Emergency Operations Plan

Transcription

1 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu Emergency Operations Plan Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal February 28,

2 Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal Copyright (c) 2010 German Federal Foreign Affairs Office and EMI Permission to use this document is granted provided that the use of document or parts thereof is for educational, informational, and non-commercial or personal use only. EMI and the German Federal Foreign Affairs Office must be acknowledged in all cases as the source when reproducing any part of this publication. This project is partially funded by the German Federal Foreign Office through the German Committee for Disaster Reduction (Deutsches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge e.v. - DKKV). For Further information on this project contact: EMI 2F Puno Bldg. Annex, 47 Kalayaan Ave., Diliman Quezon City 1101, Philippines T/F: ; T: info@emi-megacities.org Website:

3 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu Emergency Operations Plan Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal February 28, 2010

4 iv Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

5 Acronyms APF CBO CAAN CDRC CNDRC CONOPS DDRC DHM DHWG DKKV DMG DOF DOLIDAR DSCWM DWIDP EMI EOC EOP ESF FFO ICIMOD ICS IOE JFO JIC JICA KMC MACC MOA MOU MOAC MOHA MOHP MOIC MOES MOF MOFA MOFSC MOLD MOLJ MOLRM MOLT MOPPW Armed Police Force community-based organization Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Central Disaster Relief Committee Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee Concept of Operations District Disaster Relief Committee Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Disaster Health Working Group Deutsches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge Department of Mines and Geology Department of Forest Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative Emergency Operations Center Emergency Operations Plan Emergency Support Function German Federal Foreign Office International Center for Integrated Mountain Development Incident Command System Institute of Engineering Joint Field Office Joint Information Center Japan International Cooperation Agency Kathmandu Metropolitan City Multi-agency Command Center Memorandum of Agreement Memorandum of Understanding Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Health and Population Ministry of Industry and Commerce Ministry of Education and Sports Ministry of Finance Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Forest Ministry of Local Development Ministry of Law and Justice Ministry of Land Reform and Management Ministry of Labor and Transport Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal v

6 MOWR NA NGO NP NPC NRCS NSET PDA PIO POC WHO NASC OCHA SAR SOP SWC TU WMD UN UNDP Ministry of Water Resources Nepal Army nongovernment organization Nepal Police National Planning Commission Nepal Red Cross Society National Society for Earthquake Technology -- Nepal preliminary damage assessment public information officer point of contact World Health Organization Nepal Administrative Staff College Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs search and rescue standard operating procedures Social Welfare Council Tribhuvan University weapons of mass destruction United Nations United Nations Development Programme vi Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

7 Contents Acronyms... v Table of Contents... vii List of Figures... xi List of Tables... xi Preface... xiii Executive Summary... 1 PART I: Introduction Purpose of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) Objectives Goal, Vision, and Challenge Organization of the Plan Basis for the KMC Basic Plan Framework for the Basic Plan PART II: Basic Plan for How KMC Responds to a Disaster Legal Authorities Laws for Response Operations Organization Chart: Nepal Disaster Management under the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act of Local Self Governance Act, National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, 2009 (Recently Approved) Additional Relevant Legislation (5) for Nepal & KMC Emergency Management System Hazards & Demographics National Hazardscape Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Earthquake Hazard Assessment for KMC Location, Physical Setting, and Population of Kathmandu National Land-Use Management System KMC Emergency Management Policies KMC Planning Assumptions (for a large earthquake disaster) KMC Concept of Operations for Response Emergency Operations Center will be Organized (EOC) Activation of the KMC Emergency Operations Center EOC Organization under the Incident Command System Responsibilities of the Chief of the Emergency Operations Center & Staff Positions Responsibilities of the Emergency Operations Section Responsibilities of the Emergency Planning & Intelligence Section Responsibilities of the Emergency Logistics and Resource Section Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal vii

8 Responsibilities of the Emergency Finance and Administration Section Sequence of Action Non-Emergency Normal Operations Pre-Incident Actions Response Actions and Short-term Recovery Actions Additional Direction and Control (for next version of Plan) PART III: Response Roles & Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions Emergency Management Responsibilities for Kathmandu Metropolitan City Introduction Elected Representatives (Mayor, Board, Council): Responsibilities Head of Emergency Management (Disaster Management Section): Responsibilities... Coordinator of Emergency Management: Responsibilities KMC Departments and Divisions: Responsibilities Departmental Roles Identified by Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) Emergency Support Function (ESF) Matrix ESF General Description of Purpose and Scope of Responsibilities Preparedness Responsibilities of the KMC Disaster Management Section Organizational Relationship of the KMC Disaster Management Section within KMC KMC Reporting Relationships to the Local Disaster Relief Committee Functions and Duties of the Local Disaster Relief Committee Relationship of KMC to the Local Disaster Relief Committee (to be Defined) KMC Department Common Activation and Reporting Procedures KMC Information Tracking and Reporting Procedures Central Government Support Role International Organizations Support Roles (United Nations) United Nations Development Programme Emergency Management Structure for Nepal Additional Resources Support to KMC Certified Search and Rescue Personnel Citizen Disaster Volunteer Teams Private Sector Role in Disasters PART IV: Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Plan Development and Maintenance Schedule Plan Maintenance Scheduled Update Every Two Years Continued Plan Development on Annual Basis Revision of Plan Required with New Nepal Constitution, Promulgation Document (Sample Format) Approval & Implementation Document (Sample Format) viii Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

9 4.4 Record of Changes Document Record of Distribution Document Exercise and Training Schedule for Emergency Operations Plan Exercise Schedule Trainings & Exercises Conducted and Accomplished PART V: Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities Background on Plan Development Origins of Project Problem Statement Addressing the Problem Approach to Development of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan Emergency Management Structure for Nepal Nepal Disaster Management Structure under the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, of Ministry of Home Affairs, Narcotics, Drug Control, and Disaster Management Functions & Responsibilities Central Disaster Relief Committee Functions Regional Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Membership Regional Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Functions District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Membership District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Functions Role: Ministry of Water Resources Department of Water-induced Disaster Prevention Medical Response as Described by the Disaster Health Working Group Medical Response Policies for a Concept of Operations Additional Remarks Other Organizations and Agencies involved in Disaster Management in Nepal Municipal Level Emergency Management System Ward/Community Level Emergency Management System Additional Guidelines and Procedures for Response Operations Ministry of Home Affairs National Action Plan, Disaster Management System in Nepal, September KMC Legal Status of Disaster Management Section Organizational Structure of Disaster Management Section Natural Hazards & Recent Disasters Recent Disasters Earthquakes Earthquake Hazard Assessment Floods, Landslides and Debris Flow Fire Epidemic Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal ix

