Table of Contents Part I Security Environment Surrounding Japan Overview 1. General Situation... 2 2. Security Environment in the Asia-Pacific Region... 3 Chapter 1 Issues in the International Community Section 1. International Terrorism... 8 1. General Situation... 8 2. Efforts to Struggle Against Terrorism in and around Afghanistan... 8 3. Terrorist Attacks around the World... 9 Section 2. Transfer and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction... 11 1. Nuclear Weapons... 11 2. Biological and Chemical Weapons... 11 3. Ballistic Missiles... 11 4. Growing Concerns about Transfer or Proliferation of WMDs... 12 5. Iran s Nuclear Issue... 13 Section 3. Situation in Iraq... 14 1. Security and Political Situation in Iraq... 14 2. Trends of the Armed Forces of Foreign Countries in Iraq... 14 3. Efforts by the International Community toward the Stabilization of Iraq... 15 Section 4. Complex and Diverse Regional Conflicts... 17 1. General Situation... 17 2. Present Condition of Local Conflicts... 17 3. Efforts to Stabilize the International Community... 19 Chapter2 National Defense Policies of Countries Section 1. The United States... 28 1. Security and Defense Policies... 28 2. Military Posture... 33 3. Military Posture in the Asia-Pacific Region... 34 Section 2. Korean Peninsula... 35 1. North Korea... 35 2. The ROK... 44 3. U.S. Forces Stationed in the ROK... 46 (COMMENTARY) Ballistic Missiles and Satellite Launch Vehicles... 42 Section 3. China... 48 1. General Situation... 48 2. Military Affairs... 48 3. External Relations... 58
4. Military Capabilities of Taiwan... 62 Section 4. Russia... 65 1. General Situation... 65 2. Security and Defense Policies... 65 3. Military Posture... 67 4. Russian Forces in the Far East Region... 68 5. External Relations... 72 (COMMENTARY) Security Issues between the United States and Russia... 74 Section 5. Southeast Asia... 76 1. General Situation... 76 2. Defense Policy of Each Country... 76 3. Military Modernization in the Region... 78 4. Relations with China... 79 5. Regional Cooperation... 80 6. Regional Issues... 80 Section 6. South Asia... 82 1. India... 82 2. Pakistan... 85 Section 7. Australia... 87 1. General Situation... 87 2. Security and National Defense Policy... 87 3. Overseas Activities... 88 4. Relationship with Other Countries... 89 Section 8. Europe... 91 1. General Situation... 91 2. Enhancement and Enlargement of Security Frameworks... 91 3. Efforts by Individual Countries to Maintain the Capability to Respond to Various Situations... 94 Part II The Basics of Japan s Defense Policy and Build-up of Defense Capability Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Japan s Defense Policy and Related Issues Section 1. Measures to Ensure Japan s Security... 118 Section 2. The Constitution and the Right of Self-Defense... 119 1. The Constitution and the Right of Self-Defense... 119 2. The Government s View on Article 9 of the Constitution... 119 (COMMENTARY) Report of the Council on Reconstruction of the Legal Basis for Security... 120 Section 3. The Basis of Defense Policy... 121 1. Basic Policy for National Defense... 121 2. Other Basic Policies... 121
Section 4. New Approaches to Space and Ocean... 123 1. Efforts for Development and Use of Space... 123 2. Efforts for Ocean Policy... 126 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Temporarily Assigned to the Secretariat of the Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy... 124 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Chosen as an Astronaut Candidate... 125 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Engaged in Anti-piracy Maritime Patrol Operations off the Coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden... 131 Chapter 2 The National Defense Program Guidelines and Build-up of Defense Capability Section 1. Basic Concepts of Formulating the National Defense Program Guidelines... 136 1. Background to Formulating the NDPG... 136 2. The Basic Concept of the National Defense Program Guidelines... 137 Section 2. Contents of the National Defense Program Guidelines... 141 1. Basic Principles of Japan s Security Policy... 141 2. Vision for Future Defense Capabilities... 