Name: Date: Period: VUS 7c, e, f: The Civil War Filled In Notes VUS 7: Civil War 1
Objectives about The Civil War and Reconstruction VUS7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era and their importance as major turning points in American history by c) analyzing the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation and the principles outlined in Lincoln s Gettysburg Address; e) examining the social impact of the war on African Americans, the common soldier, and the home front, with emphasis on Virginia; f) explaining postwar contributions of key leaders of the Civil War The Civil War Begins Main Idea: The secession of Southern States caused the North and the South to take up arms Why it Matters Now: the nation s identity was forged in part by the Civil War I Advantages A Union 1 (factories, railroads, food production) 2 3 (Lincoln) B Confederacy 1 2 3 4 High motivation C Key Leaders and their Roles 1 : President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary A house divided against itself cannot stand 2 : Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several Union commanders had failed 3 : Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force) Notes VUS 7: Civil War 2
4 : Former slave who became prominent black abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union army II Strategies A Union 1 Had to 2 Three Part Plan (Anaconda Plan): a b Move down Mississippi River and c Capture Confederate capital, B Confederacy 1 Reverse of attrition warfare a 2 a Stand your ground III Early Battles A Battle of Bull Run 1 July 21, 1861 was the 2 Lincoln ordered 30,000 soldiers to move from DC to capture Richmond 3 Met at Bull Run (Manassas) by Confederate troops 4 Battle went back and forth Notes VUS 7: Civil War 3
5 led the Confederates There is Jackson standing like a stone wall 6 Union troops retreated to DC 7 Lincoln s response a Lincoln responded by enlisting 50,000 men, and then 50,000 more 3 days later b Lincoln appointed General George McClellan to lead the Union army near Washington DC B Fort Henry and Fort Donelson 1 February 1862, Ulysses S Grant led Union troops and capture Fort Henry and Donelson 2 Strategic positions on important rivers 3 Southerners tried to seek terms of surrender and Grant responded no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted 4 Earned him the nickname Unconditional Surrender Gran C War for the Capitals 1 Gen McClellan didn t want to attack Richmond with less than 270,000 men 2 McClellan moved his troops to the Chesapeake Ban and met Gen Robert E Lee of the Confederacy in wat was known as the 3 D Battle of Antietam 1 September 17, 1862 2, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing 3 Lee advanced his troops towards DC and won 2 nd Battle of Bull Run along the way 4 A Union corporal found a copy of Lee s army orders 5 McClellan engaged the Confederates in Battle of Antietam (creek in MD) 6 7 Lincoln fired for not moving fast enough Notes VUS 7: Civil War 4
The Politics of War Main Idea: By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln made slavery the focus of the war Why it Matters Now: The Proclamation was the first step toward improving the status of African Americans I Britain Remains Neutral A Trent Affair (Late 1861) 1 Tested 2 South sent diplomats to try and get support from 3 A Union ship, the USS San Jacinto 4 The British II Proclaiming Emancipation A Lincoln s view of Slavery 1 B Emancipation Proclamation 1 January 1, 1863 2 a 3 Gave the war a Notes VUS 7: Civil War 5
III Political Problems A Neither side was completely unified 1 There were Confederate sympathizers in the North and Union sympathizers in the South 2 Created 2 problems a How should they handle the critics? b How do they ensure a steady supply of men? B Dealing with Dissent 1 Lincoln dealt with disloyalty with force 2 Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus def a 3 Those arrested included Copperheads def 4 Lincoln set a precedence of expanding the powers of the executive branch during wartime or for national security 5 Jefferson Davis at first denounced Lincoln s suspension of civil liberties, but soon followed Lincoln s example a A group in TN burned down a vital railroad bridge and Davis Notes VUS 7: Civil War 6
C Conscription def 1 Confederate states drafted men 18-35 (later expanded in 1864 to 17-50) a Wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve for them b Planters that owned 20+ acres c d of able-bodied Southern men served 2 Union men 20-45 years old were drafted for a 3-year period a b Draft riots broke out in the North c Poor white workers believed that if they fought to free slaves, Life During Wartime Main Idea: The Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American society Why it Matters Now: The expansion of roles for African Americans and women set the stage for later equalities of opportunity I African Americans in War A African Americans began to fight for the 1 By the end of the war of the Union army was African American 2 Participated in about 500 battles 3 Served in separate regiments commanded by white offices 4 Couldn t rise above the rank of Captain 5 Only received (whites had $13/month and $350 clothing) 6 Mortality rate was high because of a B Slave Resistance in the South 1 Some slaves were forced to fight for the Confederacy Notes VUS 7: Civil War 7
2 Union army 3 Those that stayed on the plantation 4 Others would a Led to generalized feeling of fear b Many whites began to realize that slavery was doomed II The War Affects Regional Economies A Southern Economy 1 Faced 2 Men were fighting and dying 3 4 a Refused to work, fled, or were liberated 5 6 Union blockade led to shortages of other times and wouldn t allow cotton trade SIG B Northern Economy 1 2 Wages could not keep up with the work and white men a Could be paid less 3 Congress wanted some of the wealth for the US government and Notes VUS 7: Civil War 8
