ANGLO-AMERICAN WARFARE 1607-1783 & THE WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1775-1783 211 AND 311 BRIEFING By CPT LA DARYL D. FRANKLIN, Ph.D., M.S., M.B.A. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND PROFESSOR
OUTLINE INTRODUCTION ESTABLISH SETTING / GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION PERST OCOKA PHASES ONE THROUGH THREE OUTCOME AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCES KEY EVENTS SUMMARY / LESSONS LEARNED
INTRODUCTION WHO FOUGHT? AMERICAN INDIANS OF EASTERN UNITED STATES ORIGINAL 13 AMERICAN COLONISTS WHEN? 1607-1763 THE EMERGENCE OF THE AMERICAN COLONISTS 1775-1783 AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE WHERE? NORTH AND SOUTH EASTERN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
THEATER OF OPERATIONS ANGLO-AMERICAN WARFARE See map on page 4 in textbook (Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century)
BATTLE PARTICIPANTS ANGLO-AMERICAN FIRST ENGLISH COLONISTS AMERICAN-INDIAN VIRGINIA BASED INDIANS MASSACHUSETTS BASED INDIANS DELAWARE BASED INDIANS
ANGLO-INDIAN WAR First English Colonists expected to fight to sustain their lives and establish themselves Most of the seventeenth century resulted in war with American Indians English settlers had hoped to take over the underdeveloped lands in the New World Trade with and employ the American Indians and to spread the Protestant faith The American Indians rebelled against the English laws and religious practices American Indians resented being economically and culturally dependent and the rapid number of English Colonists on the east coast Constant isolated acts of violence and defiance turned into widespread guerilla war Colonists responded to Indian acts of violence with punitive expeditions
ANGLO-INDIAN WAR 3 Major Campaigns First and Second Tidewater Wars (1622-1632) fought in Virginia Bacon s Rebellion (1675-1676) fought in Virginia King Phillip s War (1675-1676) fought in Massachusetts
ANGLO-INDIAN WARFARE IN VIRGINIA Virginians were the first English Colonists to wage war against the Indians First Colonists to create and wage war against the Indians The men who settled in Jamestown in 1607 drilled regularly to remained prepared to fight against enemy attacks under military governors American Indians were too formidable for English Colonists forces Colonists resorted to destroying their villages, food supplies and stores called feed fights American-Indians were an elusive and frustrating enemy due to their desire to wage war without costly battles Indians attacked in superior numbers with the element of surprise They attacked when they could conduct an ambush and or raid Indians relied on fortifications, ditches and indirect fire of arrows from great distances By the mid-seventeenth century a large number of muskets were on both sides with the technology to maintain them
ANGLO-INDIAN WARFARE IN VIRGINIA American-Indians used keen small unit tactics and used to terrain very effectively In 1614, an English Colonist and American-Indian Princess were married which brought premature peace to the region The colonists stopped being on the defensive and planted tobacco to generate new profit; thus, vulnerable to attack March 1622, the American-Indians attacked the Virginians killing 347 colonists and pushed colonists to the James River, which killed another 500 due to the weather and disease Virginia was reduced to 1,275 people from this massive attack (Massacre of 1622) English Colonists rebuilt infrastructure and defensive positions and began expeditions to regain land This marked the First Tidewater War (purpose was to gain space and time to save the colony) Every colonist was issued a musket; all adult males were required to be in the military By the end of the First Tidewater War in 1632, Virginians had secured the center of their settlements
OCOKA OBSERVATION FIELDS OF FIRE COVER AND CONCEALMENT OBSTACLES KEY TERRAIN AVENUES OF APPROACH
PERST POLITICAL ECONOMIC RELIGION SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL
COLONIAL WARFARE 1688-1763 Fighting between the American-Indians and the Colonists continued throughout the Colonial Period During the 1680s, disputes between the Canadians-New Englanders, South Carolinians-Spanish in South Florida, which became the battlefield of European political interest Giant territorial dispute for ownership of North America!! (See page 8 in the textbook para. 3) French established a settlement in Quebec and the Miss Valley Dutch established a settlement in New York English established a settlement in New England Queen Anne s War (1702-1713) In 1708, New Englanders persuaded the British to join them in the conquering of Canada While the Brits were enroute, New Englanders lured New Yorkers and Iroquois to rally against the Canadians
COLONIAL WARFARE 1688-1763 The British Govt. delayed sending forces until 1710; the Brits did not proved adequate forces for an invasion until 1711, where an amphibious and naval attack occurred simultaneously 1711 Brit Forces were 4,300 soldiers, 12 warships, 40 transports The English Colonists raised taxes and prices on goods and services to seek profit on British personnel Brits were not impressed or please with the New Englanders Forces; the conditions of the friendly forces led to the collapse of the Invasion of Canada Anglo-American expeditions to the south, north and west failed thru 1744