10 5.11 Earthquake Risk Analysis (Hypothetical Only for Planning) Kathmandu Demographics, Facts, and Land Use Setting and Facts Population Location and Physical Setting of Kathmandu National Land-Use Management System and Relevant Legislation Existing Land Use of KMC Additional Emergency Response Capabilities Response Resources Available Web Sites of Agencies & Organizations that Respond to Disasters in Nepal International Trainings Available to Nepal and Accomplished References Acknowledgements References Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative Reference Documents Points of Contact for Project, Project Team Members, & Project Planning Team Points of Contact for Project Points of Contact for Project Project Planning Team Contact List ANNEX I - Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes Emergency Support Function Matrix Emergency Support Function Annexes (15) ANNEX II: KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake x Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

11 List of Figures Figure 1. Components of the KMC Basic Plan Figure 2. Framework for the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Emergency Operations Plan Figure 3. Organization Chart Figure 4. Geographical Location of Recent Major Disasters in Nepal Figure 5. KMC Emergency Operations Center Organization Chart Figure 6. KMC Emergency Operations Center Organization Chart Figure 7. Organization Chart for Kathmandu Metropolitan City Figure 8. Organization of Disaster Relief Committees of the Central Government Figure 9. Ministry of Home Affairs Joint Secretary Organization and Responsibilities Figure 10. Geographical Distribution of Recent Major Disasters Figure 11. Mainstreaming Model for Local-Level Disaster Risk Management List of Tables Table 1. Emergency Support Function Martrix Table 2. Record of Changes Table 3. Record of Distribution Table 4. Existing Land Use of KMC Table 5. Project Planning Team Contact List Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal xi

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13 Preface Physical Vulnerability and Isolation of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). In Kathmandu Valley, vulnerability of infrastructure and society to natural hazards is high. The Valley s population is close to 1.5 million with 800,000 concentrated in KMC. Urban growth both in the Kathmandu Valley and in the capital city has been largely unplanned, increasing the demand for basic services such as water, sanitation and roads, to catch up with the expansion of dwellings and buildings. KMC is dependent on its international airport and land routes connecting the city to the outside world. Both resource entry points can become inoperable in an event of a large earthquake. It would isolate KMC and Kathmandu Valley for an extended period of time and would prevent relief assistance to come in from external sources. Requirement for an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). This physical vulnerability and isolation, combined with exposure to natural hazard, necessitate a basic Emergency Operations Plan and emergency management capacity for KMC to effectively respond to any major disasters. KMC Emergency Management Framework. This KMC Emergency Operations Plan provides the foundation for a KMC Emergency Management Framework. This Plan proposes to KMC officials a process to improve safety and welfare of the population, and in a disaster, minimize loss of life and assets and disruption of services. The Emergency Operations Plan outlines the organizational assignments to manage operational functions critical to disaster response and recovery. These are often beyond the normal, day-to-day governmental operations. Examples of these key response functions are disaster declarations, damage assessment, search and rescue, mass care and sheltering, and emergency public information. Emergency Operations Plan Development Endorsements. Various local and international agencies endorsed KMC s emergency planning effort. They are as follows: Central Government Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Local Development endorse KMC s effort to plan for disaster. On 24 September 2009, following short briefings by KMC, NSET, and EMI, Mr. Thir Bahadur, G. C. Ministry of Home Affairs and Mr. Narayan Bahadur Thapa, Undersecretary, Ministry of Local Development, approved the effort, and encouraged ways to continuously improve the plan. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Disaster Risk Management Section, endorses KMC effort to plan for disasters. On 23 September 2009, Mr. Yuri Chakalall, Senior Advisor to the United Nations Development Programme, Disaster Risk Management Section, UN House, encouraged and supported the effort as one of the gaps in the existing Nepal response planning process. The Asian Development Bank Project Management Team, Kathmandu, Nepal and the Head of Office, United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs have been apprised of the development of this KMC Emergency Operations Plan. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal xiii

14 The current situation: As of January 2010, this Emergency Operations Plan provided only a guideline for emergency services organizations and operations that must be structured around the upcoming constitutional government to be enacted in This EOP cannot be promulgated into law until the new Nepal Constitution is enacted in May This Plan is supported in policy by the Mayor of Kathmandu and the Department Heads as the organizational framework for emergency response operations until the Plan is adopted into law as the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Disaster Response Plan Ordinance. The Disaster Management Section, Urban Development Department, is the Central Point of Coordination for Implementation of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan. KMC has instituted a permanent Disaster Management Section within the Urban Development Department to complement and strengthen the EOP, to institutionalize disaster management within KMC, and to act as a point of contact for coordination of training, exercises, education and outreach to build effective partnerships with all interested organizations, both government and nongovernment, doing disaster response functions in Kathmandu Valley. These partnerships include KMC Department Heads and Staff, the KMC Municipal Council and Board Members, representing all 35 wards, the KMC Mayor and staff, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), relevant Nepal Ministries, and United Nations agencies. These UN agencies include the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) and UNDP Nepal s Environment, Energy and Disaster Risk Reduction Unit. The Disaster Management Section of the Urban Development Department, in partnership with the Project Planning Committee (composed of KMC Department Planners listed in Part V), is responsible for managing the development and implementation of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan. The KMC Mayor issues official updates and changes to KMC EOP. Such changes are documented in Part IV, Record of Changes in Documents. xiv Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

15 Executive Summary The Kathmandu Metropolitan City Emergency Operations Plan (KMC EOP) is based on international best practices in emergency management. It is organized according to the following elements of a sound emergency management system: 1) Emergency Operations Center (EOC); 2) Incident Command System; and 3) Emergency Support Functions. In addition, the KMC EOP outlines common operating procedures for all KMC Departments, known as the 4) Concept of Operations for response, (CONOPS). These critical elements of the Plan are presented in Parts II and III. Part II: Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster. Part II documents the KMC Concept of Operation for response, or CONOPS. The CONOPS lists the common emergency management policies for all departments and describes the KMC central Emergency Operations Center, organized into the Incident Command System, to manage a large scale disaster. Part II also lists planning assumptions and describes the main policy and legal framework for disaster response and relief in Nepal, the Natural Calamity Relief Act of All KMC department heads, department staff, and response organizations at all levels in Nepal should be familiar with how the proposed emergency management system for KMC will respond to a large disaster (Part II). PART III: Detailed Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions enumerates specific responsibilities, tasks and operations to fulfill 15 emergency support functions (ESFs) in the KMC EOP. Each KMC department is assigned as the Lead agency for a particular ESF with other departments or agencies providing support. Each KMC department head can define and exercise department staff roles in a disaster, based on the ESFs. Individual department heads are responsible for annual updates to Part III. Part III outlines the Emergency Management Responsibilities for the following KMC organizations and individuals: 1. Elected Representatives (Mayor, Board, Council) 2. Head of Emergency Management (Disaster Management Section) 3. Coordinator of Emergency Management 4. KMC Departments and Divisions An Emergency Support Function Matrix identifies KMC departmental roles as outlined below. KMC Emergency Management Policies The following are the proposed policies in the KMC EOP: 1. KMC will operate within the existing organizational framework of the Natural Calamity Relief Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 1

