Outsourcing the Global War on Terrorism

Outsourcing the Global War on Terrorism

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Outsourcing the Global War on Terrorism Private Military Companies and American Intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan George C. Lovewine

OUTSOURCING THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM Copyright George C. Lovewine, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-37282-6 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-47635-0 DOI 10.1057/9781137370266 ISBN 978-1-137-37026-6 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: April 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations vii ix xi xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 The Impact of the Department of Defense s Use of Private Security Companies on US Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan 17 Analysis of the Effects of Private Security Companies on US Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan 51 The Impact of the Department of Defense s Use of Private Military Companies on US Efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan 77 Analysis of the Effects of Private Military Companies on US Efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan 111 Chapter 6 Conclusion 135 Appendix 1 US Military and Policy Objectives in Afghanistan 151 Appendix 2 US Military and Policy Objectives in Iraq: Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn 155 Appendix 3 DoD Policy and Guidelines Contingency Contracting 161

vi Contents Glossary 165 Notes 177 Bibliography 185 Index 221

Illustrations Figures 2.1 The outcome of Academi activities in Fallujah 30 2.2 The outcome of the Academi in Nisoor Square 35 2.3 The outcome of ArmorGroup activities 40 2.4 The outcome of USPI activities 43 3.1 Academi s effect on US military activities and political objectives 55 3.2 Academi s effect on US policy objectives and military stability operations 58 3.3 US military reactions to ArmorGroup s activities 63 3.4 US political reactions to USPI activities 65 4.1 The outcome of CACI and L3-Titan activities 90 4.2 The outcome of Kellogg, Brown & Root activities 97 4.3 The outcome of DynCorp activities 104 4.4 DoD and US regulations to address the prisoner abuse issue and their impact 109 5.1 US military reactions to the Abu Ghraib incident 117 5.2 US military reactions to KBR s logistics operations 120 5.3 US military reactions to DynCorp s logistics operations 125 6.1 Military forces waging the global war on terrorism 143 Tables 2.1 Nationality of contracted civilians performing security-related to supporting US activities in Iraq and Afghanistan 20 2.2 Top private security companies providing security services to US entities in Iraq and Afghanistan 21 2.3 Significance and the assessed impact of private security companies on US objectives 45

viii Illustrations 2.4 Policy changes and regulatory developments based on the activities of private security companies 48 3.1 A review of the operational and policy effects of private security companies on US objectives 71 4.1 Estimate of private military companies employees supporting the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan 79 4.2 Significance and the assessed impact of private military companies on US objectives 105 4.3 Policy changes and regulatory developments based on the activities of private military companies 107 5.1 A review of the operational and policy effects of private military companies on US objectives 129

Preface Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the US military has operated at a high operational tempo, characterized by sustained combat operations, in Iraq and Afghanistan. The military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, part of the US Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) required the US military to field its military forces, as well as provide it with the logistical and material support needed to fight and win these wars. To support this military effort, the US Department of Defense (DoD) deployed thousands of contracted civilians into both theaters of war. The DoD relied on the employees of Private Military/Security Companies (PMSCs) to perform critical support missions in both Iraq and Afghanistan. This new operational reality shaped an environment in which the employment of PMSCs on the battlefield has not only raised questions concerning overreliance on commercial entities, but has also given rise to the question can the activities of PMSCs affect US military capabilities or even undermine (or influence) US policy efforts in Afghanistan or Iraq? In the chaotic environments of Iraq and Afghanistan, the actions or operations of PMSCs have the potential not only to influence US objectives, but also to undermine the ongoing US military operations, US relations with the international community, and US capacity-building initiatives within both countries. Through an examination of the actions/activities of selected PMSCs, this book explores the questionable activities of companies employed by the US government and the consequences of those activities on US military and policy objectives in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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Acknowledgments There are so many people to whom I owe a great debt of thanks for their support in helping me to complete this work. Above all, I would like to thank my spouse, Tina, for her constant support, for all the late nights, weekends, and early mornings, and for keeping me sane over the past 20 years. To Ms. Gisela Bauer, the world s greatest mother-in-law, thank you for your motherly advice and encouragement. A special debt of thanks is owed to Ms. Katherine A. Bioty. Thank you for being my editor, proofreader, and sounding board; your work is greatly appreciated. Finally, thank you to all those who believed in me your encouragement was needed and valued.

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Abbreviations ADUSD (PS) Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Program Support) AFCAP Air Force Contract Augmentation Program BENS Business Executives for National Security BICC Bonn International Center for Conversion BUR Bottom-Up Review C3I Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence CBO Congressional Budget Office COCOMs Combatant Commands CONCAP Construction Capabilities Program CRS Congressional Research Service CS Combat Support CSS Combat Service Support DAU Defense Acquisition University DCAF Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces DCM Defense Capabilities and Management DCMA Defense Contract Management Agency DFARS Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations Supplement DoD Department of Defense DoDD Department of Defense Directive DoDI Department of Defense Instruction DoDIG Department of Defense Inspector General DoS Department of State DSB Defense Science Board DUSD (L&MR) Deputy Undersecretary for Logistics and Materiel Readiness EO Executive Outcomes FAR Federal Acquisition Regulations FFP Firm Fixed Price FOBs Forward Operations Bases GAO US Government Accountability Office

xiv Abbreviations GIRoA GWOT HASC ICAF ICC IDIQ ISAF JCC-I/A JCCSO KBR LOGCAP MEJA MNF I NDAA NGO NSC NSRB OEF OIF OMB OSD OUSD (AT&L) PARC A PARC I PL PMCs PSCs QDR RCCs RDB SASC SIGAR SIGIR UCMJ UN UNAMA USAID USCENTCOM Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Global War on Terrorism House Armed Services Committee Industrial College of the Armed Forces International Criminal Court Indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity International Security Assistance Force Joint Contracting Command-Iraq/Afghanistan Joint Contingency Contract Support Office Kellogg Brown & Root Logistics Civil Augmentation Program Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act Multinational Forces Iraq National Defense Authorization Act Nongovernmental Organization National Security Council National Security Resources Board Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom Office of Management and Budget Office of the Secretary of Defense Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics Principal Assistant Responsible for Contracting Afghanistan Principal Assistant Responsible for Contracting Iraq Public Law Private Military Companies Private Security Companies Quadrennial Defense Review Regional Contracting Centers Research and Development Board Senate Armed Services Committee Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction Uniform Code of Military Justice United Nations United Nations Assistance Mission of Afghanistan United States Agency for International Development US Central Command