DRAFT: 1.6.27 LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 ERASMUS Student and Teacher Mobility 25/26 Overview of the National Agencies' final reports 25/26 1 Contents SUMMARY OF ERASMUS STUDENT AND TEACHER MOBILITY...2 1. ERASMUS STUDENT MOBILITY...4 1.1 STUDENT MOBILITY SINCE 1987 AND THE FUTURE...4 1.2 OUTGOING MOBILITY...5 1.3 INCOMING MOBILITY...8 1.4 SUBJECT AREAS AND DURATION...12 1.5 DURATION...13 1.6 GRANTS...14 1.7 DISABLED STUDENTS...16 1.8 ZERO-GRANT STUDENTS...16 1.9 COMPLEMENTARY FUNDING...16 2. ERASMUS TEACHER MOBILITY...17 2.1 TEACHER MOBILITY SINCE 1997...17 2.2 OUTGOING MOBILITY...17 2.3 INCOMING MOBILITY...21 2.4 SUBJECT AREAS...23 2.5 DURATION...25 2.6 GRANTS...25 2.7 DISABLED TEACHERS...26 ANNEX: STATISTICS...27 1 This paper is based on the final reports of the Erasmus National Agencies of the 31 countries participating in Erasmus. The final reports contain the statistical and financial results of the Erasmus mobility activities in 25/6 and a narrative report. 1
Summary of Erasmus Student and Teacher Mobility LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Students The National Agencies reports show that the total number of Erasmus students was 154.421 in 25/6, an increase of 7.21% compared to the previous year. Germany is the biggest sender followed by Spain, France and Italy. All the countries, except Denmark, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, UK and Iceland experienced a growth in outgoing student mobility. The growth rate is highest in Turkey in their 2 nd year of participation followed by Cyprus. In general there is a high growth rate in the new member states and the candidate countries or on average around 23%. There was a rise in incoming students in all the 31 countries in 25/6 except Malta. Spain, France and Germany receive most Erasmus students. In 25/6, about.76% of the total EU31 student population were mobile Erasmus students. However, taking into account the average study duration of approximately 5 years, and the fact that first year students are ineligible for Erasmus grants, it may be estimated that around 3% of European students receive an Erasmus grant at some stage during their studies. The imbalance between incoming and outgoing students is a problem in many countries but the situation is improving and the gap is narrowing. Education/Teacher training and Medical Studies are the most underrepresented subject areas of Erasmus, relative to their share in total student population. Average duration of Erasmus mobility has in 25/6 was 6.5 months. The average Erasmus student grant was 157 average per month and increased by 12% compared to 24/5. 117 disabled students participated in the Erasmus programme in 25/6. In 25/6 students without an EU grant ('zero-grant' students) were 4% of all Erasmus students. 2
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Teachers The number of Erasmus teachers has been steadily increasing in recent years. In 25/6 the number was 23.449, a 12.3% increase compared to the previous year. All countries except Denmark and Liechtenstein experienced a growth in outgoing teacher mobility. The annual increase was high in Turkey, Cyprus and THE Slovak Republic. In 25/6 Erasmus teacher mobility was 2.1% of the total academic staff population in EU31, a higher proportion than in student mobility. Malta, Czech Republic and Lithuania stand out as the countries with the highest proportion of outgoing Erasmus teachers. Germany, Spain and France receive the most Erasmus teachers. The highest annual increase was in Turkey, Slovak Republic and Latvia. When compared to student mobility, Erasmus teachers are relatively more mobile in subject areas such as Education/Teacher training and Law and much less mobile in Business/Social sciences. The average grant for teacher mobility is 597, for an average duration of 6.4 days. 3
