SUB Hamburg mil II in ii iiiii i in mi i hi hi A/606850 National Security for a New Era Fifth Edition DONALD M. SNOW Professor Emeritus, University of Alabama *.V.. \ At,,» PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis \ New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London^ Madrid, Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong. Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo V *
CONTENTS k Preface x PART I The Conceptual Nexus CHAPTER 1 National Security for a New and Changing Era 2 Sources of Change 6 The International Dimension 8 The Domestic Dimension 13 Amplification 1.1 Why Entitlement and Defense Cuts? 15 The Intermestic Intersection 19 Challenge! Is a Reduced Commitment to National Security Acceptable? 20 Conclusions: The Way Forward 21 Study/Discussion Questions 22 Selected Bibliography 22 CHAPTER 2 The Concepts and Logic of National Security 23 Thinking about Security 25 Military and Nonmilitary Elements of Security 25 Levels of Security 26 Risk and Risk Management 28 Amplification 2.1 What Should the United States Do About North Korea? 29 Thinking About Interests 31 ^ Levels of Interest 31 Amplification 2.2 Vital and Less-Than-Vital Interests and Afghanistan 34 Security and Interests in the Contemporary Environment 34 Power and the Instruments of Power 35 Power 36 Instruments of Power 36 Power and Security 37 The Realist Paradigm 38 Basic Concepts and Relationships 39 Paradigm Implications 43 Critiques and Anomalies of the Realist Paradigm 44 Challenge! The Realist Paradigm and Contemporary American Politics 45 iii
iv Contents Conclusions: Realism and the Realist Paradigm 48 Study/Discussion Questions 49 Selected Bibliography 50 PART II The Historical Context CHAPTER 3 Influences from the Past: The American Historical Experience 52 Conditioning Factors in the American Tradition 53 American Ahistoricism 53 Accident of Geography 55 Amplification 3.1 Dealing with Dependence on Persian Gulf Oil 56 The Anglo-Saxon Heritage 57 Evolution of the American Experience 58 The Formative Period, 1789-1945 59 Antimilitary Bias 60 The Citizen-Soldier 61 The Myth of Invincibility 62 Mobilization and Demobilization 63 Amplification 3.2 Readiness and Pearl Harbor 63 Total War Preference 64 The Cold War, 1945-1989 65 The Role of the Media 68 The Impact of Democratic Institutions 69 Professionalism in the Military 70 Challenge! World 71 Military Future Force Challenges in a Constrained Conclusion: The Contemporary Period, 1989 to Present 72 Study/ Discussion Questions 73 Selected Bibliography 73 CHAPTER 4 The Cold War System 77 Characteristics 79 The Post-1945 Challenge: The Nature and End of the Cold War 75 Amplification 4.1 Better Red than Dead? Better Dead than Red? 80 Sources of Change 82 Forms of Military Competition 83 Conventional Forces 85 Nuclear-Forces 86 Amplification 4.2 The Capitalist Bomb 88
Contents V Deadlock of the Competition 89 The Economic Dimension 89 The Military Dimension 90 Convergence 92 Cold War Residues 94 Russian Evolution 94 Russian Resurgence 96 Challenge! What Kind of Russia? 98 Conclusions: The Legacy End of the Cold War 97 Study/Discussion Questions 99 Selected Bibliography 99 CHAPTER 5 Moving to the Present: The Post-Cold War World 101 The First Fault Line: The World After the Cold War 104 Undeniable Benefits 106 Amplification 5.1 The End of the Cold War and the U.S. Military 106 Debatable Changes 108, The Second Fault Line: The World After September 11 111 Amplification 5.2 The Rules of War: Who Is a POW? 114 Toward the New International System? 116 Paradigm Choices 116 The American Role in the New World System 118 The Post-9/11 Era? 119 Conclusion: The Continuing Role of Force 121 Challenge! Military Responses to Iran? 121 Study/Discussion Questions 122 Selected Bibliography 123 PART III Intermestic Environments and Change CHAPTER 6 The Domestic Environment 125 Amplification 6.1 Extremism in the Defense of Liberty? 127 The Historical Domestic Context 128 The Structure of Domestic Politics 132 The Executive Branch 134 Amplification 6.2 The President, the Constitution, and National Security The Interagency Process 13 6 The Congress 138 Amplification 6.3 The Congress, the Constitution, and National Security The Committee System 141 Challenges to Committee Dominance 142 134 138
