Nurse Writers of the Great War Christine Hallett Published by Manchester University Press Hallett, Christine. Nurse Writers of the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2016. Project MUSE., https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/51499 No institutional affiliation (10 Dec 2018 06:10 GMT)
accuracy of memories 5 10, 229 see also veracity adventure genre of writing 8 independent women 32, 36 7, 40 1 professional nurses 135, 147 8, 154 volunteer nurses 202, 212, 230, 233 nursing, as independent women 30, 41, 60, 63, 82 professional nurses 111, 113 14, 138, 157, 163 volunteer nurses 212, 221 2, 225, 230, 233 5 pioneer nursing 130 7, 218 American Army Nurse Corps 97, 178, 183 4, 231 establishment 125 American entry into war 97, 178 Andrews, Corinne 10, 179 83 see also West, Rebecca anti-war texts 4, 8, 125 see also pacifism; propaganda apprenticeships 12, 13, 101, 187 see also training army medical units 33, 48, 117 18, 134 5 ANC policy 178 Backwash of War, The 51, 77 85, 236, 240 Bagnold, Enid 196 7, 229 anti-war sentiment 201, 229, 236 compassion for patients 199 200 criticisms of professional nurses 199 201 First Aid Nursing Yeomanry 198 later writings 197, 198 9 reaction to A Diary without Dates 198, 236 Bedford Fenwick, Ethel see Gordon Fenwick, Ethel Belgium 29 30 Bongard, Ella Mae 9, 135 Borden Turner, Mary 8 9, 10, 52 3, 56 9, 67 8 Forbidden Zone, The 50 1, 56 48 9, 50 1 establishment 54 5 influence 57 London 53 post-war writing 58 purpose of writing 57 8 Second World War 58 Boylston, Helen Dore 8, 130 1, 134 experience in France 131 2 pioneer 230 post-war Red Cross work 135 6 271
Boylston, Helen Dore (cont.) post-war travelling adventures 136 7 search for adventure 131, 133 4, 136 7 Sister 132 3, 135 British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 15 16, 97 professional nursing 99 100, 117 18 Fitzgerald, Alice 111 17 Luard, Kate 100 11 British Nurses Association (BNA) 13 British Red Cross see Red Cross Britnieva, Mary 8, 219 21, 223 4 Bolshevik revolution 223 4 nostalgia 221 relationship with prisoner patients 222 search for adventure 221 3 Brittain, Vera 2, 8, 193, 240 anti-war propaganda 194 5, 196, 236 disillusionment 193 4 later writings 194 Oxford years 193 pacifism 194, 236 post-war experiences 195 6 relationship with prisoner patients 194 5 relationship with trained nurses 195 Testament of Youth 193 6 VADs 193 4 Cellar House see Knocker, Elsie; Chisholm, Mairi Chisholm, Mairi 144 6, 149, 234 Cellar House 149 Convention of the National Nursing Organizations 178 courage of nurses independent women 31 2, 34 9, 41 2 professional nurses 91, 108 9, 117, 158 volunteer nurses 196, 205, 212, 230, 233, 238 9 cultural background 1, 16, 117, 231 2 see also social status Defence of the Realm Act (1914) 4 Dent, Olive 214 development of nursing Commonwealth 15 UK apprenticeships 13 BNA 13 French Flag Nursing Corp 14 15 professionalisation 13 QAIMNS 13 Red Cross nursing 14 training 12 13 VADs 13 14 USA formation of base hospitals 15 16 US Army Nurse Corps (ANC) 15 Diary of a Nursing Sister 106 Diary without Dates, A 197 9, 236 disillusionment and the reality of war 42, 176 9, 181 2, 189, 196 bullying of VADs 190 1 inexperience of nurses 189 90 romanticisation of nursing 172, 176, 179, 211 12 stoicism of patients 189 tensions between trained and untrained 190 undermining propaganda 188 9 duty 130, 231 3 patriotic duty 67 education of women 6, 11 Ellison, Grace 14, 49 50 Farmborough, Florence 9, 215 16 motivation 216 romanticisation of adventures 218 Russian experiences 216 18 272