1. Erasmus Student Mobility LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 1.1 Student mobility since 1987 and the future During a 19 year period from the academic year 1987/88 till 25/6 more than 1.5 million students have benefited from the Erasmus programme (see table 1 in the annex). More than 78. students have participated in Socrates II which will last till the end of the academic year 26/7. France (15.73%), Germany (15.71), Spain (14.1%) and Italy (11.37%) have proportionally moved most number of students from 1987. The aim is to reach 2 million students by 28 and a total of 3 million individual participants in student mobility by 212. It is estimated that 65% of Erasmus students are undergraduate students, 34% graduate students and 1% doctoral students. 2 Approximately 6% of Erasmus students are females. This percentage is slightly higher than the proportion of female 3 students of the total EU student population ( 55%). Chart 1 16. Erasmus student mobility 1987/88-25/6 154.421 14. 12. Number of students 1. 8. 6. 4. 2. 3.244 1987/88 1988/89 1989/9 199/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/ 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 Total number 3.244 9.914 19.456 27.96 36.314 51.694 62.362 73.47 84.642 79.874 85.999 97.61 17.652 111.82 115.429 123.957 135.586 144.32 154.421 Since the start of the Erasmus programme in 1987 numbers have increased every year, with the exception of 1996/97. 4 The growth rate was obviously highest in the beginning (chart 1). The increase in 25/6 compared to the previous year was 7.21% (5.91% in EUR25, 8.78% in the EFTA-EEA 5 and 43.25% in the candidate countries 6 ). 2 See European Doctoral Mobility, Irving Mitchell, 22. Undergraduate is equivalent to the Bachelors level and graduate to the Masters level. 3 See Europe in figures Eurostat yearbook 26/7. 4 1996/97 was a year of preparation for the Institutional Contract the successor of the ICP - which may have contributed to a decrease in mobility that year. 5 EFTA-EEA stands for the EFTA countries that are a part of the European Economic Area: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. 6 In 25/6 the candidate countries were BG, RO and TR. 4
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 The annual increase in budget (21.8%) is again higher than the increase in mobility (7.2%) (chart 2). Chart 2 Erasmus student mobility 19987/88-25/6 and budget: Annual increase/decrease 1, 9, Number of students 8, Budget 7, 6, % 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,, -1, 1988/89 1989/9 199/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/ 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 Number of students 25,6 96,2 43,4 3,1 42,4 2,6 17,7 15,3-5,6 7,7 13,5 1,3 3,2 3,9 7,4 9,4 6,2 7,2 Budget,4-5,8 32,1 8,4 4,9 2,3 4,,6 17,7 21,8 1.2 Outgoing mobility In the academic year 25/6 154.421 students (145.79 from the EUR25, 1.636 from the EFTA-EEA countries and 6.995 from the candidate countries) took part of their studies in another European country as Erasmus students. This represent a growth rate of 7.21% compared to the previous year. Most outgoing students come from Germany (15.44%), Spain (14.82%), France (14.57%), and Italy (1.61%). The growth rate was, by far, highest in Turkey in their second year of Erasmus participation or around 15%. The growth rate was also high in Cyprus (43.1%), Lithuania (29.67%) and Luxemburg (25.86%). In general there is a high growth rate in the new member states and the candidate countries or on average about 23%. Of the 31 participating countries, 8 experienced a decline in numbers, i.e. Denmark (- 6.19%), Ireland (-.32%), Italy (-.31%), the Netherlands (-5.31%), Finland (-2.6%), Sweden (-6.23%), UK (-1.15%) and Iceland (-2.51%). The decrease has been most dramatic in UK where the outgoing student numbers have decreased by almost 21% since 2/1. Looking at the past 6 years five countries (DK, IE, SE, UK and IS) have been experiencing stagnation or reduction in general terms (chart 3). 5
1.6.27 DRAFT: Chart 3 Outgoing Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-25/6 Number of students 24. 22. 2. 18. 16. 14. 12. 1. 8. 6. 4. 2. 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR 2/1 4.425 2.1 1.75 15.872 255 1.868 17.158 17.161 1.648 13.253 182 624 126 2.1 92 4.162 3.24 3.691 2.569 227 55 3.286 2.726 9.2 134 18 1.7 398 1.899 21/2 4.521 2.533 1.752 16.626 274 1.974 17.43 18.149 1.77 13.96 72 29 823 14 1.736 129 4.244 3.24 4.323 2.825 364 578 3.291 2.633 8.475 147 17 97 65 1.964 22/3 4.62 3.2 1.845 18.482 34 2.115 18.258 19.365 1.627 15.225 91 232 1.2 119 1.83 72 4.241 3.325 5.419 3.172 422 653 3.42 2.656 7.973 163 7 1.1 612 2.71 23/4 4.789 3.589 1.686 2.688 35 2.385 2.34 2.981 1.75 16.829 64 38 1.194 137 2.58 119 4.388 3.721 6.276 3.782 546 682 3.951 2.667 7.539 221 19 1.156 751 3.5 24/5 4.833 4.178 1.793 22.427 444 2.491 2.819 21.561 1.572 16.44 93 67 1.473 116 2.316 13 4.743 3.89 8.39 3.845 742 979 3.932 2.698 7.214 199 26 1.279 779 2.962 1.142 25/6 4.971 4.725 1.682 23.848 511 2.714 22.891 22.51 1.567 16.389 133 681 1.91 146 2.658 149 4.491 3.971 9.974 4.312 879 1.165 3.851 2.53 7.131 194 3 1.412 882 3.261 2.852 6