16 Act of 1982, as well as the recently approved National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, KMC will organize resources for response and relief in coordination with the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee or District Natural Disaster Management Committee. 3. KMC Mayor will control all KMC assets. 4. The KMC Mayor may appoint an emergency management coordinator to manage all KMC assets. 5. The central government has the power to proclaim a Disaster Declaration for Kathmandu District. 6. Under a Disaster Declaration, or for any serious emergency affecting the KMC area, the Mayor will open an Emergency Operations Center at a specified location. 7. Communication, alert and warning will be provided to the public through all available systems. KMC will broadcast emergency messages via radio and other mass media channels. Assigned department liaisons to the EOC will report at the designated time. Department liaison personnel will establish a back-up personnel roster in case the EOC operations are to continue on a 24/7 basis. 8. The KMC Mayor may activate the KMC EOC for any emergency event requiring resource coordination among KMC Departments and requiring other central government and NGO assets. The Mayor may delegate this responsibility to the Urban Development Department and the Disaster Management Section. 9. Each KMC department will designate Department Liaisons to be present at the KMC EOC. Their primary role is to manage information flow from their department s field operations to the EOC and to transmit operational priorities and other information back to their department heads and field forces. 10. KMC department roles and responsibilities for response operations are defined by KMC department authorities and missions, and are organized according to the Emergency Support Function matrix as listed at the beginning of Part III: Detailed Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions. 11. This Emergency Operations Plan and all its contents apply to all of KMC. 12. Personnel and partners, who are responsible for emergency response operations, should be knowledgeable about the Emergency Operations Plan. 13. The Concept of Operations, planning assumptions, and working relationships described in this Plan should be applied to all emergency incidents, whether major or minor disaster events. KMC Planning Assumptions ( based on a large earthquake disaster) For major earthquakes and other large disasters, KMC shall make decisions and propose actions based on the following assumptions: 1. A large disaster will affect areas outside the KMC region. This situation will require the central government to distribute some available resources to regions other than KMC. This will limit the flow of resources to KMC to accommodate the other regions. 2. Each municipality in Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Madhyapur Thimi, and Kirtipur) should be responsible for their respective response operations. 3. The duration of response operations can vary from a few days to as long as a month. 4. Initially, response operations will run round the clock throughout the entire week. The initial response efforts aim to save lives and stabilize the situation. 2 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

17 5. From response operations, efforts will shift to recovery operations which include operational priorities such as mass care and shelter and restoration of services. 6. The Ministry of Home Affairs is the national focal point for response operations in Nepal. 7. No formal Emergency Operations Center currently exists in KMC. 8. KMC will establish an Emergency Operations Center either at KMC City Hall, Board Hall or at two other designated locations. 9. KMC Mayor is designated as the Head of the KMC Emergency Operations Center. If needed, the Mayor will designate a Deputy Head depending on the type and scope of the disaster. The EOC Head will be responsible for coordinating with department personnel and operations at the ward level (35 Wards) in Kathmandu. 10. A Local Disaster Management Committee will be responsible for response operations at the ward level. 11. Daily functions of the government that do not contribute directly to the emergency operations may be suspended for the duration of the emergency response. 12. KMC Department efforts and resources may be redirected to accomplish an emergency task. 13. Some government response personnel may not be able to assist in response operations due to injuries, limited movement, and family matters. 14. Normal day-to-day functions will be limited or disrupted. Normal communication channels such as cellular phones will be interrupted. Normal transportation will likewise be interrupted. Fuel resources will be limited or non-existent. Hospitals may have limited operations. 15. Immediate operational priorities for KMC include (1) saving lives, (2) establishing security, law and order, and (3) ensuring that hospital and medical system priorities are fully operational. 16. Emergency authorities will designate evacuation routes and will clear roads of vehicles and other obstructions. 17. Fuel supplies should be dedicated only to response operations. 18. No electricity networks will be available. The KMC Concept of Operations for response explains the following points: 1. KMC will organize an Emergency Operations Center at KMC City Hall to manage the disaster and to manage KMC s response assets. Since KMC is in the Kathmandu District, the KMC Emergency Operations Center will support the area of the entire Kathmandu District. 2. No formal Emergency Operations Center currently exists in KMC. 3. The purpose of the Emergency Operations Center is to: Provide a central location for key KMC department heads, liaisons, and decision makers to gather in one location as a central coordinating body; Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 3

18 Demonstrate that the city government of KMC is operational and ensuring a well coordinated decision-making process; Facilitate information exchange and document ongoing disaster response operations; Set operational priorities for response at the KMC and ward levels; Oversee damage and needs assessments and provide the data that will be gathered to the District Disaster Relief Committee; Provide a location for media briefings with KMC officials speaking with one voice ; and Manage logistics and resources for required response operations and track disaster finances. 4. The Mayor may activate the EOC if any of the following conditions exist: There is an imminent threat to public safety or health on a large scale; An extensive district government or central government response and coordination will be required to resolve or recover from the disaster event; The disaster affects multiple wards within KMC relying on the same pool of resources; The KMC Local Emergency Declaration Ordinance is implemented to manage an emergency event effectively; or as the Mayor deems it necessary. 5. Availability of staff and operational needs may allow or require EOC positions to be combined, or positions not to be filled (e.g. responsibilities held by the next higher position). 6. Communication, alert, and warning will be provided to the public through all available systems. 7. The Incident Command System, an internationally accepted practice in emergency management, will be used by the KMC EOC so that international aid can be received in Nepal and Kathmandu in an organized and efficient manner. 8. The Emergency Operations Center will operate under the Incident Command System, as presented in the figure below. 9. The Chief of the Emergency Operations Center will delegate responsibilities to individuals assigned to the management of the Emergency Operations Section, Emergency Planning and Intelligence Section, Emergency Logistics Section, and the Emergency Finance/Administration Sections. Departmental Roles Identified by Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) An ESF is a grouping of government and private sector personnel and other resources to provide needed emergency services during emergencies. Operating agencies and KMC departments will assign personnel to carry out functions outlined in the ESF matrix as coordinators, primary response agencies, or support agencies or as required to support incident management activities. The responsibilities of ESFs are to: Develop and maintain detailed plans and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to support emergency response functions as listed in the ESF matrix, below; Identify sources of emergency supplies, equipment and transportation; Maintain accurate records of disaster-related expenditure and documentation; Safeguard records essential for continuity of government; and Establish a line of succession of key emergency personnel. 4 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