III Life of a Soldier A Lives on the Lines 1 Disease was very common a b 2 Union soldiers ate 3 Confederates ate cush B Civil War Medicine 1 US set up the Sanitation Commission to teach soldiers how to avoid polluting the water supply 2 worked on the frontlines bullying bullets and dressing wounds a Angel of the Battlefield especially courageous in Antietam C Prison Conditions 1 Prison conditions were terrible 2 was the worst a 33,000 prisoners to 26 acres (34 sq feet per person) b c Drinking water was from a stream that also served as a sewer 3 Northern prisons weren t much better a Many southerners died because Notes VUS 7: Civil War 9
The North Starts Winning Main Idea: Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped the Union wear down the Confederacy Why it Matters Now: These victories clinched the North s win and led to the preservation of the Union I Gettysburg (PA) A Background 1 By 1863, 2 Confederates won battles at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville (Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own troop and died on May 10, 1863) 3 Confederates were in high spirits, but also in desperate need of supplies and were looking for a win in the North a They heard of shoes and other supplies at Gettysburg, PA and went in search of them b Lee is hoping to B Actual Battle (July 1-3, 1863) 1 The Confederate army numbered, Union/Yankee army had under the command of 2 Confederates launched massive assault on July 1 and took control of the town, however Lee knew he wouldn t be successful unless the Confederate army forced the Yankees to yield their position on Cemetery Ridge, the high ground of Gettysburg 3 July 2 the confederates attacked Seminary Ridge, but were defeated by Union troops a Union forces lost 1/3 of their men and were running out ammo when they charged the Confederates Notes VUS 7: Civil War 10
b Confederates surrendered 4 July 3 Lee ordered attack on the middle of the Union lines a b SIG a He was depressed and tried to resign, but Jefferson Davis wouldn t accept it C Overview 1 Union losses 23,000 casualties, Confederates had 28,000 casualties 2 Lee continued to lead his men for the next 2 years, SIG D Gettysburg Address 1 November 1863 a ceremony was held to dedicate Gettysburg as a cemetery 2 Lincoln described the Civil War as a 3 Lincoln believed America was, not a collection of sovereign states Notes VUS 7: Civil War 11
II Vicksburg A Union Strategy is to take the Mississippi River and split Confederacy in two B Spring 1863 grant sent a cavalry to destroy rail lines in central Mississippi to draw attention away from Vicksburg C July 3, 1863 (same day as Pickett s Charge) the Confederates surrendered to Grant 1 III Confederacy Wears Down A Morale 1 South 2 Morale and support are being lost in many Southern States a The Confederacy starts breaking down B Appointments 1 March 1864 Lincoln appoints as commander of all Union armies 2 Grant appoints as the Commander of the Mississippi division of troops 3 Grant and Sherman both believed in total war def Notes VUS 7: Civil War 12
C Sherman s March 1 Sherman moved west and took, but were quickly surrounded 2 Union army fled SE a Wanted to make Southerners so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it 3 They took Savannah right before Christmas and then went north to help Grant wipe out Lee 4 5 They stopped the burning in North Carolina in North Carolina and gave out food and supplies D Grant v Lee 1 Grant focused on 2 North could spare and replace men, but the South couldn t 3 Union lost men between May 4 and June 18, 1864 4 Confederates lost men in the same time period E Election of 1864 1 North was winning battles 2 won the election with 55% of popular vote 3 Lincoln tried to a Notes VUS 7: Civil War 13
F Surrender at Appomattox 1 April 9, 1865 2 was closing in on Richmond from west a Defeated Lee s army in Petersburg, VA 3 was approaching Richmond from the South 4 fled set fire to Richmond (still on fire when Union troops arrived) 5 Lee and Grant met at a private house in Appomattox Court House, VA to arrange a Confederate surrender a b Lee s soldiers Notes VUS 7: Civil War 14
Reading Comprehension Western Advance, Eastern Stalemate The first large battle of the war, at Bull Run, Virginia (also known as First Manassas) near Washington, stripped away any illusions that victory would be quick or easy It also established a pattern, at least in the Eastern United States, of bloody Southern victories that never translated into a decisive military advantage for the Confederacy 1 The first large battle of the US Civil War was fought at 2 Who won the Battle of First Manassas? In contrast to its military failures in the East, the Union was able to secure battlefield victories in the West and slow strategic success at sea Most of the Navy, at the war's beginning, was in Union hands, but it was scattered and weak Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles took prompt measures to strengthen it Lincoln then proclaimed a blockade of the Southern coasts Although the effect of the blockade was negligible at first, by 1863 it almost completely prevented shipments of cotton to Europe and blocked the importation of sorely needed munitions, clothing, and medical supplies to the South 3 Who served as US Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869? 4 What major product was the South prevented from shipping to Europe? A brilliant Union naval commander, David Farragut, conducted two remarkable operations In April 1862, he took a fleet into the mouth of the Mississippi River and forced the surrender of the largest city in the South, New Orleans, Louisiana In August 1864, with the cry, Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead, he led a force past the fortified entrance of Mobile Bay, Alabama, captured a Confederate ironclad vessel, and sealed off the port 5 During the US Civil War, what was the largest city in the American South? 