THEATER OF OPERATIONS THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 See map on page 10 in textbook (Anglo-American Warfare in North America, 1688-1763)
BATTLE PARTICIPANTS FRENCH FORCES vs. AMERICAN-INDIAN FORCES With BRITISH FORCES INTERVENING TO PROTECT A BATTERED English Force
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754-1763) Intervention by the British primarily was to protect the aggressive and uncooperative colonists not the conquer Canada or Florida By 1755, the English Colonists outnumbered the French 1,042,000 to 55,000 In 1754, the Albany Plan was drafted to cooperate between the defense of the English and the Indian affairs; but this plan of peace was not acceptable to the Brits or the Colonists Anglo-American Forces conquered Acadia and suffered a dramatic defeat in western Pennsylvania The Colonists set new war plans to conquer the entire eastern seaboard and the Ohio Valley thru the Mississippi River Valley in order for the true development of the English cause (Brits were in no rush to fight the French on two fronts in Europe and in America) British General Officers attempted to take control of the War, but English Colonists resisted
Group Practical Exercise Directions: Divide into 2-4 groups. Each group will elect a group leader to speak for the group and establish agenda to answer the questions. The group will answer the following questions and be prepared to discuss them for the entire class professional development. 1. How did the musket effect the American-Indians method a fighting, as well as effecting the outcome of the wars? 2. Are American-Indian tactics similar to any country s tactics in today s world? How effective are querilla style warfare? 3. Should the British have taken a different policy on English Colonist desires to conquer Canada, the Ohio Valley and the Mississippi River Valley?
THE BEGINNINGS: THE MILITIA s WAR British intervention was apprehensive due to the stability of Europe Great Britian continued to build combat power between 1755-1757 British officers and Anglo-American officers argued about command and authority Key military targets during this time period were military bases, major cities and major waterways (Fort Oswego, Louisbourg, Lake Ontario, Fort William Henry, Cape Breton, Quebec, Montreal, Hudson River, etc.) British Forces had difficulties in utilizing their navy s superiority in the New England and New France sectors Priority of the British military was clearly in Europe to protect assets in the English Channel / British Isles (France and Spain were attempting to rebuild their naval power) William Pitt, the king s Principal Minister in DEC1756, was willing to commit assets to America in two major fronts (Louisbourg and Quebec)
British Commanders of the French and Indian War 1759-1760 Lord Amherst Jeffery commander British Forces that conquered Canada in 1759-1760 Leadership Attributes: Age 40 Colonel in 1758 (Overall Area Commander) Never Commanded troops Aide-to-Camp to the Duke of Cumberland Join to Army at 14 Dependable and persistent officer Capable of waging a limited type war Patience, prudent, and persistent
British Commanders of the French and Indian War 1759-1760 James Wolfe commanded the British Forces that captured Quebec in 1759 Leadership Attributes: Age 32 Lieutenant Colonel in 1759 Never Commander High Number of troops One of the most junior LTCs in the British Army Solid disciplinarian, excellent trainer Aide-to-Camp during the Scottish Rebellion in 1757 Eager to succeed; determined to prove his worthiness Regarded battle as the supreme test of professional competence and personal courage Acknowledged to importance of fortifications and sieges Preferred higher risks and the greater potential rewards of battle
French Commander of the French and Indian War 1759-1760 Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm Commander-in-Chief in New France (French Forces in North America) Skillful defensive plan to prevent British Forces from an easy victory Experienced and talented Regular Army Officer He knew he could not defend Canada as French Forces main effort was defending Prussia He was short personnel and supplies to put an adequate defensive belt together Could not fight a two front war and properly defend Quebec Positioned small forces around Montreal to delay English Forces Quebec was to main area of interest Had a mixed force of French, militiamen, regulars, thousand provincials, few hundred Indians
British Political / Military Strategic Plan William Pitt wanted to have New France be 1758 3 Phase Operation Phase 1: Amphibious attack on Louisbourg and Quebec Phase 2: Secondary attack led by James Abercromby across Lake Champlain to Montreal Phase 3: An attack along St. Lawrence See page 21 s Quebec in 1759 map
THEATER OF OPERATIONS REVOLUTIONARY WAR See map on page 37 in textbook (Mid-Atlantic States in War of Independence)
BATTLE PARTICIPANTS AMERICAN FORCES BRITISH FORCES vs.
