Report on Inpatient Psychiatric Bed Capacity Submitted by the Maryland Department of Health December 10, 2018 2018 Joint Chairmen s Report (p. 84)
Table of Contents I. Executive Summary... 1 II. Introduction... 1 III. Data... 1 A. Inpatient Psychiatric Bed Capacity... 2 B. Demand for Inpatient Psychiatric Bed Utilization... 4 IV. Recommendations... 6 APPENDIX A: Hospital Capacity and Utilization Detail Tables... 7 APPENDIX B: Maryland Hospital Association Letter... 10
I. Executive Summary As evidenced in the data contained herein, psychiatric bed capacity has remained relatively stable between FY13 and FY17 in state and private hospital sectors, while there was a modest increase in psychiatric bed capacity in the acute care hospital sector of approximately 5% over this period. Bed occupancy rates varied considerably across the sectors with the state facilities operating at near 100% occupancy, while the average bed occupancy in acute general and private psychiatric hospitals was considerably lower at 61% and 69% respectively. II. Introduction The fiscal 2019 budget includes additional funding to expand capacity at the state-run psychiatric facilities as well as both of the Regional Institutes for Children and Adolescents (RICAs). According to p. 84 of the 2018 Joint Chairmen s Report, the committees remain concerned about the adequacy of inpatient psychiatric bed capacity for both adults as well as children and youth across all sectors (state-run, private hospitals, and acute general hospitals) as well as for both civil and forensic admissions. As a result, the 2018 Joint Chairmen s Report requests that the Behavioral Health Administration (BHA) submit a report on inpatient psychiatric bed capacity in both private and public facilities across Maryland and provide recommendations on the appropriate inpatient psychiatric bed capacity by sector. III. Data The Joint Chairmen s Report specifically requests details on the (A) extent of current inpatient psychiatric bed capacity in Maryland and the changes to that capacity by sector since January 1, 2013, and (B) demand for inpatient psychiatric beds in each sector including historical data since January 1, 2013. This report compiles data from a number of sources, including the State Hospital Management Information System (HMIS), Maryland Health Care Commission (MHCC), and Health Services Cost Review Commission (HSCRC) hospital inpatient data. As of the writing of this report, the most recent complete data relating to both inpatient bed capacity and utilization of psychiatric inpatient services is FY17. To calculate bed capacity, this report references licensed beds and operational beds. For the purpose of this report, licensed beds are beds in a facility that are licensed and capable of being staffed. Licensed beds most accurately reflect the capacity at private and acute care hospitals because the facility has direct control over its ratio of beds licensed, the number of employees it hires, and where the employees work. Therefore, in a private or acute care hospital, a licensed bed without staff can become staffed through the autonomy of the facility and best reflects its true capacity. Operational beds are beds in a facility that are licensed and are staffed. The bed capacity of a state hospital is most accurately reflected by beds that are staffed because the facility does not have independent authority over staff hiring and placement. For example, a state hospital may have beds licensed in a building that is not operational, which means the beds cannot be staffed. 1
Therefore, in a state facility, a licensed bed without staff is not operational and cannot reflect true capacity. A. Inpatient Psychiatric Bed Capacity Figure 1: Psychiatric Facilities Bed Capacity by Sector, FY13 to FY17 Source: Maryland Health Care Commission (MHCC), State Hospital Management Information System (HMIS). Note: Bed counts for the state Psychiatric facilities include the two RICAs and reflect the operational bed capacity. The licensed bed capacity is displayed for Acute Care Hospitals and Private Psychiatric facilities. Adventist Behavioral Health Eastern Shore temporarily delicensed their 15 beds in 2016. Figure 1 displays the number of psychiatric beds by facility type (i.e., sector) between FY13 and FY17. In FY17, statewide, there were a total of 39 hospitals that provided psychiatric inpatient treatment services, of which 29 were acute care hospitals, five private psychiatric facilities, and five state psychiatric hospitals. In