142 3. Specific Posture for Defense Capability... 146 4. Additional Elements for Consideration... 151 5. Three Principles on Arms Exports... 151 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Serving in the Forefront of Defense (in Tsushima)... 152 Section 3. Defense Posture Review... 153 1. Background of the Review of the National Defense Program Guidelines... 153 2. The Council on Security and Defense Capabilities... 153 3. The Defense Posture Review Board... 154 Section 4. Mid-Term Defense Program... 155 1. Policies for the Program... 155 2. Organizational Review of the Defense Ministry and SDF... 155 3. Main Projects Concerning Capabilities of the SDF... 156 4. Measures to Strengthen the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements... 156 5. Scale of Build-up and Necessary Budget... 158 Section 5. Build-up of Defense Capability for FY 2009... 161 (COMMENTARY) New Organization of the 15th Brigade... 163 Section 6. Defense-Related Expenditures... 164 1. Defense-Related Expenditures and Changes... 164 2. Breakdown of Defense-Related Expenditures... 165 3. Comparison with Other Countries... 166 (COMMENTARY) The Newly-commissioned Vessels: Hyuuga and Souryuu... 167
Part lll Measures for Defense of Japan Chapter 1 Operations of Self-Defense Forces for Defense of Japan and Responses to Diverse Situations Section 1 Frameworks for Responses to Armed Attack Situations... 172 1. The Framework for Responses to Armed Attack Situations... 173 2. Measures Based on the Armed Attack Situation Response Law... 175 3. Efforts for Civil Protection... 177 4. The Joint Operational Structure of the Self-Defense Forces... 180 (COMMENTARY) Civil Protection Training in Preparation for Biological or Nuclear Terrorist Attacks... 178 Section 2. Effective Responses to New Threats and Diverse Contingencies... 183 1. Response to Ballistic Missile Attacks... 183 2. Response to Attacks by Guerillas and Special Operations Forces... 193 3. Response to Aggression on Japan s Offshore Islands... 199 4. Warning and Surveillance of the Sea and Airspace Surrounding Japan and Response to Violation of Airspace and Armed Special Operations Vessels... 199 5. Response to Large-Scale and Unconventional Disasters... 201 6. Response to Other Events... 208 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Engaged in PAC-3 Flight Test... 186 (COMMENTARY) Opening of the New SDF Central Hospital as the Core SDF Hospital... 198 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel who was Engaged in Disaster Relief Dispatch (Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake)... 205 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel of the Special Airlift Group... 211 Section 3. Preparation against Full-Scale Aggression... 212 1. Air Defense Operations... 212 2. Operations for the Defense of Surrounding Sea Areas... 214 3. Operations for Land Defense... 215 4. Operations for Ensuring the Safety of Maritime Traffic... 217 Chapter 2 Strengthening of the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements Section 1. The Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements... 224 1. The Significance of the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements... 225 2. Presence of U.S. Forces in Japan... 226 Section 2. Japan-U.S. Security Consultation on the Future of the Japan-U.S. Alliance and other Matters... 228 1. Outline of Recent Japan-U.S. Consultations... 228 2. Results Achieved by the Japan-U.S. Consultations... 232 3. Initiatives for Smooth Implementation of the Realignment of USFJ... 249 4. Various Measures Concerning USFJ Facilities and Areas... 253 Section 3. Policies and Measures for Enhancing Credibility of the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements... 260 1. Japan-U.S. Policy Consultations... 260 2. Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation and Policies to Ensure their Effectiveness... 263 3. Japan-U.S. Bilateral Training and Exercises... 267 4. The Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement between Japan and the United States... 269 5. Mutual Exchanges of Equipment and Technology... 269