DRAFT: 1.6.27 Chart 4 shows that if one compares the latest Erasmus data (25/6) with the latest EU31 student population data (24) the number of Erasmus students as a proportion of the student population is on average.76% in EUR31.7 However, taking into account the average study duration of approximately 5 years, and the fact that first year students are ineligible for Erasmus grants, it may be estimated that around 3% of European students receive an Erasmus grant at some stage during their studies. To reach the target of a 1% participation rate specified by the Socrates II decision (meaning that 1% of a Masters graduation cohort (or equivalent) should have gone on an Erasmus mobility), the proportion of Erasmus students of the total student population should be 2% annually (based on the assumption of a 5 year average total study period). Only Liechtenstein (5.6%) and Luxembourg (4.9%) can claim to have reached that target. Out of the 31 participating countries 19 match or are above the EU average and 12 countries are below the average (GR, CY, LV, HU, PL, SK, SE, UK, NO, BG, RO and TR). These counties should have the potential to increase their outgoing mobility and that would contribute to reach the 3 million target by 212. Chart 4 Erasmus students as proportion of the student population: EUR31 6, 5, % in 25/6 Average in 25/6 4, 3, 2, 1,, BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR % in 25/6 1,3 1,5,8 1,,8,5 1,2 1,,8,8,6,5 1, 4,9,6 1,9,8 1,7,5 1,1,8,7 1,3,6,3 1,3 5,6,7,4,5,1 Average in 25/6,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8 7 Here, Erasmus students are divided by the total student population in each country. Another method would be to divide the number of Erasmus students with the student population that is eligible for Erasmus, i.e. excluding students in their first year. One could also compare Erasmus students to the number of graduates (Bachelor and Masters levels). Graduates in 24 were over 3.8 million in the EUR31. If we compare that figure with the number of Erasmus students in 24/5, than Erasmus students can be said to be about 4% of all graduates. Source of student and graduate population data: Eurostat. 7
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 1.3 Incoming mobility Chart 5 shows that the increase in Erasmus mobility has resulted in a rise in incoming students in all the 31 participating countries except Malta (-6.25%). The number of incoming students in the UK increases after five years of decline. Spain (17.23%) is the most popular destination followed by France (17.23%), Germany (11.58%) and the UK (1.61%). 8 (See table 2 in the annex). The new member states and the candidate countries are without doubt attracting more incoming students each. The growth rate of incoming students since last year was by far highest in Turkey (176.9%), Slovak Republic (78.9%) and Latvia (72%). Since 2/1 the growth rate in EUR31 has been 39%. 8 If compared to OECD data from 24 on student mobility (defined as international students who travelled to a country different from their own for the purpose of tertiary study) ranks low or number 16 out of 16 countries. Of the EUR31 countries, the UK (13%), AT (11%) and IE (7%) receive the largest share of international students from other OECD countries. Education at a Glance, OECD Indicators 26. 8
1.6.27 DRAFT: Chart 5 Incoming Erasmus students EUR31, 2/1-25/6 25. 22.5 2. TOTAL /1 TOTAL 1/2 TOTAL 2/3 TOTAL 3/4 TOTAL 4/5 TOTAL 5/6 Number of students 17.5 15. 12.5 1. 7.5 5. 2.5 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR TOTAL /1 3.765 552 2.435 15.275 84 1.32 16.979 17.642 3.166 8.836 41 56 34 623 67 5.839 2.425 614 2.56 62 58 3.555 4.438 19.339 127 3 98 26 199 TOTAL 1/2 3.895 732 2.555 15.53 115 1.413 18.826 17.87 3.232 9.863 37 48 91 22 769 173 6.141 2.483 792 2.883 18 111 3.755 4.898 17.619 132 3 1.1 51 275 TOTAL 2/3 4.53 971 2.887 16.16 17 1.545 21.32 18.833 3.473 1.982 63 45 132 13 856 22 6.355 2.836 996 3.28 129 131 4.433 5.326 16.994 171 7 1.244 67 355 TOTAL 3/4 4.54 1.298 3.393 16.863 166 1.593 24.49 2.26 3.584 12.713 62 65 216 14 951 25 6.724 3.161 1.456 3.766 21 181 4.929 6.8 16.621 199 11 1.518 89 536 TOTAL 4/5 4.728 1.946 3.88 17.273 275 1.658 25.511 2.519 3.649 13.37 95 15 388 16 1.297 31 6.842 3.536 2.332 4.166 378 284 5.351 6.626 16.266 253 17 1.841 179 62 299 TOTAL 5/6 5.13 2.613 4.366 17.889 372 1.93 26.625 21.436 3.871 14.591 125 258 628 15 1.554 297 6.965 3.744 3.63 4.542 589 58 5.757 7.62 16.395 256 31 2.26 25 657 828 9
