TITLE PAGE... i APPROVAL PAGE ii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY PAGE iii DEDICATION PAGE. iv MOTTO PAGE v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii APPENDIX PAGE.. xv INTISARI.. xvi ABSTRACT xvii CHAPTER I.. 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Formulation of the Problem 9 C. Research Question.. 13 D. Purpose of Study and its Significance.. 13 E. Originality of Study... 14 CHAPTER II.. 17 A. History and Meaning of Work-Family Balance 17 1. Origin of Work-Family Balance 17 2. History of Work-Family Balance in Research 18 3. Meaning of Work-Family Balance 20 4. Meaning of Work.... 23 5. Work-Family Conflict (WFC) 27 6. Criticisms of Work-Family Concept. 28 x
B. Work-Family balance Dilemma.... 32 1. Economic Issues.... 32 2. Traditional Issues: Work Among Men and Women.. 33 3. Emotional Issues 35 C. Work-Family Balance and Gender 36 1. Division of Labor Among men and Women 36 2. Work Policies...... 38 3. Transformation in Family Gender Roles. 39 4. Statistical Records of Women who enter labor force 41 D. Javanese Culture and Family Institution. 43 1. Republic of Indonesia.... 43 2. Family and Marriage..... 44 3. An Overview of Java.. 45 4. Javanese Culture and Socio-economic Development. 46 5. Religion and Javanese Culture 47 6. Social Stratification among Javanese. 49 7. Javanese View on Concepts of Individual, Family, and Community.. 50 a. Individual 50 b. Family and Marriage Arrangements.. 52 8. Status of Woman in the Javanese family and community... 55 E. Situation of Street-Vendors 58 1. History of Street-Vending.. 58 2. Terminology used Among Street-vendors.. 60 xi
3. Employment Context of Street-vendors.. 60 4. Risks Faced by Street-vendors... 61 F. Theoretical Framework 63 1. Role Theory. 63 2. Systems Theory.. 65 G. Review of results from Previous Studies.. 67 CHAPTER III. 71 A. Research Design.. 71 B. Research Location... 75 C. Sources of Data... 76 D. Methods of Data collection and Procedures 78 E. Methods of Data Analysis and Interpretation.. 79 F. Creditability 81 G. Consideration of Research Ethics.... 83 CHAPTER IV. 87 A. Short Profiles for Research Participants 87 B. Description of each participant s experiences on work-family balance domain 90 1. Identified themes for Participant One.. 91 a. Spending special time with each of her children 91 b. Structure and planning.... 92 c. Family responsibilities as a priority 93 d. Appeasing guilt.... 93 e. Ability to cope 94 xii
f. Support structure.. 95 2. Identified themes for Participant Two.. 96 a. Sparing time for the children outside home.. 96 b. Daily responsibilities. 97 c. Organizational ability. 98 d. Planning ability.. 98 e. Guilt... 99 f. Support structure and motivation 99 3. Identified themes for Participant Three 100 a. Planned (work-family) activities. 100 b. Planned schedule for family activities 101 c. Feeling Guilty... 102 d. Satisfaction for meeting children s needs. 102 e. Work commitments.. 103 f. Support structure.. 104 4. Identified themes for Participant Four 105 a. Relationship with family members. 105 b. Building the family unit. 106 c. Self-focus and a feeling of selfish.. 106 d. Work commitments as a priority. 107 e. Meeting needs for family members 108 5. Identified themes for Participant Five.. 109 a. Family responsibilities as a priority 109 b. Reliance on support structures... 110 xiii
c. Quality time with her children.. 110 d. Planning and prioritizing. 111 C. Overall conclusion from research findings 112 D. Discussion of the themes. 113 a. Structuring and planning daily activities and events. 113 b. Social support structures and self-reliance 121 c. Organizing Work-family activities to allow spending quality time with children and family. 124 CHAPTER V 130 A. Conclusion. 130 B. Limitations of Study and Recommendations 131 REFERENCES 134 APPENDIX.. 142 APPENDIX PAGE Appendix 1. Consent Form.. 143 Appendix 2. Interview Results.. 144 Appendix 3. Description of Individual Phenomenon. 177 Appendix 4. Horizontalitation Process 201 Appendix 5. Key Informants. 253 Appendix 6. Surat Persetujuan Kesimpulan Penelitian 261 xiv