search for adventure 216 feminism 3, 17, 36 37, 40, 181, 184 link to pacifism 125, 196 rise of 12 13 Field Hospital and Flying Column 154, 156, 160 1, 233 Finzi, Kate 188 9 Fitzgerald, Alice 111 14 BEF 111, 117 leadership skills 111 12, 232 3 shell-shock 116, 232 wartime experience 114 16, 232 Flaming Sword in Serbia and Elsewhere, The 37 Flanders and other Fields 147 8, 149 Forbidden Zone, The 50, 52 9, 148, 236 Four Years out of Life 188 9 freelance operations 16, 27 8, 233 Cellar House 144 Hector Munro Flying Ambulance Corps 35 6 16, 27 8, 48 52 Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 31 3 French Flag Nursing Corp (FFNC) 14 15, 16 and 49 50 front-line work Cellar House 144 departure 148 9 establishment 145 6 funding 146 7 relationship with Belgian government 147 Chisholm, Mairi 144 embargo on women on Front Line 144 Knocker, Elsie 144 Fussell, Paul 2 4, 6, 31, 103 romance of volunteer nursing 211 12 Gordon Fenwick, Ethel 13, 50, 64 5, 124 Green Tent in Flanders, A 51, 90 Haldane Reforms 13, 24n79, 119n14 Hector Munro Flying Ambulance Corps 35 6, 42, 145 6 heretical writing 196, 235 7 see also pacifism heroism 8, 17, 89, 105 6, 147, 189, 232, 237 history of war writing cultural history of the war 2 historical re-evaluation 2 3 memoires and letters distinguished 5 6 nurses memoirs 2 second-wave feminism and 3 soldiers memoirs 2 16, 48 9 Borden, Mary 52 9 Mortimer, Maud 51, 85 90 narratives 50 2, 76 7 variation in 87 9 staffing 49 Warner, Agnes 59 67 Hôpital d Evacuation 54 5 Hôpital de l Océan 160 1, 212 13 Hounds of War Unleashed, The 158 humanitarian service x, 37 8, 43, 112 13, 124, 222, 231 2 WSWCC 38 41 I Saw Them Die 176 9 independent hospitals xi freelance operations 16, 27 8, 233 Cellar House 144 Hector Munro Flying Ambulance Corps 35 6 16, 27 8, 48 52 Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 31 3 273
Knocker, Elsie 9, 11, 234 Cellar House departure 148 9 establishment 145 6 funding 146 7 relationship with Belgian government 147 divorce 145 early life 144 5 early war service 145 Hector Munro s Flying Ambulance Corps 145, 146 marriage to Baron Harold de T Serclaes 147 memoire 147 8 pacifism 149 50 Second World War experience 149 spiritualism 148 La Motte, Ellen 8 9, 78, 79, 183, 230, 240 Backwash of War, The 51 intention 81 pacifism 81 2 China 84 campaigning against exploitation of colonised 84 campaigning against opium trade 84 5, 92 conflict with senior professionals 78 9 51 different perceptions 87 90 horror of war and 82, 230 motivations 79, 83 4 pacifism 82, 91 2, 230, 236 tuberculosis nursing 78 9, 92 Warner s patriotism compared 82 writing Backwash of War, The 51 beginnings 79 80 later writings 85 Luard, Kate 8, 100 1, 110 11 Diary of a Nursing Sister on the Western Front 103 6 first memoir 103 increasing horror of war 103 4 later writing 106 9 mobilisation 102 3 motivation of writing 104 6 probationary nursing years 101 2 QAIMNS Reserve 102 resignation and retirement 109 10 search for adventure 103 Second Boer War 102 Unknown Warriors 106 8 Macnaughtan, Sarah 41, 235 Armenia 42 death 42 3 Hector Munro s Flying Ambulance Corps 42 Russia 42 Marchant, Bessie 8, 230 Millard, Shirley 177 8, 183 disillusionment 176 7 I Saw Them Die 176 7 romanticism 176 Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland see St Clair-Erskine, Millicent (Duchess of Sutherland) Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 30 3, 35 Mortimer, Maud 10, 183 different perceptions 87 90 Green Tent in Flanders 51 51, 85 90 motivations for nursing 232 female emancipation 43 humanitarian service 43, 231 2 nursing as an escape from patriarchal society 162 nursing as an road to adventure 43, 162 3 pioneers 229 30 274