6. Measures to Ensure the Smooth Stationing of USFJ... 270 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel who Participated in US-Japan Joint Training... 268 (COMMENTARY) Cooperation and Exchanges between the USFJ and Local Communities... 273 (VOICE) Voice of Recruit (MSDF Fixed-term Enlistee)... 274 Chapter 3 Improvement of the International Security Environment Section 1. Efforts to Support International Peace Cooperation Activities... 280 1. Proactive Efforts to Support International Peace Cooperation Activities on Japan s Own Initiative... 281 2. Cooperation in Global Efforts to Reconstruct Iraq... 284 3. Activities Responding to International Terrorism... 287 4. Efforts to Support U.N. Peacekeeping Operations, etc.... 292 5. International Disaster Relief Operations... 300 (COMMENTARY) Exercises for Dispatch and Deployment for International Peace Cooperation Activities... 283 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel who Worked in the Iraq Reconstruction Support Airlift Squadron... 286 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel who Worked for UNMIS... 295 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Instructor Dispatched to PKO Center in Egypt... 300 Section 2. Promotion of Security Dialogue and Defense Exchanges... 303 1. Significance of Security Dialogue and Defense Exchanges... 303 2. Bilateral Defense Exchanges... 303 3. Multilateral Security Dialogue... 320 4. Multilateral Exercises... 322 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Serving as Defense Attaché... 311 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Student Overseas... 314 Section 3. Efforts for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation... 325 1. Efforts on Treaties related to Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction... 326 2. Efforts on Arms Control-Related Treaties on Certain Conventional Weapons... 327 3. International Efforts for Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Others... 328 (VOICE) Voice of Recruit (General Officer Candidate, ASDF)... 331 Chapter 4 Citizens of Japan, the Ministry of Defense and the SDF Section 1. Sustaining Defense Capabilities... 338 1. Organization of the Ministry of Defense and the SDF... 338 2. Recruitment and Employment of Personnel in the Ministry of Defense and the SDF... 341 3. Daily Education and Training... 345 4. Working Conditions of Personnel, Measures on Personnel Matters, and Other Related Issues... 348 5. Retirement and Outplacement of Personnel, and Related Issues... 351 6. Enhancing Information and Communications Capabilities... 353 7. Efforts for Effective and Efficient Acquisition of Defense Equipment... 354 8. Enhancement of Technical Research & Development... 357
(VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Engaged in Recruitment... 342 (VOICE) Voice of Female SDF Personnel Working on a Destroyer... 350 (COMMENTARY) Fighter Aircraft Stealth Technology (Electro-Magnetic Waves)... 358 (VOICE) Voice of Female Technical Officials Working in R&D... 359 Section 2. Interaction between the Ministry of Defense & the SDF, and the Local Community & Japanese Citizens... 361 1. Cooperation from Local Public Organizations and Other Related Organizations for the SDF... 361 2. Activities in Civic Life and Contributions to Society... 361 3. Harmony between Defense Facilities and the Local Community, and Environmental Conservation... 363 4. Public Relations Activities, Information Disclosure, and Related Activities... 365 (VOICE) Voice of SDF Personnel Engaged in Disposal of Unexploded Ordnances (Okinawa)... 362 (COMMENTARY) SDF s Movie Collaboration Sora e Sukui no Tsubasa RESCUE WINGS... 367 (VOICE) Voice of Recruit (General Candidate for Enlistment, GSDF)... 370 Part IV Reform of the Ministry of Defense Section 1. Council for Reforming the Ministry of Defense... 376 1. Background/Process of the Ministry of Defense Reform... 376 2. Report of the Reform Council... 376 Section 2. Efforts for Realizing Reform of the Ministry of Defense... 380 1. Efforts for Thorough Conformity to Principles of Reform... 380 2. Fundamental Organizational Reform... 383 Section 3. Other Efforts... 389 1. Fundamental Reform of the Maritime Self-Defense Force... 389 2. Efforts for Adherence to SDF Code of Ethics... 390 Reference