6 Who famously shouted, Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead, as he charged into Mobile Bay, Alabama In the Mississippi Valley, the Union forces won an almost uninterrupted series of victories They began by breaking a long Confederate line in Tennessee, thus making it possible to occupy almost all the western part of the state When the important Mississippi River port of Memphis was taken, Union troops advanced some 320 kilometers into the heart of the Confederacy With the tenacious General Ulysses S Grant in command, they withstood a sudden Confederate counterattack at Shiloh, on the bluffs overlooking the Tennessee River Those killed and wounded at Shiloh numbered more than 10,000 on each side, a casualty rate that Americans had never before experienced But it was only the beginning of the carnage 7 Over ten thousand soldiers were killed at what Tennessee battle? In Virginia, by contrast, Union troops continued to meet one defeat after another in a succession of bloody attempts to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital The Confederates enjoyed strong defense positions afforded by numerous streams cutting the road between Washington and Richmond Their two best generals, Robert E Lee and Thomas J ("Stonewall") Jackson, both far surpassed in ability their early Union counterparts In 1862 Union commander George McClellan made a slow, excessively cautious attempt to seize Richmond But in the Seven Days' Battles between June 25 and July 1, the Union troops were driven steadily backward, both sides suffering terrible losses 8 What city served as the capital of the Confederate States of America? 9 Who led US troops in the Seven Days Battles? After another Confederate victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run (or Second Manassas), Lee crossed the Potomac River and invaded Maryland McClellan again responded tentatively, despite learning that Lee had split his army and was heavily outnumbered The Union and Confederate Armies met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, in the bloodiest single day of the war: More than 4,000 died on both sides and 18,000 were wounded Despite his numerical advantage, however, McClellan failed to break Lee's lines or press the attack, and Lee was able to retreat across the Potomac with his army intact As a result, Lincoln fired McClellan 10 What was the bloodiest single day of the US Civil War? 11 Why did Commander-in-Chief Abraham Lincoln fire General McClellan? Notes VUS 7: Civil War 15
Although Antietam was inconclusive in military terms, its consequences were nonetheless momentous Great Britain and France, both on the verge of recognizing the Confederacy, delayed their decision, and the South never received the diplomatic recognition and the economic aid from Europe that it desperately sought 12 What two European countries decided against granting diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy following Antietam? Antietam also gave Lincoln the opening he needed to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states rebelling against the Union were free In practical terms, the proclamation had little immediate impact; it freed slaves only in the Confederate states, while leaving slavery intact in the border states Politically, however, it meant that in addition to preserving the Union, the abolition of slavery was now a declared objective of the Union war effort 13 What presidential document granted freedom to slaves living within the Confederacy? The final Emancipation Proclamation, issued January 1, 1863, also authorized the recruitment of African Americans into the Union Army, a move abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglass had been urging since the beginning of armed conflict Union forces already had been sheltering escaped slaves as "contraband of war," but following the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union Army recruited and trained regiments of African-American soldiers that fought with distinction in battles from Virginia to the Mississippi About 178,000 African Americans served in the US Colored Troops, and 29,500 served in the Union Navy 14 Frederick Douglass argued strongly against allowing African Americans to fight for the Union a True b False 15 About 178,000 African Americans served in the US Colored Troops, and 29,500 served in the Union Navy How many served in total? Despite the political gains represented by the Emancipation Proclamation, however, the North's military prospects in the East remained bleak as Lee's Army of Northern Virginia continued to maul the Union Army of the Potomac, first at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862 and then at Chancellorsville in May 1863 But Chancellorsville, although one of Lee's most brilliant military victories, was also one of his most costly His most valued lieutenant, General "Stonewall" Jackson, was mistakenly shot and killed by his own men 16 General Stonewall Jackson was killed by friendly fire at what battle, in 1863? 17 The Emancipation Proclamation was adopted as part of Lincoln s war strategy How might declaring freedom for slaves living in the Confederacy help the Union war effort? Notes VUS 7: Civil War 16
Glossary VUS7 c-f Civil War and Reconstruction Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S Grant Robert E Lee Battle of Antietam Emancipation Proclamation Habeas corpus Copperhead Notes VUS 7: Civil War 17
Glossary VUS7 c-f Civil War and Reconstruction Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Clara Barton Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg Address Battle of Vicksburg William Tecumseh Sherman Appomattox Court House Notes VUS 7: Civil War 18
Summary DIRECTIONS: Choose only one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page) Notes VUS 7: Civil War 19