DRAFT: 1.6.27 Chart 6 shows the imbalance in terms of incoming and outgoing students. Of the EUR31 there are a number of countries with a big imbalance in terms of incoming and outgoing numbers. For example Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, Malta and UK have 2 or more incoming student for every outgoing student. Chart 6 Outgoing-Incoming Erasmus students EUR31: 25/6 25. 22.5 Outgoing students Incoming students 2. Number of students 17.5 15. 12.5 1. 7.5 5. 2.5 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR 4.971 4.725 1.682 23.848 511 2.714 22.89122.51 1.567 16.389 133 681 1.91 146 2.658 149 4.491 3.971 9.974 4.312 879 1.165 3.851 2.53 7.131 Outgoing students 194 3 1412 882 3.261 2.852 5.87 2.613 4.356 17.879 372 1.899 26.61121.42 3.87 14.591 125 258 626 15 1.554 295 6.965 3.735 3.63 4.542 589 58 5.736 7.48 16.386 Incoming students 256 31 2.26 25 653 828 Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Hungary, Poland and the candidate countries have significantly more outgoing students than incoming. Reciprocity continues to be a challenge for the new member states and candidate countries. For example in Romania for every incoming student there are 5 outgoing students and this ratio is higher than 1:3 in Lithuania, Poland, Bulgaria and Turkey. Of the new member states Malta is the only country that has more incoming than outgoing students. Chart 7 provides interesting information on the potential of countries to receive students, in other words on their absorption capacity. For each country, the chart presents: a) the country s student population as a percentage of the EUR31 total student population; b) the country s number of incoming Erasmus students as a percentage of the EUR31 Erasmus students. 1
1.6.27 DRAFT: Chart 7 Share of incoming Erasmus students 25/6 as proportion of student population 24 18 16 % of student population % of incoming students 14 12 1 % 8 6 4 2 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR % of student population 1,9 1,6 1,1 11,4,3 2,9 9, 1,6,9 9,7,1,6,9, 2,1, 2,7 1,2 1, 1,9,5,8 1,5 2,1 11,,1, 1, 1,1 3,4 9,7 % of incoming students 3,3 1,7 2,8 11,6,2 1,2 17,2 13,9 2,5 9,4,1,2,4, 1,,2 4,5 2,4 2, 2,9,4,3 3,7 4,6 1,6,2, 1,5,2,4,5 11
DRAFT: 1.6.27 The chart shows the big potential the new member states and candidate countries have of receiving more incoming students. Note for example the low percentage of incoming students in Turkey and Poland compared with its percentage of the student population. Greece is in a similar situation: it has the potential to receive more incoming students. On the other hand, about 45% of the participating countries have a higher percentage of incoming students than their percentage of the student population. The most salient contrasts are in ES, BE, DK, IE, FI and SE. 1.4 Subject areas Arts/Humanities/Languages are over-represented in Erasmus if compared with the subject areas of the general student population (chart 8). Education/Teacher training, Medical Sciences, Mathematics/Computing are underrepresented. More effort could be made to increase mobility within these disciplines. 9 Chart 8 Erasmus subject areas 25/6 compared with subject areas of student population (EUR31) 35 3 Erasmus Student population 25 2 % 15 1 5 Business, Social Sciences Arts, Engineering, Humanities, Architecture Languages Law Natural Sciences Medical Sciences Education Maths, Computing Other areas 9 Here Geography/Geology is part of Natural sciences (not of Other subjects as in chart 9). 12
