Objectives To identify the roles, responsibilities and history of law enforcement, emergency medical service and corrections professionals. To analyze the impact of constitutional law on police as it relates to arrests, use of force, treatment of inmates, searches and seizure. 2
3
Public Safety Systems Are safety programs sponsored by the government, such as: law enforcement emergency response corrections Are well-trained and well-equipped responses to emergencies and crime Offer standardization and stability in response to emergencies and crime 4
Roles of Law Enforcement Are as follows: to enforce laws example: arresting a drug dealer to maintain order example: breaking up a rowdy party to gather information about crimes example: asking questions at a crime scene and writing up a report on the incident to serve the public example: helping an injured woman get medical attention 5
Trends in Law Enforcement Show community policing is the most popular form of law enforcement 94 percent of law enforcement agencies use community policing Community Policing: law enforcement working closely with community and local nonprofit organizations, sharing information with the public and getting feedback in town hall meetings 6
Trends in Law Enforcement Suggest more police departments will be developing predictive policing and intelligence-led policing these are strategies to off-set the trend for criminal offenders to be released from incarceration before their sentences are finished because prisons are overcrowded Predictive Policing: developing ways to identify areas at high-risk for crime Intelligence-Led Policing: basing policing decisions on previous knowledge about offenders 7
The U.S. Constitution Affects police by regulating: search and seizure use of force testifying against oneself Seizure: taking personal objects to use as evidence or arresting a suspect 8
Search & Seizure Is regulated by the Fourth Amendment which states law enforcement officials must have warrants to be able to search or seize people and property Warrants: documents issued by a judge after being presented evidence to prove there is just cause for the allowance of an arrest of a person or a search of an area 9
Search & Seizure Without a warrant is constitutional if there is probable cause this is to balance the power between individual rights and government rights examples of probable cause include: doing a protective sweep of a property when someone is arrested because the police believe another dangerous individual is in the area arresting someone when he or she commits a felony or misdemeanor in the presence of the police officer 10
Use of Force Refers to the amount of physical force used to restrain or detain a suspect Is not directly referenced in the Bill of Rights, but the Supreme Court uses the Fourth Amendment when discussing force, focusing on the need for searches and seizures to be reasonable Must be reasonable and have probable cause 11
Use of Force Is justified for the follow reasons (according to The National Institute of Justice): to break up a dangerous or problematic situation to make an arrest to protect officers or others from harm 12
Use of Force Continuum Has been assigned levels, allowing use of force to be escalated reasonably as needed vocal commands example: Do not move physical restraint example: grabbing someone or punching someone with the intention of restraining less-lethal methods example: pepper spray or Taser gun lethal force example: shooting a fire arm 13
Testifying Against Oneself Is not required based on the Fifth Amendment prevents police from coercing or torturing a confession from a suspect can be waived only if suspect freely consents to talk to police 14
History of Law Enforcement Is influenced by: ancient Roman, Egyptian and Greek police forces early French policing early British policing 15
French Policing Was the first organized police force Was created by Charlemagne in the Middle Ages two police forces from the army guarded both the roads and the city of Paris 16
French Policing Influenced the current United States policing strategies Had significant impact on detective work, plainclothes officers and criminal intelligence Plainclothes Officers: police officers who do not wear uniforms on duty, normally to observe the behavior of civilians who are unaware of police presence 17
In Early England Counties were controlled by sheriffs who would enforce royal laws and collect taxes The watch system was created in the thirteenth century watchmen would patrol city streets at night led by constables Counties were called shires and individuals enforcing laws were called reeve he was known as the shire reeve. Over years, it s now called sheriff. 18
The American Colonies Used different variations of both the watch system and the sheriff system from early England Early Americans were wary of organized police due to the control and power they might have over citizens. 19
City Police Were developed by U.S. cities independently during the 1800s Were not responsible for crime control, but rather they spent more time on social services like inspections and looking after homeless populations 20
State Police Were first developed in Texas in 1823 called the Texas Rangers created to protect new settlers were originally responsible for: defending against Native Americans tracking and returning runaway slaves protecting cattle and other property largely unregulated until 1935 Were established in the remainder of the states in the 1900s Hawaii is the only state without state police 21
State Police Were successful because of their ability to track criminals across the various city jurisdictions this was particularly important as the automobile became more prevalent and crime became more mobile Jurisdiction: having control or authority over someone or something 22
Federal Police Include agencies like the Secret Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigations and U.S. Customs Services Were created to respond to specific crime problems for example: the U.S. Customs Service was created in 1886 after there were problems with smuggling Smuggling: bringing substances in or out of the country illegally 23