Vi Contents Institutional Responses to National Security Challenges: War Powers and Homeland Security 143 The Problem of War Powers 143 The Context of the WPR of October 1973 144 Content of the WPR 145 Status of the WPR 146 Homeland Security 146 Challenge! The United States in Libya 147 Background and Evolution of the Problem 147 The Homeland Security Response to September 11 149 Ongoing Problems and Controversies 152 Conclusion: The Contemporary Environment 154 Study/Discussion Questions 155 Selected Bibliography 155 CHAPTER 7 Domestic Battlegrounds and National Security 157 The Political Battleground 159 The Predictable Failure of the Super Committee 161 The National Security Entrapment 163 National Security and Domestic Politics 165 Defense Budgeting 166 The Erosion of National Security Sanctity 170 Parameters of the Budget Deficit Debate 172 Amplification 7.1 Estimating Budget Deficits and Trends 172 The Impact on National Security 177 r ~ Likely Areas of Reductions 177 Amplification 7.2 The Washington Monument Ploy 178 National Security Benefits and Costs 179 Challenge! Thinking About Loss Allocation 180 Conclusions: An Ongoing Debate 181 Study/Discussion Questions 182 Selected Bibliography 183 CHAPTER 8 The Phenomenon and Impact of Globalization 184 The Bretton Woods System, 1945-1971 186 The Bretton Woods Institutions 187 Amplification 8.1 The ITO and the Antifree Traders 189 The Breakdown of Bretton Woods 190 The Transitional Period, 1971-1990 192 American Decline 192 American Revival 193
Contents vii The Globalizing Economy, 1990-Present 194 Characteristics and Values 195 Objections to Globalization 197 Amplification 8.2 The Rejectionists 200 New Additions to the National Security Agenda 200 Conclusion: Globalization and Other Factors in American Security 207 Challenge! Rare Earth Elements and National Security 208 Study/Discussion Questions 209 Selected Bibliography 209 CHAPTER 9 "Legacy" Military Problems 211 Nuclear Forces and Deterrence 212 Seminal Events of the Nuclear Age 213 Theories of Deterrence 216 Nuclear Residues 218 Amplification 9.1 Iranian Proliferation and Israel 223 Traditional Forces and the Future 225 The Heavy Forces (Conventional) Model 226 The Light Forces (Unconventional) Model 227 Light Forces, Heavy Forces, or Both? 229 Amplification 9.2 Affording Heavy Forces: Relevance and Cost Overruns 229 Traditional Residues 230 Military Manpower 230 Challenge! Military Service After Iraq and Afghanistan 232 Military Reform 232 Conclusion: The Continuing Relevance of Traditional Forces 234 Study/ Discussion Questions. 236" Selected Bibliography 236 PART IV The Contemporary Environment and Challenges CHAPTER 10 Residues of 9/11: Terrorism, Iraq, and Afghanistan 239 The Direct Terrorism Response 242 Why Terror? 243 Amplification 10.1 Terrorism as Crime or War 244 Dealing with Terror 250 The War in Afghanistan 258
viii Contents Justification of the War 259 Validity of the Objective 262 Lessons of Afghanistan 265 Amplification 10.2 Afghanistan Options 267 The Iraq War 268 Justifications of the War 269 Validity of the Objective 271 Lessons of Iraq 273 Challenge! What if Iraq "Goes South"? 274 Conclusions: Conditioning the Future 276 Study/Discussion Questions 277 Selected Bibliography 277 CHAPTER 11 International Change: Asymmetrical Warfare 279 The Context of Asymmetrical Warfare 282 Amplification 11.1 Sun Tzu on Asymmetrical Warfare 283 The End of the Cold War 284 The United States as Hyperpower 286 September 11 and the Shift in Violent Activity 287 The Dynamics of Asymmetrical Warfare 289 Defining Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Warfare 289 The Lure of Asymmetrical Warfare 292 Asymmetrical Models: Mobile-Guerrilla Warfare 294 Asymmetrical Futures? 301 The Political Legacy: Be Careful Where You Intervene 303 The Military Legacy: Preparing for Asymmetrical Foes 305 Challenge! The Asymmetrical Warfare Element in Planning 307 Conclusions: Asymmetry and the Future 308 Study/Discussion Questions 309 Selected Bibliography 309 CHAPTER 12 The Menu of Activism: Peacekeeping, State Building, and Development 311 Peacekeeping 316 The Dynamics of Peacekeeping 318 Amplification 12.1 The Talk-Shoot Dilemma in PE 324 Peacekeeping and the Future 326 Development and State Building 327 The Rationale and Evolution of Development 329 Impediments to Development 332
Contents IX Challenge! Establishing Developmental Priorities 334 State Building 335 Amplification 12.2 Peacekeeping, Development, and State Building in Afghanistan 337 Conclusions: The Complexity of Postwar Peace 338 Study/Discussion Questions 339 Selected Bibliography 340 CHAPTER 13 New Dimensions and Approaches 341 Border Security 343 The Physical Problem 344 Border Threats 346 Amplification 13.1 An Impenetrable Border? 351 Natural Resources Security 351 Petroleum Energy Security 352 Challenge! National Security and the Price of Gas 354 Environmental Security 356 Global Warming 358 Amplification 13.2 The United States, Kyoto, and Copenhagen 359 Hurricane Katrina 361 Conclusion: Expanded Security Horizons 362 Study/Discussion Questions 364 Selected Bibliography 364 CHAPTER 14 Looking Ahead 366 Exploring the Future 370 Variables in the Environment 370 Amplification 14.1 The Fall of the Shah and Al Qaeda 371 Challenge! Contemporary Worst Cases? 378 Policies and Effects 380 National Security Policy Models 384 Amplification 14.2 U.S. Activism and Iranian Nuclear Weapons 391 Conclusions: Assessing the Future 392 Study/Discussion Questions 393 Selected Bibliography 394 Index 395