19 KMC Emergency Operations Center Organization Chart The ESF matrix below identifies the KMC departments and organizations that are involved in emergency response: ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONS Emergency Support Function Matrix, Version 3, PRIMARY CITY DE- PARTMENT (LEAD PLANNING ROLE) 1. Transportation Administrative Dept., Enforcement Division (KMC Police) 2. Communications 3. Public Works and Engineering Admin Dept., Information & Communications Division Metro F.M. radio Public Works Department KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS Environmental Division Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Administrative Dept., Environmental Division CENTRAL GOVERN- MENT SUPPORT MINISTRIES Chief District Officer and District Disaster Relief Committee in charge. Nepal Army, Police, Civil Aviation Authority Chief District Officer and District Disaster Relief Committee supported by the Ministry of Communications & Ministry of Physical Planning. Nepal Telecom (central govt.) Radio Nepal, Television and other Media house. MOPPW, KUKL, DUDBC, Department of Roads, Police, Armed Forces NON GOVERN- MENTAL SUPPORT OR- GANIZATIONS Private Transport Company Other private telecom companies, FCAN Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 5

20 ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME PRIMARY CITY DE- PARTMENT (LEAD PLANNING ROLE) KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS CENTRAL GOVERN- MENT SUPPORT MINISTRIES NON GOVERN- MENTAL SUPPORT OR- GANIZATIONS 4. Firefighting Administrative Dept. Enforcement Division Environmental Division KUKL, Valley Traffic Management, *DDRC would mobilize more firefighting from Nepal Army, Police, and Civil Aviation 5. Emergency Management and Information Management Disaster Management Section Admin Dept., UDD, GIS, Social Welfare Division MOHA, Nepal Army, Police, DUDBC FNCCI, UNO- CHA, NSET, Media 6. Mass Care, Housing and Human Services Social Welfare Division Admin Dept., UDD, Social Welfare Division, Enforcement Division (KMC Police) MoHA, District Disaster Relief Committee with DUDBC support, Kathmandu District Health Office Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies 7. Resource Support Financial Management Department Admin Dept. Central Government, MOHA, MOF, MOLD, MOHP, Prime Minister s Office Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA 8. Public Health and Medical Services Public Health Division Account Division Hospitals, MOHA, Dept of Health, District Health Office, CDRC UNHCR, other international agencies Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies 9. Urban Search and Rescue Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Mechanical Section, Environmental Division Nepal Army, Central Police (CSSR & MFR training) International Rescue (INSARAG) 10. Oil and Hazardous Materials Response Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Disaster Management Section, Environmental Division, Admin. Dept., Information and Communication Division Nepal Army, Nepal Oil Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority Association of fuel distributors 11. Agriculture and Natural Resources Disaster Management Section Public Health Department, Environmental Division, Social Welfare Division Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and soil conservation equipment from Ministry of Industry, DMG FAO, UNDP, IUCN, WFP and other agricultural NGOs and INGOs 6 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

21 ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME PRIMARY CITY DE- PARTMENT (LEAD PLANNING ROLE) KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS CENTRAL GOVERN- MENT SUPPORT MINISTRIES NON GOVERN- MENTAL SUPPORT OR- GANIZATIONS 12. Energy (power, fuel, gas) Disaster Management Section Admin. Dept., Public Works Department Ministry of Energy, Nepal Electricity Authority, Nepal Oil Corp., Dept of Supplies Association of fuel distributors 13. Public Safety and Security Enforcement Division Admin. Dept.,, Social Welfare Division MOHA, Nepal Armed Forces for search and rescue Local clubs, Women groups, CBOs 14. Long-term Community Recovery and Mitigation (strong planning capacity) Disaster Management Section UDD, Admin. Dept., Public Works Department Department of Education, Dept. of Public Works, Min. of Irrigation, DWIDP, MOHA, MOLD, NPC, MOPPW, DUDBC UNDP, NSET, NGO s, Expert consultants 15. External Affairs International Relation Secretariat CEO Office MOHA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PM Office Embassy, DDRC, CDRC Notes: ESF No. 6, Mass Care: At the district level, the District Natural Disaster Relief Committee (DNDRC) is the agency responsible for coordinating district level relief efforts, including medical support and distribution of food and other essential supplies. This committee, chaired by the Chief District Officer, consists of representatives from the District Health Office, the Nepal Red Cross Society, and similar agencies. Emergency Operations Plan Development and Funding This project is part of a project, Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A pilot application in Metro Manila, Philippines and Kathmandu, Nepal, undertaken by the Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) with funding from the German Federal Foreign Office (FFO) and Deutsches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge (DKKV). This project component supports KMC to undertake specific disaster reduction endeavors and to strengthen its disaster management capabilities. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 7

22 8 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

23 KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART I: Introduction PART I provides basic information such as purpose, objectives, and organization of the Plan. The KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART I: PART II: PART III: PART IV: PART V: Annex I: Annex II: Introduction Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 9

24 1.1. Purpose of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) The purpose of the KMC EOP is to: 1. Provide an Emergency Management System for responding to a significant disaster affecting people, property, and infrastructure, such as a major earthquake. The EOP provides policies, common operating procedures, guidelines, and supplemental references on how KMC will organize and manage response operations. 2. Describe authorities, responsibilities, functions and operations of KMC during emergencies as bases for coordinating with internal and external response, rescue, and relief organizations. These organizations include the Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Local Development, and other central government organizations representing the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee, as well as international response and relief organizations, non-profit organizations, and the private sector. In support of this EOP and to build capacity in Emergency Management Systems, KMC will: 1. Institutionally strengthen its Disaster Management Section; 2. Constitute a formal Local Natural Disaster Relief Committee that extends to all KMC Departments with identified response assignments; 3. Develop a permanent Emergency Operations Center; 4. Provide training to KMC government personnel in emergency planning and response; and 5. Improve the EOP through annual review, evaluation, exercises, and updates Objectives These objectives guide the planning and conduct of KMC emergency response and recovery operations to: 1. Save lives and protect property; 2. Provide direction and control of emergency operations; 3. Maintain, repair and restore essential services and systems; and 4. Coordinate operations with other responding organizations. Goal, Vision, and Challenge The Project Team and KMC Departments defined the Emergency Operations Plan Goal, Vision, and Challenges as follows: Goal The Goal of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan is to establish an emergency management system that will save lives, protect property, and protect the environment following a disaster. Vision The Vision of the KMC Emergency Management System is to define an Emergency 10 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