(Agreement with Research Participants on Conclusion) MANAGING WORK-FAMILY BALANCE AMONG JAVANESE WOMAN STREET-VENDORS: PLANNING AND STRUCTURING DAILY ACTIVITIES, SOCIAL SUPPORT AND QUALITY TIME FOR FAMILIES 1 2 Mokete Bendly Nyaphisi, Koentjoro INTISARI Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami bagaimana perempuan Jawa yang berprofesi sebagai Padagang Kaki Lima (PKL) dalam mencapai dan menjaga keseimbangan antara kerja dan peran mereka sebagai seorang ibu dalam keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif dengan metode fenomenologi. Penggunaan metode fenomenologi melalui proses analisis dan interpretasi data yang meliputi penyajian transkrip peserta verbatim, horizontalization (pengelompokan makna), pengurangan dan xv
penghapusan, clustering Konstituen tema ditemukan, mengembangkan tekstur Individu dan deskripsi makna dan esensi pengalaman. Ada lima perempuan sebagai responden dan tujuh informan kunci dalam penelitian. Melalui pendapat responden, beberapa pemahaman diberikan yang mereka anggap memfasilitasi fungsinya secara efektif baik di pekerjaan maupun di rumah. Guna menyeimbangkan peran ganda antara pekerjaan dan keluarga, mekanisme utama yang digunakan adalah perencanaan yang efektif, penataan tanggung jawab kegiatan, sistem dukungan dan kualitas waktu yang digunakan bersama anak-anak dan keluarga. Mereka memiliki kesamaan sistem dalam membangun pribadi yang menunjukkan bahwa mereka secara terus-menerus mengandalkan dirinya sebagai pengasuh. Hal ini memberi mereka kepuasan karena mampu mengendalikan pekerjaan dan sukses sebagai ibu. Namun, hal ini tidak cukup untuk menyimpulkan bahwa mereka benar-benar telah mencapai keseimbangan antara pekerjaan dan keluarga. Faktanya adalah walaupun para perempuan ini memenuhi peran ganda mereka dan terus berusaha untuk mengatasi mekanisme untuk memenuhi kedua peran tersebut secara efektif, keluarga tetaplah menjadi prioritas utama. Kata kunci: Peran ganda, keseimbangan, mechanism koping 1 Mahasiswa Magister Psikologi Fakualtas Psikologi di UGM 2 Guru Besar Fakultas Psikologi di UGM xvi
MANAGING WORK-FAMILY BALANCE AMONG JAVANESE WOMAN STREET-VENDORS: PLANNING AND STRUCTURING DAILY ACTIVITIES, SOCIAL SUPPORT AND QUALITY TIME FOR FAMILIES Mokete Bendly Nyaphisi, Koentjoro ABSTRACT 1 2 The aim of this study was to explore analyze how Javanese woman street-vendors balanced their work-family roles. The study was carried out through use of a qualitative research design with phenomenology in which data analysis and data interpretation entailed the following procedures: Presenting verbatim participant transcript, Horizontalization (clustering meanings), Reduction and Elimination, Clustering Constituents of discovered themes, Developing Individual textural (and structural) description, and Description of meaning and essence of experience in a systematic pattern. There were five women as research participants and 7 key informants. Through determining these women s opinions and coping mechanisms, some understanding was provided of what they perceived facilitated their effective functioning both at work and at home. In trying to balance their dual roles; thus work and family; effective planning and the structuring of responsibilities and events, support systems and quality time spent with children and family were the main mechanisms they used. They have common personal construct system that indicated that they continued to rely on herself as nurturer. This gave them all a feeling of satisfaction, being in control and of success as mothers. This is not adequate to conclude to say that they had absolutely achieved work-family balance. The fact is that while these women were fulfilling dual roles and continued to strive for coping mechanisms to fulfill both roles effectively, the emphasis on the family as a priority remained predominant. Key Words: Work-Family Balance, Experiences, Street-Vendors The student of Master of Psychology Science Program in UGM 2 1 The Lecturer of Master of Psychology Science Program in UGM xvii