My Beloved Poilus 51 My War Experiences in Two Continents 41 National Union of Women s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) 10 nature of conflict and war 237 8 impact on education of women 6, 11 impact on women s lives 238 9 Nightingale, Florence 99 non-vad volunteers Red Cross 212 Nurse at the Russian Front 218 19 observation 40, 76, 156, 172, 229 see also witnesses Order of St John of Jerusalem 13 14, 27, 29, 153, 160, 187 8 see also St John s Ambulance Association pacifism x, 82, 91 2, 124 5 intent of writers x xi, 229 30 portrayal of German patients from prisoner wards 192 3, 194 Stobart, Mabel St Clair 235 7 patriotism xi, 82, 91 2 perceptions 87 90 interpretation of events 91 2 petit paradis des blessés, le see Hôpital Chirurgical Mobile No.1 prisoner wards xi conflict between patriotism and caring 191 2 relationships between nurses and patients 192 probationer nurses 178, 187 8 apprenticeships and 101 junior probationers 190 paying probationers 101 2 senior probationers 143 special probationers 101 2 training 15 propaganda nurse accounts and 188 9 promotion of war and 4 undermining propaganda 188 9 professional nurses 117 animosity towards volunteers 12 13 elite professional nurses 118, 231 rewarding natures of work 143 4 shortage in France 49 50 social status 117 working for Red Cross 14 professionalisation of nursing impact of Boer War 100 impact of US Civil War 99 UK 99 USA 99 purpose of writing 10, 229 30 exposure of courage of young men 104 5 exposure of horrors of war 57, 112, 179, 202 pacifism 81 recording events 154, 201, 202 Queen Alexandra s Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) 15, 231 establishment 13, 125 Reserve 13, 49 50, 97, 119n14 Rathbone, Irene 201 horror of war 202, 236 impact on young men and women 202 motivation 201 2 recognition of work of nurses 202 relationship between VADs and patients 204 5 stereotyping of professional nurses 203 volunteer experiences 203 4 We That Were Young 201 5 275
Red Cross 13, 162 support of freelance operations 27 Hôpital Chirurgical Mobile No.1 49 Hôpital de l Océan 160 1 trained teaching nurses 178 9, 187 voluntary hospitals 13 14, 50 volunteer nurses 175 6, 212 VADS 13 14, 29, 171 romance of volunteer work 211 15 disillusionment 172, 176, 179 see also adventure of nursing; disillusionment and the reality of war St Clair-Erskine, Millicent (Duchess of Sutherland) 30 1, 223, 230, 239 Millicent Sutherland Ambulance 31 3, 35 St John s Ambulance Association VADS 13 14, 187 Sandes, Flora 36 7, 43 Second Boer War 175, 234 impact of professionalisation of nursing 100 volunteer nurses 13 Serbia 29 30 Sandes, Flora 36 7 Stobart, Mabel St Clair 37 41 Women s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps 38 41 Sister 131 3, 135 Smith, Lesley 189 90, 230 social class see cultural background; social status social reform domestic freedom 11 professional freedom 11 sexual emancipation 11, 12 women s suffrage 10 11 social status 6, 7, 10 11, 13 14, 30, 31 2, 50, 108, 117, 125, 128, 231 impact of the First World War 3, 118, 125 volunteer nurses 212, 236 soldiers memoirs 2, 8, 196, 211 12 Stimson, Julia birth and early years 126 Chief Nurse of American Red Cross 130 Director of Nursing Services of the American Expeditionary Force 130 education 126 7 leadership skills 127, 130 letters home concern for staff 128 courage of patients 129 nursing experience in France 127 8 nursing experience in US 127 pioneer 230 Stobart, Mabel St Clair 37 8, 230 feminism 40 pacifism 40, 235 7 Women s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps 38 41 style of writing see writing style Tayler, Henrietta 212 14 Territorial Force Nursing Service 13, 49 50 Testament of Youth 193 6 Text Book of War Nursing, A 160 Thurstan, Violetta 8, 150 3, 233 articles for BJN 154 Belgian experience matron of Hôpital de l Océan 160 1 Red Cross 153 4 break-down 157 8 deportation to Denmark 154 5 Macedonia 161 memoires 154 National Union of Trained Nurses 159 276