STRATEGIES FOR A REVOLUTIONARY WAR In 1776, both sides developed strategies for the unconventional purpose of winning the support of the people Second most deadly war per capita in the history of the United States Independence in more than two centuries Each side hoped to prevail with minimal forces committed British Political and Defense leadership felt the advanced and more experienced British Soldier would easily defeat American militia; initially a mere show of force would be enough for victory Taxes and Political Rights were the main issues surrounding this situation General Thomas Gage CINC at Boston, MA.for British Forces attacked a magazine in Concord on 18-19APR1775; Battles of Lexington and Concord trigger American Forces preparedness for war Lexington and Concord skirmishes served notice that American militia posed more of a threat
TACTICAL EVENTS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR GEN Gage had to force colonists out of the Charlestown neck and prevent artillery from being placed around Boston; this will make Boston untenable Major General William Howe British Commander of the troops that pushed all Americans from Charlestown Neck MG Howe attempted to envelope the Americans from the north/east and push the American troops east off of Charlestown s Neck Artillery was ineffective against the survivability positions of the Americans British Infantry were attacking over open terrain and many danger areas American Forces were able to mass fires very effectively, while British Forces were suffering many casualities and fatalities MG Howe was only successful in this offensive due to the additional 400 fresh troops he received and the efforts of the light infantry forces in three bayonet ground attacks and the Americans ran out of ammo; supply lines at Bunker Hill were cut off by the British Forces
PREPARING FOR A WIDER WAR, JUN 1775- JUL 1776 For at least nine years neither side was able to conduct any major assault due to the rigors of the Battle of Bunker Hill Both side had to build larger armies with robust supplies to engage in a long more difficult war American Forces were deeply intrenched in their religious faith and had a burning desire to fulfill America s Destiny Intimidation was not going to work with a determined group of Americans The Brits reestablished their political and military goals: Larger Regular Forces in battle to destroy rebel armies Overturn the Continental Congress and governmental committees Restore royal government to North America Brits needed to build combat power (personnel) more rapidly by hiring foreigners as soldiers Congress hired George Washington as the CINC
American Commander in the Revolutionary War General George Washington commanded the American Forces for all of the Revolutionary War (Assumed Command of the Continental Army on 02JUL1775) Leadership Attributes: Age 43 Experienced Soldier (Commanded in the 7 Year s War) Moderate but firm opponent of British taxation Prominent Virginian Congress trusted turning over this most military and civilian powerful leadership position Former member of the House of Burgess Organized the army into regiments, brigades, and div
OCOKA OBSERVATION FIELDS OF FIRE COVER AND CONCEALMENT OBSTACLES KEY TERRAIN AVENUES OF APPROACH
PERST POLITICAL ECONOMIC RELIGION SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL
UNCONVENTIONAL AND CONVENTIONAL WARFARE British Commanders wanted to restore the British Empire s philosophy Brits desired to recover territory, the concept of British invincibility and encouraging the colonist to accept British rule GEN Washington too wanted to win and maintain the will of the American People, to sustain the rebellion of a possible massive British attack GEN Washington attacked the enemy outpost to reduce logistical support British Commanders wanted New York in order to posture forces to attack New England and destroy the Continental Army MG William Howe was appointed to Command all British Forces and promoted to GEN and CINC GEN Howe and the British govt had new tactical plans to sweep through the eastern seaboard and north to Canada Admiral Richard Lord Howe (brother of GEN Howe) on 12JUL1776 took command of all of British Naval Forces in the region
LESSONS LEARNED The positioning of logistical tools are vital to the execution of any mission. Commander s headquarters must be aggressive in providing command and control factors that will increase the ability to relay accurate information. Unit commanders should have had tentative crossing points that were established in the planning phase prior to movement orders being issued. Commanders must issue clear and concise orders so their junior leaders can understand the exact intent and what the endstate must be Do not underestimate any enemy force due to its lack of training and tactical experience
SUMMARY possibly ruined the chances for a Union victory which would have been achieved under more able leadership COL WILLIAM BARKSDALE CDR MISSISSIPPI BRIGADE ANY UNION COMMANDER ATTACKING LEE S DEFENSIVE POSITION AT FREDERICKSBURG WAS ALMOST GUARANTEED DEFEAT!
REFERENCES Doughty, Robert A. and Gruber, Ira D., American Military History and the Evolution of Warfare in the Western World. Lexington, Massachusetts and Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company, 1996.
ANGLO-AMERICAN WARFARE 1607-1783 & THE WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1775-1783 211 AND 311 BRIEFING By CPT LA DARYL D. FRANKLIN, Ph.D., M.S., M.B.A. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND PROFESSOR