Community Policing Was created in the 1970s Included initiatives to improve relationships between police and the local communities (particularly minority communities) patrolling on foot communicating openly with the community Prioritized law enforcement serving and working alongside the community 24
Law Enforcement Agencies Exist at the following levels: federal state local 25
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Include: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) United States Marshals Service United States Secret Service 26
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Include: United States Customs and Border Protection United States Department of Agriculture s U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement and Investigation United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E.) 27
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Include: Department of Commerce s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement Food and Drug Administration s Office of Criminal Investigations Defense Criminal Investigation Service Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) Air Force Office of Special Investigation 28
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives Investigates and prevents the illegal use of firearms and explosives Investigates arson and bombings Prevents illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco 29
Drug Enforcement Administration Educates law enforcement and community programs on drug reduction methods Combats drug smuggling Reduces drug-related crime through training and funding of state and local drug enforcement teams 30
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Is the primary federal law enforcement organization Leads counterterrorism, counterintelligence and criminal investigations Protects civil rights Supports other law enforcement agencies 31
United States Marshals Service Supports the judicial system by: handling fugitive operations transporting prisoners protecting court officers Runs the Witness Protection Program 32
United States Secret Service Protects national leaders presidents (past and present) vice presidents (past and present) visiting heads of state Investigates financial crimes counterfeiting major fraud 33
U.S. Customs & Border Protection Prevents aliens, terrorists, weapons and contraband from illegally entering the United States Employs a majority of officers at the border between Mexico and the United States with fewer officers responsible for patrolling the Canadian border and the Florida coast 34
USDA s U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement & Investigation Enforces federal laws and regulations about national forests and lands Educates visitors on the laws and regulations for the National Forest Systems Protects public, employees and natural resources in National Forest Systems 35
United States Immigration & Customs Enforcement Was created in 2003 Enforces federal laws governing border control, customs, trade and immigration over 400 officers in United States and 48 foreign countries 36
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement Protects the marine ecosystem Enacts conservation laws and regulations Educates organizations on the importance of fishing regulations Trains organizations to comply with all laws and regulations 37
Food & Drug Administration s Office of Criminal Investigations Investigates criminal violations of Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act providing unapproved, counterfeit or substandard products false statements to the FDA obstruction of justice 38
Defense Criminal Investigation Service Investigates fraud, bribery and corruption in the military Enforces standards for the quality of weapon systems and equipment 39
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (N.C.I.S.) Prevents terrorist attacks on Navy personnel and property, as well as civilian ships Protects Navy and Marine facilities Investigates crimes committed by or against a naval service member 40
Air Force Office of Special Investigation Prevents terrorist attacks on Air Force personnel and property Protects Air Force facilities Investigates crimes which undermine the mission of the Air Force or Department of Defense 41
State Law Enforcement Agencies Include: Conservation Department State Police (also called State Troopers, State Law Enforcement, State Department of Public Safety) Airport Police State Bureau of Investigation State Department of Homeland Security 42
Conservation Department Enforces state environmental and conservation laws Investigates complaints from citizens Ensures all environmental standards are met 43
State Police Respond to calls for service Investigate crimes Patrol high-crime areas Handle traffic enforcements 44
Airport Police Provide security for airports Respond to airport emergencies Manage airport traffic 45
State Bureau of Investigation Manages statewide criminal justice information Conducts criminal and background investigations 46
State Department of Homeland Security Secures state from terrorist threats and attacks Manages emergency situations Educates civilians about proper emergency response 47
Local Law Enforcement Agencies Include: County, City, or Municipal Police Sheriff s Office Constable s Office 48
County, City, & Municipal Police Respond to calls for service Investigate crimes Patrol high crime areas 49
Sheriff s Office Provides county-wide patrol Conducts criminal investigations 50
Constable s Office Is an elected position having jurisdiction over a city, town, township, county or district depending on state law only about half of the states have this position Have duties which vary by state but may include: serving court summons and subpoenas handling civil and mental health issues conducting criminal investigations 51
Careers in Law Enforcement Include: police sheriff or constable highway patrol forensics fingerprint technician latent print examiner criminalist crime scene technician 52
Careers in Law Enforcement Include: investigations district attorney investigator police detective arson/fire investigator FBI special agent NSA investigator 53
Dangers for Law Enforcement Include: shootings traffic accidents physical altercations heat stroke exposure to biohazards post traumatic stress disorder corruption In 2013, there were 100 on-duty law enforcement deaths and 14,857 assaults resulting in injuries. 54