25 Management Concept of Operations in which all Department personnel understand their respective roles and responsibilities for disaster response operations and understand that all Departments must participate in the planning process. Challenge To meet the Goal and Vision, the Challenge is to: Build an effective and knowledgeable disaster management organization; Respond effectively within a citywide Concept of Operations; Create the Concept of Operations to include partnerships at the central government and to understand how to access resources from international organizations; Define the Concept of Operations to consider legal authorities; Use the Emergency Support Function System to define departmental response roles and responsibilities; Conduct on-scene emergency response through the Incident Command System; Respond to large disasters through an Emergency Operations Center, organized under the Incident Command System; Conduct table top exercises to improve the Emergency Operations Plan; Update the Emergency Operations Plan at least yearly; Create a planning process to write the Emergency Operations Plan. The planning process is just as important as the Plan itself; Test the Plan through exercises and real events and use these events to update the Plan; and Define, fund, and assign staff to the disaster risk management positions within the KMC Organization of the Plan The KMC Emergency Operations Plan consists of five parts and two annexes. Parts II and III constitute the elements of the Basic Emergency Response Plan: 1. PART I: Introduction 2. PART II: Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster 3. PART III: Detailed Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions 4. PART IV: Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule 5. PART V: Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities 6. Annex I: Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes 7. Annex II: KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. PART I: Introduction provides basic information such as purpose, objectives, and organization of the Plan. PART II: Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster explains KMC s approach to Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 11

26 emergency response and operations. The Basic Plan explains the organization, assumptions, policies, and operating procedures to respond effectively to an emergency in KMC. Part II is a stand-alone document that provides common operating procedures for every responder assisting with response operations in KMC. Every department head and all department staff should be familiar with how the KMC emergency management system will function in case of a large disaster. All response organizations at the (1) Nepal ministerial level, (2) international level, (3) ward level, (4) public nonprofit organization level, and (5) Private level should read and be familiar with KMC s Basic Plan PART III: Detailed Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions lists the specific responsibilities, tasks and operational actions to complete each of the specific emergency operations functions. There are 15 Emergency Support Functions in the KMC Emergency Operations Plan. One KMC Department is assigned as the Lead agency responsible for each Emergency Support Function. One or more departments and other agencies usually serve in support roles for response. From the Emergency Support Functions, each KMC department head can define and exercise department staff roles in a disaster. Department heads are responsible for annual updates to Part III. PART IV: Plan Maintenance, Promulgation and Distribution, Exercise and Training Schedule. This section should be updated regularly to record all changes that are to be made in the Emergency Operations Plan. Part V: Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities. This Part includes (1) Plan background, (2) National Emergency Management System information, (3) additional guidelines and procedures for response operations, (4) additional hazard and demographic information, (5) a summarized earthquake risk assessment (also see Annex II), and (6) additional technical capabilities. Part V should be updated every year. Annex I: Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes. Annex I of the KMC EOP contains the Emergency Support Function Matrix and 15 ESF Annexes that identify one lead agency and all required support agencies for each ESF. (These 15 ESF Annexes correspond with the Emergency Support Function Matrix presented in Part III. The 15 Annexes are not included in the first Emergency Operations Plan, Version 1.3). Annex II: KMC Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. The information in the slide set provides realistic earthquake impacts that could strike KMC. Planning for these impacts is the reason for development of this EOP. The impact information is postulated for planning purposes. Basis for the KMC Basic Plan The components of the KMC Basic Emergency Operations Plan (Basic Plan) are described in Part II. Figure 1 below outlines the seven components described in the Basic Plan. These components provide the operating assumptions, policies, and procedures common to all KMC Departments for emergency management operations. These commonalities are derived by combining: (1) KMC and Nepal legal authorities that promote emergency response planning with (2) hazards and demographic data and an (3) analysis of risk. This plan is based on a worst case earthquake scenario. Summaries of the earthquake impacts 12 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

27 are described for planning purposes only. The earthquake impacts used in developing the Basic Plan are based on data extracted from the Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2002, The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom of Nepal. (See Annex II: KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake) This earthquake impact information provides KMC Planners with the basis to develop: (1) planning assumptions for response operations; (2) emergency management policies; (3) and a concept of operations for a large disaster. Finally, (4) financial and administrative procedures Figure 1. Components of the KMC Basic Plan. must be outlined and documented in the Basic Plan for all responding KMC departments. The components of the Basic Plan are fully described in Part II. This part of the plan describes all common procedures for how KMC operates during an emergency situation, especially for large and significant disaster such as an earthquake. All KMC response and relief personnel operate under the same planning assumptions, emergency management policies, concept of operations, and administrative and financial procedures as described in Part II. Part III provides additional details of roles and responsibilities for KMC personnel. Framework for the Basic Plan The Basic Plan is implemented through the Incident Command System as the organizational structure for operating during a large disaster, as illustrated in Figure 2, below. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 13

28 Figure 2. Framework for the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Emergency Operations Plan This framework is based on KMC planning assumptions, emergency management policies, and common operating procedures as described in the KMC Basic Emergency Operations Plan Content (Part II). Policies and assumptions in this framework are based on the Central Government response operations organizational framework (Part V). Part II also describes the Incident Command System organization for operating during a large disaster. Part III provides the details for KMC departmental roles and responsibilities during a disaster as described in the Emergency Support Function Matrix. 14 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

29 KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART II: Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster PART II: Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster explains KMC s approach to emergency response and operations. The Basic Plan explains the organization, assumptions, policies, and operating procedures to effectively respond to an emergency in KMC. This is a standalone document that provides common operating procedures for every responder assisting with response operations in KMC. Every department head and all department staff should read this part and become familiar with how the KMC emergency management system will respond to a large disaster. All response organizations at the (1) Nepal ministerial level, 2) international level, 3) ward level, 4) public nonprofit organization level, and 5) Private level should read and be familiar with the Part II KMC Basic Plan. The KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART I: PART II: PART III: PART IV: PART V: Annex I: Annex II: Introduction Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 15