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Subject areas seem very stable when it comes to mobility. Chart 9 illustrates that little has changed in recent years in terms of how mobile subject areas are. During the period from 2/1 there has been a increase in Erasmus student of Business Management/Social Science, Engineering/Architecture, Medical Sciences and Math and Computing but a decrease in Arts, Humanities and Languages, Law, Natural Sciences and Law 1. (See table 4 in the annex). Chart 9 Subject areas: Increase/decrease 2/1-25/6 35 3 25 Business, social sciences Art, humanities, languages Engineering, architecture Other subjects % 2 15 1 5 Law Medical sciences Natural sciences Education Maths, computing 2/21 21/22 22/23 23/24 24/25 25/26 Business, social sciences 31, 31,5 31,7 32, 32,2 31,8 Art, humanities, languages 25,6 24,9 24,7 24, 23,5 23,5 Engineering, architecture 13,7 13,8 14,1 14,2 14,4 14,6 Other subjects 6,8 7,2 7,4 7,5 7,7 7,7 Law 7,9 7,6 7,1 7,1 6,7 6,6 Medical sciences 4,8 4,9 5, 5,2 5,2 5,4 Natural sciences 4,1 4, 3,9 3,8 3,7 3,7 Education 3,7 3,7 3,4 3,2 3,2 3,1 Maths, computing 2 2 2,8 3,1 3,2 3,4 1.5 Duration Average duration of Erasmus mobility has changed little since 1994/95. A student spends on average 6.5 months on Erasmus mobility. The EFTA-EEA and candidate countries have on average a shorter duration than the EUR25. The average duration ranges from 4 months to 7.7 months. Spain, Ireland, France and Italy have the longest duration (between 7.7 and 7 months) and Malta, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia the shortest (4.8 months or less) (see table 6 in the annex). 1 Other subjects comprise Agricultural sciences, Geography/Geology, Communication/Information sciences and other areas of study. 13
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Chart 1 Average duration per student 1994/95-25/6 8 7 6 5 Months 4 3 Months 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 Months 6,4 6,4 6,3 6,4 6,7 6,7 6,7 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,5 6,5 1.6 Grants After many years of decline the average monthly Erasmus grant increased by 12% from the previous year. The average grant in EUR31 is 157 compared to 14 last year. The average grant in EUR25 was 153, 188 in EFTA-EEA and 262 in the candidate countries. (see table 5 in the annex). Chart 11 11 11 It should be noted that the grant calculation for 2/1 to 23/4 takes account of all Erasmus students (grant and zero-grant students), while the calculation for 1994/95 to 1999/ was done on the basis of grant-students only. Thus if the same method had been used for the 2/1 to 23/4 as in the past, the monthly grant rates would be even lower. 14
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Average EU grant per student/month 2/1-25/6 2 19 Average grant/month 18 17 16 Months 15 14 13 12 11 1 2/21 21/22 22/23 23/24 24/5 25/6 Average grant/month 14 138 135 124 14 157 Students receive very different amounts in EU grant depending on their home country. The budget a country receives from the EU varies (depending on criteria like size of student population, cost of living, travel distance etc.) and National Agencies have different student allocation policies. Austria, Czech Republic, Spain, and France allocate on average an EU grant of less than or around 1 per month. In Cyprus, Bulgaria and Latvia the average grant is more than 4 per month. Of EUR31 14 countries are already giving an average grant to students above 2 /month. One of the aims in the LLP (28-213) is to maintain an average grant of 2 /month throughout the programme. Chart 12 5 Average EU grant per month per country 25/6 45 Average grant per month Average total 4 35 3 Euros 25 2 15 1 5 BE CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR Average grant per month 134 1 174 118 289 317 11 17 154 137 5 435 195 269 387 191 96 281 171 217 37 124 217 353 228 152 183 448 196 29 Average total 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 157 15
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 1.7 Disabled students During the academic year 25/6 117 disabled students participated in Erasmus this represent a.8% of the all Erasmus students and an increase of 25% from the previous academic year. The average duration of disabled students was 6.5 months and the average grant/student was around 3 or around 47 /month. 1.8 Zero-grant students There are also Erasmus students who receive no EU grants. The majority of the countries practice a zero-grant policy, giving a student the status of Erasmus student without an EU grant. The proportion of zero-grant students has been gradually declining. In 1997/98 students without an EU grant were 8.8% of all Erasmus students, in 25/6 they were 4.