors as high frequency direcion finding sysems and overhe-horizon high frequency radars. n 1979, as a spin-off of he day-o-day evaluaion of communicaions o he flee of ballisic missile submarines, a Sraegic Communicaions Coninuing Assessmen Program was iniiaed. Employing as a baseline he quanified performance of communicaions resuling from he Flee Ballisic Missile Communicaions Coninuing Evaluaion Program, he program aemped o look o he fuure and o develop, for various poenial opional changes o he sysem, measures of improvemen ha would resul from hose changes. By modeling sysem parameers on a compuer, an engineering assessmen of possible fuure conneciviy opions is now being accomplished. n addiion, he resuls of he program are being included in he fuure Navy Command and Conrol Sysem specificaion previously menioned: Czajkowski and Peri (page 22) discuss his model and is applicaion in assessing he performance of sraegic C 2 sysems. n 1981, APL was asked o assis in he preparaion of a Navy Command and Conrol Plan. This 10year plan and accompanying Navy Command and Conrol Sysem archiecure were inended for he highes levels of he Navy, Deparmen of Defense, and Congress o esablish he Navy's long-range goals for C 2 The years of previous effor and experience in sraegic and acical C 2 sysems evaluaion and assessmen and he developmen of fuure echnical requiremens served o ake he lead in his effor. The firs version of he Navy Command and Conrol Plan was compleed early in 1982 and was promulgaed by he Direcor of Navy Command and Conrol. Subsequen updaes of he plan have been made annually. This Navy policy documen conains Johns Hopkins A PL Technical Diges
J. W. Newland and H. G. Tornaore - nroducion o Navy Command, Conrol, and Communicaions he archiecural objecives of he Navy Command and Conrol Sysem and defines he programming acions required o reach hese goals. All sysem engineering effor oday is direced oward supporing his long-range plan. Thus, from a small beginning in 1969, APL's role in Navy C 3 has grown o a level where oday no only does APL coninue o provide a coninuous es and evaluaion of sraegic communicaions sysems o all Flee Ballisic Missile submarines, bu i also provides principal suppor in he area of fuure Navy Command and Conrol Sysem specificaion, C 3 requiremens analysis for sraegic and general-purpose forces, and engineering definiion of major surveillance and informaion processing sysems. FUTURE PLANS The Navy has followed a course of evoluionary developmen of a C 2 capabiliy o suppor curren and projeced operaional needs. A long-range plan for his effor has been approved and promulgaed by he Direcor of Navy Command and Conrol (OP- 094) and is being used by he Navy Maerial Command o guide he engineering developmen of his capabiliy. APL has been requesed by OP-094 o mainain and expand, where possible, is effors in suppor of Navy C 3 will expand is effors in he areas of boh sraegic and acical communicaions es and evaluaion, sraegic communicaions engineering analysis, surveillance and over-he-horizon argeing sysem specificaion and modeling, engineering design guidance specificaion of he Navy Command and Conrol Sysem, and long-range C 2 planning. REFERENCES "Flee Bale Organizaion," CNO message 291806Z Aug 77. 2Join Chiefs of Saff, Deparmen of Defense Dicionary of Miliary and Associaed Terms, Pub. 1 ( Jun 1979). 3Applied Physics Laboraory, Year 2000 C 3 Concep Briefing, JHU/ APL FS-79-022 (1979). 4S. M. Shinners, Techniques of Sysem Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1967). 5Naval Warfare Publicaion 2 (NWP2), Deparmen of he Navy, (Feb 1980). The venerable signal ligh coninues o be an imporan elemen of he Navy C 3 sysem. During periods of emission conrol, i sill provides a means of secure line-of-sigh communicaions, free of jamming. Volume 5, Number 1, 1984 7
J. W. Newland and H. G. Tornaore - nroducion o Navy Command, Conrol, and Communicaions GLOSSARY OF TERMS Airborne Transmier Monioring and Recording Sysem - This sysem auomaically measures and records communicaions parameers ha can provide quaniaive analysis of T ACAMO communicaions o he Flee Ballisic Missile submarine wih lile or no operaor aenion. Baud - A uni of daa ransmission speed equal o 1 bi per second. Bye - A generic erm used o indicae a group (normally eigh) of consecuive binary digis ofen operaed on as a uni in digial processing sysems. Chain of Command - The succession of commanding officers from a superior o a subordinae hrough whom command is exercised and ransmied. Command and Conrol (C 2 ) - The exercise of auhoriy and direcion by a properly designaed commander over assigned forces in he accomplishmen of his mission. Command and conrol funcions are performed hrough a command, conrol, and communicaions sysem. Command and Conrol Archiecure - An arrangemen of command and conrol elemens ha iden'ifies sysem funcions, srucure, funcional conneciviies, and inerfaces. Command, Conrol, and Communicaions (c;j) Sysem - An arrangemen of faciliies, equipmen, communicaions, procedures, and personnel essenial o a commander for planning, direcing, and conrolling operaions of assigned forces pursuan o he missions assigned. Communicaions Conneciviy - The medium ha joins a commander o upper and lower command echelons and/ or direcly o assigned forces. For example, sraegic communicaions conneciviy links he Naional Command Auhoriy o he nuclear deerren force. Correlaion - The pariioning of sensor repors ino subses associaed wih a single plaform or a formaion of plaforms so closely relaed ha hey can be considered a single eniy (plaform) for surveillance purposes. 8 Docrine - A se of procedures relaing o or governing he use of asses in various comba siuaions. Echelon - This erm is synonymous wih command level, e.g., Flee. Emergency Acion Message - A message originaed by he Naional Command Auhoriy for he nuclear deerren forces of he Unied Saes ha orders execuion of specific preplan ned operaions. Modular Daa Collecion and Recording Sysem - A sysem ha measures bi and characer error raes and receiver auomaic gain conrol volages and records he ime of recepion of each echnical es message in binary forma on magneic ape. Muliple Source Correlaion and Tracking - The process of associaing conac repors or racks from several differen sources (radar, elecronic suppor measures, elecronic inelligence, communicaions inelligence, phoo inelligence, and human inelligence) wih a single plaform (e.g., ship, submarine, or aircraf) and esimaing is fuure posiion. Naional Command Auhoriy - The NCA is composed of he Presiden and he Secreary of Defense or heir duly depuized alernaes or successors. Operaional Chain of Command - The chain of command esablished for a paricular naval operaion or series of coninuing operaions. TACAMO Aircraf (acronym for Take Charge And Move Ou) - An airborne communicaions relay plaform designed o provide survivable and enduring communicaions conneciviy wih he SSBN force. Technical Tes Message - A series of 13-bi Barker sequences (a pseudorandom sequence of O's and 1's chosen for is desirable cross-correlaion properies in he presence of bi errors) ha is repeaed o obain a 3-minue message. This es message acivaes he Modular Daa Collecion and Recording Sysem, which, in urn, measures and records message error and signal ampliude saisics. J ohns H opkins A PL Technical Diges