30 2.1. Legal Authorities Laws for Response Operations The Natural Calamity Relief Act 2039 (1982 AD), as amended (Act) In the past 20 years, the Nepalese government has formulated a number of natural disaster preparedness plans, programs, and acts. The Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, of 1982, which is the most prominent, defines the official disaster management system at central, regional, district, and local levels. The Natural Calamity Relief Act, 2039, (1982 AD), as amended (Act) is the governing Emergency Response Law for Nepal. * Most response operations are performed by the central government. Resources come to KMC from the central government. * The Act defines the composition of Central Natural Calamity Relief Committee (section 5 of the Act) as well as the functions and duties of the Central Committee (section 6 of the Act). * The Act also defines the composition, functions, and duties of three additional Natural Calamity Relief Committees - regional, district, and local (Section 7 of the Act) * The Act creates the Central Disaster Relief Fund and the District Disaster Relief Fund. Presently, the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) and the District Natural Disaster Relief Committee (DNDRC) are functional while the other two regional and local committees can be constituted in times of big natural disasters. The Ministry of Home Affairs, through its Planning and Special Service Division, is the national agency responsible for disaster management in Nepal. The Disaster Management Section is managed by the Joint Secretary, Planning and Special Service Division. The Ministry of Home Affairs works as the secretariat of the CNDRC while the DNDRC is mainly responsible for carrying out the post-disaster activities at the district level. More detailed information on the Emergency Management System of Nepal is presented in Part V, Section 5.2, of this Plan. Organization Chart: Nepal Disaster Management under the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act of 1982 Nepal Disaster Management under the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act of More detailed information on the Emergency Management System for Nepal is presented in Part V, Section 5.2, of this Plan. Local Self Governance Act, 1999 Section 96 of the Local Governance Act of 1999 stipulates the functions, duties, and responsibilities of municipalities such as KMC: 16 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

31 Figure 3. Organization Chart Section 96. Functions, Duties and Power of Municipality: In addition to executing or causing to be executed, the decisions and directions of the Municipal Council, the functions and duties to be performed by the Municipality mandatorily in the municipal area shall be as follows: (i) Miscellaneous: (7) To carry out necessary functions in managing and responding to natural disasters. National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, 2009 (Recently Approved) Sources: EMI Technical Document A National Strategy on Disaster Risk Management for Nepal: is under development by the Ministry of Home Affairs with assistance from NSET and support from UNDP-BCPR and European Community. The Strategy, currently undergoing review, is designed to implement the Hyogo Framework of Action , a consensus document adopted by the United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. The Strategy aims to guide, encourage, and ensure development and implementation of organized approaches for managing and minimizing disaster risks and for effective preparedness at all levels by providing a suggested structure for Disaster Risk Management at the National, District (multiple cities) and Municipal levels of government which includes the departments and agencies that will make up the structure. A list of priority actions with the responsible authorities/organizations was also specified in the strategy. It also included a general guideline for KMC and other municipalities on their specific responsibilities including, among others, development of a disaster risk management plan and an Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 17

32 emergency response plan. Functions of the Disaster Risk Management structure at each level down to the community have been defined along with recognition of community-based organizations (CBOs) and their roles in disaster risk management. Presently, Ministries have their own roles in Emergency Management as implemented by Emergency Committees often created at the national and the regional levels. 1 However, there is currently no Emergency Management System in place nor have the committees initiated emergency management activities involving different stakeholders including those at the municipal or ward levels. 2 Several stakeholders representing community organizations, the municipalities, national offices and international initiatives also agreed on the need for an integrated Emergency Management System where a common platform for action is shared and coordinating systems are clarified. Additional Relevant Legislation for Nepal and KMC Emergency Management System The following legislative measures provide the legal framework that assigns roles and responsibilities to different disaster management entities: 1. Interim Constitution of Nepal, Local Administration Act, HMG Rules for allocation of functions, second amendment, Kathmandu Valley Town Development Act, Building Act, 1998 or Draft Building Council Act, 1994 No additional information on these five laws is presented in the Plan. 2.2 Hazards and Demographics National Hazardscape Rugged and fragile geophysical structures, steep slopes, complex geology, variable climatic conditions, active tectonic processes, unplanned settlements, dense and increasing population, poor economic conditions, and a low literacy rate have made Nepal vulnerable to various types of natural disasters. Figure 4 shows the geographical location of Recent major disasters in Nepal (UN Nepal s Inter-Agency Disaster Response Preparedness Plan, 2001). The middle hills are mainly prone to landslides, while the flat Tarai region is prone to floods and fire. Thus, flood, landslides, and fire are the most frequent natural disasters causing loss of life and severe damage to property in Nepal. While earthquakes are not frequent, historically, Nepal has experienced several destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000 people killed in four major earthquakes in the past century. 1 Information based on the Ministry of Home Affairs representative Mr. Iswar Regmi, during discussions held in the Emergency Management Workshop on February 7, Per representative from the Nepal Police. 18 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

33 Figure 4. Geographical Location of Recent Major Disasters in Nepal The Koshi Floods in December 2008 in southeastern Nepal is the most recent large scale disaster that required national and international response and relief efforts by the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee. Other natural hazards that challenge Kathmandu are flooding, fire, and epidemics. See Part V for more details on natural hazards Kathmandu Valley Earthquake In 1934, an 8.4 magnitude earthquake struck Kathmandu Valley killing 4,300 people, destroying 20 percent of all structures, and damaging another 40 percent of the Valley s buildings. In Kathmandu itself, one quarter of all homes were destroyed along with a number of temples in Bhaktapur. In recent decades, Nepal experienced two major earthquakes: a 6.5 magnitude earthquake in the Bajhang district that killed 178 people and destroyed about 40,000 houses and a 6.6 magnitude earthquake in 1988 in the Udayapur district that killed 721 people and destroyed 64,467 houses. Earthquake Hazard Assessment for KMC Four possible future earthquake events for KMC have been identified and described by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2002, The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom of Nepal. (Also, see Annex II) For the four earthquake scenarios from the JICA study, different earthquakes will produce different damage results for Kathmandu Valley: 1. Repeat of the 1934 Earthquake magnitude 8.4, Bihar-Nepal Earthquake, Kathmandu Valley would experience the highest intensities of all four earthquakes (severe shaking intensity -- VIII & IX -- in eastern valley). 2. Mid-Nepal Earthquake (magnitude 8.0, severe shaking intensity - VIII) in Kathmandu Valley, moderate liquefaction potential in some areas along the Bagmati River. This earthquake is the Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 19