% (see table 3 in the annex). The total number of zero-grant students was 6.283 mainly students from France (48.26%), Austria (18.14%) and Finland (1.73). More than 2% of the zero-grant students studied in Spain and about 15% in UK. 1.9 Complementary funding In most of the countries the EU student grant is complemented by a national, regional or institutional grant. In the table below is listed the principal source of complementary public/institutional funding per country. (Note that countries can have more than one type of complementary funding; here only the main type is listed). Obviously this tells us little about the amount of funding, which can vary considerably even between countries with the same type of systems: Type of complementary funding Public student loan/grant systems Special national/regional funds Funding from HEIs Phare funds Country DE, DK, CY, FI, IE, IS, MT*, NL, NO, UK, SE, LU, RO AT, BE(fr), BE(fl), CZ, EE, ES, FR, IT, CY, LV, LT, LI, PT, SK DK, ES, FR, PL, GR, IT, HU, NL, AT, FI, BG, TR RO, SI * Only for undergraduate students. 16
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 2. Erasmus Teacher Mobility 2.1 Teacher mobility since 1997 Chart 13 shows that the number of Erasmus teachers has steadily increased over the last 9 years, from 7.797 in 1997/98 to 23.449 in 25/6 (21.114 in EUR25, 37 in EFTA-EEA and 1.965 in the candidate countries). The growth rate in 25/6 is 12.3% which is similar to the previous academic year (see table 7 in the annex). Chart 13 Erasmus teacher mobility 1997/98-25/6 25. 2. Total EUR31 Number of teachers 15. 1. 5. 1997/98 1998/99 1999/ 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/ 6 Total EUR31 7.797 1. 628 12.465 14.356 15.872 16.932 18.496 2.877 23. 449 2.2 Outgoing mobility Majority of the outgoing teachers came from Germany (11.77%) and Spain (1.3%). Teacher mobility has grown in 25/6 to a greater or lesser extent in all the participating countries except in Denmark (-2.5%) and in Liechtenstein (-14.3%). Chart 14 it shows clearly that in majority of the participating countries the numbers have been growing in recent years. There are some signs of stagnation in a few countries (DK, IE, NL and IS). Of the EUR31 the highest relative increase is in Turkey (71.4%), Cyprus (51.3%) and Slovak Republic (31.6%). 17
1.6.27 DRAFT: Chart 14 Outgoing Erasmus teachers from EUR31, 2/1-25/6 Number of teaching staff 2.75 2.5 2.25 2. 1.75 1.5 1.25 1. 75 5 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 25 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TK 2/1 824 635 246 2.23 78 298 1.348 1.55 132 829 41 174 487 22 592 432 678 4 61 116 743 391 1.318 26 5 171 142 594 21/2 825 782 266 2.117 77 279 1.488 1.766 151 926 25 5 246 533 44 639 533 8 46 7 116 71 367 1.411 35 2 229 2 734 22/3 851 973 299 2.38 77 296 1.657 1.863 171 897 18 62 332 362 33 689 599 884 489 7 124 83 428 1.368 37 3 233 228 76 23/4 886 987 331 2.398 84 337 1.949 2.39 168 1.33 25 91 428 2 452 34 684 623 947 532 73 134 945 58 1.33 54 3 245 312 87 24/5 885 1.226 325 2.575 243 417 2.115 2.93 188 1.86 39 25 571 528 57 656 647 1.394 57 139 291 992 484 1.38 54 7 295 348 796 339 25/6 1. 1.484 317 2.76 243 479 2.351 2.134 192 1.223 59 245 648 637 64 658 735 1.741 666 143 383 1.43 52 1.44 56 6 38 414 97 581 18
DRAFT: 1.6.27 The relationship between teacher and student mobility does not appear to be simple. Chart 15 compares the percentage increase/decrease in student mobility (SM) and teacher mobility (TS) in 25/6 and the result is a variety of relationships. The majority of the countries have an increase both in SM and TS (some have considerably higher growth rate in TS, others in SM). In Denmark there has been a decrease in both student and teacher mobility. In a number of countries the TS and SM are growing in opposite directions (IE, IT, NL, FI, SE, UK, IS and LI). The chart shows high increase in both SM and TS in Turkey (221%), Cyprus (94%) and Slovak Republic (51%). Chart 15 SM and TS mobility: increase/decrease 25/6, EUR31 24 23 22 21 2 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 % 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1-1 -2-3 TS SM BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR TS 13, 21, -2,5 7,2, 14,9 11,2 2, 2,1 12,6 51,3 19,5 13,5 2,6 12,3,3 13,6 24,9 16,8 2,9 31,6 5,1 3,7 7,3 3,7-14,3 4,4 19, 21,9 71,4 SM 2,9 13,1-6,2 6,3 15,1 9, 1, 4,4 -,3 -,3 43, 12,2 29,7 25,9 14,8 14,6-5,3 4,3 18,9 12,1 18,5 19, -2,1-6,2-1,2-2,5 15,4 1,4 13,2 1,1 149,7 19