addition to the five state-run psychiatric hospitals, the State also operates two RICAs, which has a combined bed capacity of 66 in FY17. Of the 39 acute, private- IMD, and public inpatient facilities, 13 provided inpatient psychiatric services to children, adolescents, and adults and the remaining 26 provided inpatient services to adults only. Combined, these facilities (acute, private, and state) had a total bed capacity of 2,349 beds in FY17. Overall bed capacity increased from 2,339 in FY13 to 2,349 in FY17, representing a 10-bed increase in bed capacity across all sectors. The state facilities account for the largest proportion (43.5%) of bed capacity in FY17 while the acute care hospitals and private psychiatric hospitals account for 31.5% and 26% of bed capacity, respectively. As shown in Figure 1, the operational bed capacity in the state-operated hospitals remained relatively stable since FY13, decreasing by a total of eight beds over this period, while State RICA facilities decreased by four beds. The bed capacity in acute care hospitals increased from 703 in 2
FY13 to 740 in FY17, reflecting a 5.3% increase. Over the same period, the private psychiatric hospitals had a 2.5% (15 bed) decrease from 601 in FY13 to 586 in FY17. According to the MHCC, this decrease is largely due to the temporary delicensing of 15 beds at Adventist Behavioral Health Eastern Shore in 2016, which were later reinstituted in FY18. State Psychiatric Facilities As shown in Figure 1, in FY17, operational bed capacity across the state psychiatric hospitals was 957, while the two RICAs accounted for a total an additional 66 beds. The number of operational beds varied substantially across the State hospitals from a low of 60 beds at Eastern Shore Hospital to 355 at Spring Grove Hospital. (See Appendix A, Table 3). Acute Care Hospitals 1 A total of 29 acute care hospitals provided psychiatric treatment services across the state. As of FY17, the licensed bed capacity ranged from 6 beds (Holy Cross Germantown Hospital) to 108 beds (Johns Hopkins Hospital). See Appendix A, Table 4. Between FY13 and FY17, total bed capacity in acute care hospitals increased from 703 to 740, representing a 5.3% (37 bed) increase from FY13. This increase in bed capacity was largely driven by an increases in psychiatric beds at MedStar Franklin Square Hospital and Northwestern Hospital with both adding 16 beds since FY13. See Appendix A, Table 4. In acute care hospitals, licensed beds were used in this report rather than operational beds in order to assess the potential capacity available at each hospital, even if all the licensed beds are not being utilized given current staffing resources. In FY17, licensed and operational bed counts for acute care hospitals did not differ substantially. In 19 out of 29 acute care hospitals, licensed and operational beds counts were either the same or operational beds were higher. Across all hospitals, there were a total of 53 more licensed beds compared to operational beds. It is recognized that using licensed beds will marginally inflate the bed capacity that is available at each of these facilities. Private Hospitals Statewide, the five private psychiatric specialty hospitals had a combined licensed bed capacity of 586 beds in FY17. Between FY13 and FY17, the number of beds declined from 601 to 586, representing a 2.5% (15 beds) decline over the time period. This decrease is a result of Adventist Behavioral Health-Eastern Shore delicensing 15 beds in 2016. In FY17, the bed capacity in the four remaining facilities ranged from 65 at Brooklane Health Services to 322 at Sheppard Pratt Hospital. See Appendix A, Table 2. 1 The Joint Chairmen s report instructs BHA to consult with appropriate stakeholders, which are local community hospitals. Therefore, on August 7, 2018, the Deputy Secretary of Behavioral Health met with the Maryland Hospital Association to illicit input from key stakeholders on data collected for this report on acute general hospital psychiatric capacity and utilization. See Appendix A, Table 4. The Maryland Hospital Association submitted a letter on September 5, 2018. See Appendix B. 3