34 basis for the earthquake scenario described in Annex II. 3. North Bagmati Earthquake (magnitude 6.0). Earthquake clusters just north of the Kathmandu Valley. (moderate shaking intensity -- VI or VII). No liquefaction from this earthquake, below threshold. 4. Local Earthquake (5.7). Severe shaking intensity IX directly along valley fault lineament. Other parts of the valley (moderate to severe shaking intensity -- VII or VIII). Some liquefaction expected along the Bagmati River. Location, Physical Setting, and Population of Kathmandu 3 The Kathmandu Valley, where KMC lies, is situated between the latitudes of and north and longitudes and east. It covers the area of about 667 sq. km. and consists of five Municipalities - Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur. Aside from five municipalities, there are 110 village development committees within Kathmandu Valley. The elevation of Kathmandu valley is 1,350m above mean sea level. The valley is bowlshaped with rivers draining towards the center of the basin. The total population of Kathmandu Valley in 1991 was 1,571,583 and is expected to be 2,020,404 in KMC covers an area of about 50.8 sq. km. and is divided into 35 wards of which the old city core covers 12 wards. KMC is considered as a historic, touristic, cultural and the business center of Nepal. The total population of KMC according to the latest census (2001) is 671,846. It was 421,258 in 1991 and 235,160 in It shows that the population in KMC is growing in an unprecedented rate. The population growth rate of KMC is 5.65 percent in , one of the highest growth rates among the towns and cities in Nepal. If the population growth rate will remain the same, population in KMC is expected to be 1,051,438 by Migration had been a major cause of high population growth in the Kathmandu Valley. Economic opportunities and services within the Kathmandu Valley attract people from rural areas to migrate to urban centers. National Land-Use Management System 4 Land use regulations and development are a function of both the city and the national government. Large-scale infrastructure within the city is under the central government s jurisdiction. However, city roads, solid waste management, street lighting, and such are operated and promoted by city government. Land use management, though not currently existing in an integrated form, is the responsibility of the city government. Nepal has five development regions and 75 administrative districts. The districts are further divided into smaller units called municipalities and village development committees (VDCs). There are 3,913 VDCs and 58 municipalities in the country. A VDC consists of nine wards and the municipalities are composed of nine to 35 wards. Further Details of Hazards and Demographics can be found in Part V. 3 Source: Urbanization and Urban Planning in Kathmandu From Reports: Urbanization and Urban Planning in Kathmandu, 4 Source: EMI Disaster Risk Management City Profile - Kathmandu - Cityriskpedia, Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

35 2.3 KMC Emergency Management Policies 1. KMC will operate within the existing organizational framework of the Natural Calamity Relief Act of 1982, as well as the recently approved National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, Three Central Government Natural Disaster Relief Committees can be formed - Central, Regional, and District. The Central Government can form a Local Disaster Relief Committee if needed. A municipal-level disaster risk management authority can be formed under the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, KMC will organize in coordination with the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee or District Natural Disaster Management Committee. On behalf of the KMC, the District Natural Disaster Relief Committee will be responsible for communications and coordination with the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee. 3. KMC Mayor will control all KMC assets. The KMC Mayor will direct the allocation and management of all KMC assets (human resources, facility, and equipment resources) in any way that is required to respond to an emergency. The KMC Mayor will be the liaison to the Chief District Officer. 4. Delegation of Authority and Appointment of a Coordinator of Emergency Management. The KMC Mayor may also appoint this authority to control all KMC assets, in No. 3 above, to his designee or to the Coordinator of Emergency Management (Planning Team Note: Terminology to be decided) as written in a formal Delegation of Authority statement on file. 5. The Central Government has the power to proclaim a Disaster Declaration for Kathmandu District. Under a Disaster Declaration, or for any serious emergency affecting the KMC area, the Mayor will open an Emergency Operations Center at a specified location. 6. Communication, Alert and Warning. Communication, Alert and Warning will be provided to the public through all available systems. KMC, through the Emergency Operations Center, will broadcast early warning via radio and other mass media communication channels. Department liaisons to the Emergency Operations Center will report at the designated time. Department liaison personnel will establish a back-up personnel roster in case the EOC operations is to continue on a 24/7 basis. 7. Opening of the Emergency Operations Center. The EOC can be opened for operation by the Mayor of KMC for any event requiring resource coordination among KMC departments and requiring other central government and NGO assets. The Mayor can delegate this responsibility to the Urban Development Department and the Disaster Management Section. 8. Each KMC department will designate department liaisons to be present at the KMC EOC. The role of the department liaison personnel is to manage information flow from their department in the field operations to the EOC and to transmit operational priorities and other information to their department heads and field operations. 9. KMC department roles and responsibilities for response operations are defined by KMC Department authorities and missions and are organized according to the Emergency Support Function Matrix as listed at the beginning of Part III: Detailed Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 21

36 10. Scope of Plan. This Plan and all its contents are applicable to the entire KMC. 11. Accessibility to the Emergency Operations Plan. Personnel or partners who have a responsibility or duty for emergency response operations should have access to and be knowledgeable about the Emergency Operations Plan. 12. Application of the Emergency Operations Plan. The Response Operations Concept of Operations, the Planning Assumptions, and the working relationships described in this Plan apply to all emergency incidents whether the emergency situations are large or small. 2.4 KMC Planning Assumptions (for a large earthquake disaster) 1. A large disaster will affect areas outside of the KMC region. This situation will require the central government to distribute some available resources to regions other than to KMC. This will limit the flow of resources to KMC. 2. The Municipalities in Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Madhyapur Thimi, & Kirtipur) will be in charge of response operations in their respective jurisdictions. 3. Response operations can be for a short period of time (i.e. a few days) or up to one month. 4. Initially, response operations will be required round the clock, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Initial response efforts focus on saving lives and stabilizing the situation. 5. Response operations phase will change to a recovery operations phase, requiring a change in operational priorities. 6. The Ministry of Home Affairs is the focal point for central government coordination for response operations. 7. No formal Emergency Operations Center currently exists for KMC. 8. KMC will establish an Emergency Operations Center either at KMC City Hall, Board Hall or at two other designated locations. 9. KMC Mayor is designated as the Head of the KMC Emergency Operations Center. The Mayor will designate a Deputy Head, if needed, depending on the type and scope of the disaster. The Mayor will be responsible for coordinating department personnel and operations at the ward level (35 Wards) in Kathmandu. 10. A Local Disaster Management Committee will be responsible for response operations at the Ward level. 11. Suspension of Daily Government Functions. Daily functions of the government that do not contribute directly to the emergency operation may be suspended for the duration of the emergency response. 22 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