DRAFT: 1.6.27 About 2.1% of academic staff population in EU31 went on a teaching assignment with Erasmus in 25/6. Proportionally more teachers than students are mobile within Erasmus (the average proportion of student mobility in EUR31 is.76%, see chart 16). Of the EUR31 Malta (14.1%), Czech Republic (9.3%) and Lithuania (6.4%) have the highest ratio of outgoing Erasmus teachers. Ten countries, including Turkey, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK, have relatively low numbers of outgoing teachers (chart 16). Chart 16 12 Erasmus teaching staff as proportion of academic staff population: EUR31 14, % in 25/6 12, Avergarge in 5/6 1, 8, 6, 4, 2,, BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR % in 25/6 5,6 9,3 2,5 1,5 5,4 2,3 1,9 1,7 1,6 1,3 4,7 5,7 6,4, 3,1 14, 1,9 4,8 1,9 2,3 4,4 3,5 5,8 1,5 1,5 4,7 4,7 2,3 2,7 3,2,7 Avergarge in 5/6 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 12 The teacher population data is from 24 (Source: Eurostat). 2
DRAFT: 1.6.27 The narrative reports do not often provide much information on reasons behind trends in teacher mobility. The most frequently mentioned obstacles to teacher mobility are that an Erasmus assignment is not valued by university/government as part of the career development of the teacher, lack of complementary funding and incompatible home and host academic calendars. 2.3 Incoming mobility Chart 17 shows that Germany (11.78%), Spain (1.35%) and France (9.1%) are the three most popular destinations during the academic year 25/6. The increase in teacher mobility seems to have spread rather evenly to the countries. The increase in incoming mobility 25/6 in the EUR31 was 12.3% and has increased by 63% since 2/1. The annual increase in EUR31 is highest in Turkey (11.8%), Slovak Republic (86.3%) and Latvia (65.9%). Only 3 of the EUR31 countries have not benefited from the increase in terms of more incoming teachers, i.e. Luxembourg (-44.4%), Finland (- 1%) and the UK (-4.2%) where there is a clear decreasing trend since the academic year 2/1. 21
1.6.27 DRAFT: Chart 17 Incoming teachers EUR31, 2/1-25/6 2.77 2.52 2.27 2.2 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 Number of teachers 1.77 1.52 1.27 1.2 77 52 27 2-23 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TR 2/1 546 376 282 1.914 58 517 1.275 1.786 195 1.311 47 118 4 385 8 499 43 488 549 66 72 91 44 1.382 3 4 158 76 465 21/2 648 423 261 2.154 78 537 1.543 1.96 214 1.493 41 69 154 1 431 18 513 488 573 64 78 9 884 416 1.363 34 3 17 119 53 22/3 649 476 34 2.252 13 558 1.576 1.974 233 1.65 38 92 2 4 484 28 54 521 64 663 78 99 1.9 474 1.334 37 8 175 151 584 23/4 723 546 338 2.411 114 549 1.668 2.199 253 1.872 47 112 234 1 458 67 51 572 749 83 19 138 1.15 461 1.34 44 4 198 27 647 24/5 818 72 349 2.623 165 613 1.854 2.261 221 1.897 54 17 347 9 595 59 558 65 1.26 945 154 234 1.216 53 1.343 47 3 29 223 713 218 25/6 886 947 47 2.762 196 625 2.34 2.427 245 2.157 69 282 44 5 663 87 646 747 1.291 1.23 189 436 1.24 53 1.286 55 3 3 312 755 44 22
DRAFT: 1.6.27 The numbers of outgoing and incoming teaching staff mobility is balanced in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Austria, Iceland and Norway. Several countries receive considerably more teachers than they send (DK, GR, IE, MT, PT and SI). In about one third of the participating countries the number of outgoing teachers is higher than the number of incoming teachers this is the case for example in Czech Republic, Poland and Lithuania (chart 18). Chart 18 Outgoing and incoming teachers, EUR31, 25/6 25 Outgoing teachers 25/6 Incoming teachers 25/6 2 Number of teachers 15 1 5 BE CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO BG RO TK Outgoing teachers 25/6 1 1484 317 276 243 479 2351 2134 192 1223 59 245 648 637 64 658 735 1741 666 143 383 143 52 144 56 6 38 414 97 581 Incoming teachers 25/6 886 947 47 2.762 196 625 2.34 2.427 245 2.157 69 282 44 5 663 87 646 747 1.291 1.23 189 436 1.24 53 1.286 55 3 3 312 755 44 2.4 Subject areas The subject areas that have the most Erasmus teachers are Languages and Philological Sciences with 13.5% of the total, Engineering and Technology and Business studies (see table 9 in the annex). Chart 19 is one of more or less straight lines, revealing, as in student mobility, the consistent relationship between subject areas and mobility. The main changes between the academic year 24/5 and 25/6 is a decrease in student mobility in Art, humanities and languages, Business and social sciences, engineering and architecture and Natural Sciences. There has been a 2% decrease in Natural sciences since 2/1. 23