B. Demand for Inpatient Psychiatric Bed Utilization Figure 2: Total Psychiatric Patient Days by Sector Source: Health Service Cost Review Commission (HSCRC) Inpatient data; HMIS In FY17, a total of 680,580 psychiatric patient days were used across all sectors. As shown in Figure 2, the state hospitals had substantially higher numbers of patient days compared to private psychiatric and acute general hospitals, which is largely driven by fewer discharges and longer average length of stays. In FY17, average lengths of stay for the state hospitals were 199 days and 149 days for the RICA facilities compared to 6 and 11 days for the acute general hospitals and private psychiatric hospitals respectively. See Appendix A, Table 1. As shown in Appendix A, occupancy rates in FY17 varied across sectors and hospitals, with state hospitals and RICA Facilities maintaining almost 100% occupancy rates. Comparatively, acute general hospitals and private hospitals had average occupancy rates of 61% and 69% respectively. The average occupancy rate across all hospital sectors was 79%. As shown in Figure 2, the number of psychiatric patient days remained relatively stable for State Psychiatric Facilities and Private Psychiatric Hospitals between FY13 to FY17, while showing a steady decline in acute care hospitals from 189,989 to 166,213 over the same period. A study on bed demand in acute care hospitals, conducted by the Maryland Hospital Association (MHA), estimated that the 29 acute care hospitals provided approximately 245,000 inpatient days, reflecting nearly 80,000 more impatient days than reported in this analysis. See Appendix B. MHA s counts of patient days are based on patients with a primary behavioral health diagnosis admitted to acute care hospitals licensed to provide psychiatric care. This approach will likely 4
overestimate the actual patient days since some individuals may be assigned a primary behavioral health diagnosis but not receive behavioral health treatment services. In the current report, psychiatric patient days were obtained from the HSCRC inpatient files and included all patients who were reported by the hospitals to have had one or more days of psychiatric care over a given fiscal year. Given that the current methodology likely excludes some patients that receive psychiatric care while being treated in emergency rooms or while receiving care on non-psychiatric medical units within these hospitals, the patient days provided in this report likely represent a conservative estimate of the actual demand for psychiatric services within acute care hospitals. Figure 3: Discharges from Psychiatric Services by Sector, FY13 to FY17 Source: HSCRC Inpatient data; HMIS Figure 3 displays psychiatric patient discharges by hospital type (i.e., sector) between FY13 and FY17. As shown in Figure 3, the overall volume of psychiatric patients seen in the acute care hospitals was substantially higher compared to private psychiatric hospitals and state facilities. These higher discharge rates are largely a result of lower average length of stay in these facilities compared to hospitals in other sectors. The average length of stays for the acute care hospitals was five days in FY17 compared to 11 days in private psychiatric hospitals, 199 days in state hospitals and 149 days in state RICA facilities. See Appendix A. The lower number of discharges and high average length of stays in the state hospitals is attributable to high numbers of court-ordered and forensic patients. As shown in Figure 3, the number of psychiatric discharges declined in each sector between FY13 and FY17. While the acute care hospitals and private psychiatric facilities exhibited similar declines of approximately 8%, discharges at the state facilities declined by 23% since FY13. 5
Recommendations As mentioned, the 2018 Joint Chairmen s Report requests recommendations on the appropriate amount of inpatient psychiatric bed capacity by sector. Based on the discussions surrounding the appropriate accounting method for bed capacity and occupancy rate in the acute care hospital and private psychiatric hospitals, the Department must first determine whether existing bed capacity is consistently availability and utilized before making further recommendations. The Department is currently considering additional paths forward to improve bed capacity information and how those beds might be utilized as part of Maryland s overall behavioral health system. 6