post-war experience 161 Second World War 161 2 Spanish Civil War 161 return to England 159 romanticism 158 9 Russian experiences 154 5, 159 60 search for adventure 157 technical writings 151 nursing in Russia and England compared 156 7 training 150 1, 153 probationary nursing 152 uncertainty of veracity of experience 158 9 VAD experience 153 volunteer nursing 152 trained nurses see professional nurses training 143 4 apprenticeships 12, 13, 101, 187 US nurse volunteers 29, 175 6, 183 4 lack of training 178 9 VADs (voluntary nurses) 171, 183 4 apprenticeships 187 8 basic training 187 8 Tylee, Claire 4, 11 Unknown Warriors 106 8 US nurses 124 5, 175 6 Borden, Mary 52 9 Boylston, Helen Dore 130 7 French Red Cross 175 Millard, Shirley 176 9 Stimson, Julia 126 30 Warner, Agnes 59 67 USA Army Nurse Corps (ANC) 15, 97 entry into war 97, 178 formation of base hospitals 15 16 independent hospitals professionalism of nurses 178 9 nurse volunteers 29, 175 6, 183 4 lack of training 178 9 women s suffrage 10 12 VADs (volunteer nurses) 171, 183 4 acceptance to military hospitals 171 apprenticeships 187 8 basic training 187 8 romantic ideas of nursing 172 witnesses, as 205 6, 225, 234, 239 41 veracity 229 nurses as witnesses 6 7, 205 6, 225, 239 41 truth-value 6 7 uncertainty of veracity of experience 158 9 War Nurse and 180 1 see also accuracy Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADS) (movement) 13, 187 voluntary hospitals 12, 48, 171 see also freelance operations; Order of St John of Jerusalem; Red Cross volunteer nurses 171 US nurses Millard, Shirley 176 9 West, Rebecca 179 83 freelance operations 27 8 memoirs 16 see also VADS (voluntary nurses) War Nurse 179 83, 236 War Nurse s Diary, A 33 6 Warner, Agnes 9, 59, 61, 67 awards 66 51, 62 6 different perceptions 87 90 la Mottes pacifism compared 82 My Beloved Poilus 51, 60 1 patriotic fervour 82, 91 post-war activities 66 7 training 62 277
We That Were Young 201 5 wealth 117, 143, 188, 244n31 freelance operations 27, 29 Borden, Mary 52 9, 67, 238 St-Clair-Erskine, Millicent 30 3 volunteer nurses and 175, 183 4 West, Rebecca 10, 183, 229 American Ambulance, Neuilly 179 80 disillusionment 179, 181 2 feminism 181 horror of war 179, 182 3, 236 War Nurse 179 83 questioned veracity 180 1, 240 witnesses 5, 10, 85 90, 106, 176 nurses as 6 8, 172, 189, 202, 205 6, 225, 239 41 recording events 154, 201, 202 Woman s Diary of the War, A 41, 42 Women s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps (WSWCC) 38 41 Women s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 10 women s suffrage 10 12, 53, 239 writing style adventure 8 independent women 32, 36 7, 40 1 professional nurses 135, 147 8, 154 volunteer nurses 202, 212, 230, 233 anti-war 4, 8, 125, 194 5, 196, 201, 229, 236 heretical 186, 235 7 pacifist 82, 91 2, 124 5 intent of writers x xi, 229 30 portrayal of German patients from prisoner wards 192 3, 194 Stobart, Mabel St Clair 235 7 patriotic xi, 82, 91 2 conflict between patriotism and caring 191 2 propagandist nurse accounts and 188 9 promotion of war and 4 undermining propaganda 188 9 278