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 13 Chart 19 Erasmus teachers subject areas: 2/1-25/6 % 3 25 2 15 1 5 Art, humanities and languages Business and social sciences Engineering and architecture Other subjects Education and teacher training Medical sciences Natural sciences Maths and computing Law 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 Art, humanities and languages 24 25 24 25 26 25 Business and social sciences 2 2 2 2 21 2 Engineering and architecture 16 16 17 16 17 16 Other subjects 1 1 1 1 8 11 Education and teacher training 8 8 8 8 9 8 Medical sciences 6 6 6 6 6 6 Natural sciences 6 5 5 5 5 4 Maths and computing 6 6 6 6 6 6 Law 4 4 3 4 4 4 If compared with the student subject areas, the main differences are on the one hand with Business Management/Social Sciences and Art and humanities - subject areas more popular among Erasmus students - and on the other hand with Education/Teacher training and Law which are more popular among the teachers (chart 2). In 24/5 Art, humanities and languages and Law were more popular amongst students. Chart 2 Student and teacher subject areas 25-6 35 3 Student mobility Teacher mobility 25 2 % 15 1 5 Business and social sci. Art, humanities and Engineering and architecture Other subjects Student mobility 32 24 15 8 7 5 4 3 3 Teacher mobility 25 2 16 11 8 6 4 6 4 Law Medical sciences Natural sciences Education and teacher training Maths and computing 13 In chart 19, other subjects comprise Agricultural sciences, Geography/Geology, Communication/ Information sciences and other areas of study. 24
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 2.5 Duration Chart 21 shows that the average duration of an Erasmus teaching assignment has decreased from 6.9 days in 2/1 to 6.4 days in 25/6. However there was a slight increase between in 25/6 from 6.2 day to 6.4 days. The average duration in the three candidate countries was 8.2 days. Duration varies between countries, ranging from about 1 days (IS) to 3 days (LI) (see table 1 in the annex). Chart 21 Average duration of teachers, 2/1-25/6 7,4 7,2 7 Nr. of days 6,8 Number of days 6,6 6,4 6,2 6 5,8 5,6 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 24/5 Nr. of days 6,9 7,2 6,7 6,4 6,2 6,4 2.6 Grants Chart 22 shows that the average grant per teacher has remained fairly constant since 2/1 or around 6. The average EU Erasmus grant for a teacher in 25/6 is 597, 6 in EUR25, 771 in EFTA-EEA and 531 in the candidate countries (compared to 5 in 2/1). There are differences between the countries ranging from more than 1.2 (Iceland) down to about 22 (Czech Republic) 14. (See table 1 in the annex). According to the narrative reports, where teachers have received complementary grants they have almost exclusively come from university sources. Only a few countries mention other sources, such as national or Phare funds. 14 This does not take into account that duration may be different between countries. Other factors also play a role, e.g. different travel and living costs etc. 25
LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Chart 22 Average grant per teacher, 2/1-25/6 9 8 Total 7 6 5 Euros 4 3 2 1 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 Total 615 594 594 578 577 597 2.7 Disabled teachers During the academic year 25/6 four disabled teachers participated in Erasmus, two from Italy, one from Germany and one from Poland. The average duration of disabled teachers was 5.5 days and the average grant/teacher was around 75. 26
Annex: Statistics LLP/NA/ERA/11/7 Tables: Table 1: Timeseries: Erasmus student mobility: 1987/88 to 25/26 Table 2: Erasmus student mobility 25/26: Total number of students by country Table 3: Erasmus student mobility 25/26: Zero-grant students Table 4: Erasmus student mobility 25/26: Subject areas Table 5: Erasmus student mobility: Average grants 1994/95 to 25/6 Table 6: Erasmus student mobility: Average duration 1994/95 to 25/6 Table 7: Erasmus teacher mobility, 1997/98 to 25/6 Table 8: Erasmus teacher mobility 25/6: Number of teachers by country Table 9: Erasmus teacher mobility 25/6: Subject areas Table 1: Erasmus teacher mobility 25/6: Average grant and duration 27