APPENDIX A Hospital Capacity and Utilization Detail Tables Table 1: Statewide Sector Capacity and Utilization Total Number of Psych. Total Psych. Day Discharges Avg. Length of Stay Beds Occupancy Rate FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 Acute General Hospitals 34,047 31,278 189,989 166,213 5 6 703 740 74% 61% Private Psychiatric Hospitals 14,594 13,484 149,734 146,818 10 11 601 586 68% 69% State Psychiatric Facilities 1,122 868 372,169 367,549 184 195 1,035 1,023 99% 99% GRAND TOTAL 49,763 45,630 711,892 680,580 14 15 2,331 2,349 84% 79% Source: HSCRC, HMIS, and MHCC. Table 2: Private Psychiatric Hospital Capacity and Utilization Total Number Total Psych. Avg. Length of Psych. Day of Stay Discharges Beds Occupancy Rate FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 Sheppard & Enoch Pratt Hospital - Ellicott 2,854 2,624 20,682 22,523 7 9 92 92 62% 67% Sheppard & Enoch Pratt Hospital - Towson 6,878 6,015 83,006 81,811 12 14 322 322 71% 70% Brook Lane 1,761 1,237 12,966 10,312 7 8 65 65 55% 43% Adventist Behavioral Health - Eastern Shore* 335 101 2,976 963 9 10 15 0 54% Adventist Behavioral Health - Mont Co 2,766 3,507 30,104 31,209 11 9 107 107 77% 80% GRAND TOTAL 14,594 13,484 149,734 146,818 10 11 601 586 68% 69% Source: HSCRC, MHCC. Notes: *Adventist Behavioral Eastern Shore temporary delicensed their 15 beds in 2016, which affected the occupancy rate. 7
Table 3: State Psychiatric Facility Capacity and Utilization Total Number of Psych. Discharges Total Psych. Day Avg. Length of Stay Beds Occupancy Rate FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 Clifton T. Perkins 93 91 87,360 92,027 364 264 238 248 100% 102% Eastern Shore 68 52 21,458 22,305 172 196 60 60 98% 102% Spring Grove 477 292 130,227 128,414 159 158 366 355 97% 99% Springfield 316 284 85,010 79,612 156 199 235 228 99% 96% Thomas B. Finan 77 63 24,657 23,592 169 180 66 66 102% 98% RICA - Baltimore 49 42 12,900 10,956 157 154 38 34 93% 88% RICA - Montgomery 42 44 10,557 10,643 153 144 32 32 90% 91% GRAND TOTAL 1,122 868 372,169 367,549 184 195 1,035 1,023 98% 98% Source: MHCC, HMIS. Notes: Discharges reflect all discharges within each fiscal year. The average length of stay is based on those patient days used within each fiscal year divided by the total number of individuals served in the year. 8
Table 4: Acute General Hospital Psychiatric Capacity and Utilization 2 Total Number Total Psych. Avg. Length of Psych. Day of Stay Discharges Beds Occupancy Rate FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 FY13 FY17 Bon Secours Hospital 1,690 1,287 8,864 6,798 5 5 32 24 76% 78% Calvert Health Medical Center 674 581 3,076 2,756 5 5 11 9 77% 84% Carroll Hospital Center 1,312 857 4,603 3,855 3 5 20 20 63% 53% Frederick Memorial Hospital 1,072 1,001 6,818 6,158 6 6 21 21 89% 80% Holy Cross Hospital-Germantown ± 393 1,557 4 6 71% Howard County General Hospital 1,026 847 5,405 5,328 5 6 20 20 74% 73% Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center 887 700 6,133 6,345 7 9 20 20 84% 87% Johns Hopkins Hospital 2,801 2,554 32,863 32,005 12 13 108 108 83% 81% MedStar Franklin Square 1,239 2,200 6,150 916 5 5 24 40 70% 6% MedStar Montgomery Medical Center 1,437 1,109 4,744-4 4 25 20 52% MedStar Southern Maryland Hospital Center 1,024 1,346 4,280-4 5 25 25 47% MedStar St. Mary's Hospital 558 821 2,139-4 4 12 12 49% MedStar Union Memorial Hospital 1,971 536 7,755 1,946 4 6 26 26 82% 21% Meritus Medical Center 1,028 1,146 4,575 5,275 4 5 18 18 70% 80% Northwest Hospital Center 941 1,366 5,746 9,518 6 7 14 30 112% 87% Peninsula Regional Medical Center 846 725 3,704 3,805 4 5 10 12 101% 87% Sinai Hospital 1,327 1,170 8,055 7,375 6 6 24 24 92% 84% Suburban Hospital 1,401 1,224 6,889 7,194 5 6 24 24 79% 82% UM-Baltimore Washington Medical Center 986 924 5,276 4,795 5 5 14 14 103% 94% UM-Harford Memorial Hospital 1,384 1,235 7,083 7,349 5 6 27 26 72% 77% UM-Laurel Regional Hospital 812 770 3,512 3,608 4 5 14 18 69% 55% UMMC Midtown Campus 1,498 1,047 9,281 7,924 6 8 28 28 91% 78% UM-Prince George s Hospital Center 1,369 1,139 7,398 7,782 5 7 28 28 72% 76% UM-Shore Regional Health at Dorchester 683 580 - - 5 7 16 24 UM-St. Joseph Medical Center 712 820 5,449 5,862 8 7 19 19 79% 85% Union Hospital of Cecil County 734 510-2,411 3 5 7 11 60% University of Maryland Medical Center 1,694 1,116 15,359 12,857 9 12 56 56 75% 63% Washington Adventist Hospital 1,738 1,475 9,752 7,965 6 5 40 39 67% 56% Western Maryland Regional Medical Center 1,203 1,059 5,080 4,829 4 5 20 19 70% 70% GRAND TOTAL 34,047 30,538 189,989 166,213 6 5 703 740 74% 61% Source: HSCRC, MHCC. ± Holy Cross Hospital Germantown did not report data for FY2013. 2 BHA shared this table with the Maryland Hospital Association for consultation. The Maryland Hospital Association submitted a letter in response. See Appendix B. 9
APPENDIX B Maryland Hospital Association Letter 10
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