37 12. KMC Department efforts and resources may be redirected to accomplish an emergency task. 13. Some Government response personnel will not be able to assist in response operations due to injuries, limited movement, and family matters. 14. Normal day-to-day functions will be limited or out. Normal communications will be interrupted (e.g. cellular phones). Normal transportation will likewise be interrupted. Fuel resources will be limited or non-existent. Hospitals may be limited in operations. It is assumed the airport will be operational within 24 hours. 15. Immediate Operational Priorities for KMC will be to: (1) Save lives, (2) Establish security, law and order, and (3) ensure that hospitals are fully operational 16. Emergency authorities will designate evacuation routes and clear roads of vehicles and other road obstructions. 17. Available fuel supplies will be dedicated to response operations only. 18. No electricity networks will be available. 2.5 KMC Concept of Operations for Response Emergency Operations Center (EOC) will be Organized 1. KMC will organize an Emergency Operations Center at KMC City Hall in order to manage the disaster and to manage KMC response assets. KMC is in the Kathmandu District. The KMC Emergency Operations Center will function to support the area of the Kathmandu District. 2. No formal Emergency Operations Center currently exists for KMC. Seven members of the KMC response planning committee completed a Study Tour of the Makati City, Philippines Emergency Operations Center in September The Study Tour Team, led by Mr. Bimal Rijal, Head, Urban Development Department, allowed KMC to experience a mature, effective, and efficiently run Emergency Operations Center for a major city threatened by earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and many local emergencies. This city-to-city exchange was made possible by the German Federal Foreign Office and the Makati City Mayor and personnel, and Earthquake and Megacities Initiative s Cluster City Project. 3. The purpose of the Emergency Operations Center is to: Provide a central location for key KMC department heads and liaisons to decision makers to gather in one location as a central coordinated body; Demonstrate that the KMC Government is in charge and ensure a coordinated decisionmaking process; Facilitate information exchange and document ongoing disaster response operations; Set operational priorities for response at the KMC and ward levels; Conduct damage and needs assessment and provide results to the District Disaster Relief Committee; Designate location for media briefings with the KMC speaking with one voice ; and Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 23

38 Manage logistics and resources for required response operations, and track disaster finances. Activation of the KMC Emergency Operations Center The Mayor may activate the EOC if the following conditions exist: There is an imminent threat to public safety or health on a large scale; An extensive district government or central government response and coordination will be required to resolve or recover from the emergency or disaster event; The disaster affects multiple wards within KMC that rely on the same pool of resources to resolve major emergency events; or The KMC Local Emergency Declaration Ordinance is implemented to control the major emergency or disaster event. Availability of staff and operational needs may allow or require positions to be combined, or positions not to be filled in (i.e. responsibilities held by the next higher position). Communication, Alert and Warning will be provided to the public through all available systems. EOC Organization under the Incident Command System 4. The Emergency Operations Center will operate under the following Incident Command Structure, as presented below in Figure 5: Figure 5. KMC Emergency Operations Center Organization Chart Position Responsibilities for each of the boxes are summarized below. 5. The Incident Command Structure is used internationally by disasters managers so that international aid can be delivered to Nepal and Kathmandu in an organized and efficient manner. 24 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

39 Responsibilities of the Chief of the Emergency Operations Center and Staff Positions 6. The Chief of the EOC and the Chief s staff will manage the Public Information, Safety, and Liaison Functions, as described below. 7. The Chief of the Emergency Operations Center is specifically responsible for: Providing information to internal and external stakeholders. Ensuring safe operations. Establishing and maintaining liaison with other agencies participating in the incident. 8. The Public Information Officer is responsible for: Advising Head of Emergency Operations on information dissemination and media relations. Note: the Head approves information that the PIO releases. Obtaining information from and provides information to Planning Section. Obtaining information from and provides information to community and media. 9. The Safety Officer is responsible for: Advising the Head of Emergency Operations on issues regarding incident safety. Working with operations to ensure safety of field personnel. Ensuring safety of all incident personnel. 10. The Liaison Officer is responsible for: Assisting the Head of Emergency Operations by serving as point of contact for representatives from other response organizations. Providing briefings to and answers questions from supporting organizations. 11. The Chief of the Emergency Operations Center will conduct the following actions: Activate and/or place EOC staff on standby Activate emergency forces as necessary Activate and/or place damage assessment teams on standby Establish contact with Chief District Officer (District Disaster Relief Committee) Proclaim a Local Emergency and request assistance Coordinate with the private sector Establish priority of response actions and Provide situation reports to Executives 12. The Chief of the Emergency Operations Center will delegate responsibilities to assigned individuals for management of the Emergency Operations Section, Emergency Planning and Intelligence Section, Emergency Logistics Section, and the Emergency Finance/Administration Sections, as described, in Figure 6: Position Responsibilities for the four Section Chiefs are summarized below. Responsibilities of the Emergency Operations Section 13. Responsibilities for the Operations Section include 5 : a. Receive, evaluate and respond to requests for assistance/resources b. Establish operational priorities c. Provide field status reports to the Emergency Planning Section Chief d. Search and rescue 5 Note: The Operations Section is the largest commitment of personnel and resources on every disaster Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 25

40 Figure 6. KMC Emergency Operations Center Organization Chart e. Evacuation f. Utilities, including electrical, water, sewer, sanitation, and communications g. Medical and patient transport h. Care and shelter of victims i. Environmental health (hazardous materials spills and contamination) Responsibilities of the Emergency Planning and Intelligence Section 14. Responsibilities for the Planning and Intelligence Section include: a. Gather, analyze, evaluate and disseminate technical information; b. Make recommendations to Chief of Operations; c. Schedule staff briefings/relief; d. Activate damage assessment system; e. Ensure dispatch of survey units by operations; f. Determine status of utilities/transportation; g. Determine construction/public works priorities; h. Set priorities for resource procurement; and i. Develop the ACTION PLAN with operational priorities. Responsibilities of the Emergency Logistics and Resource Section 15. Responsibilities for the Emergency Logistics and Resource Section include: a. Provide effective resource and logistics coordination during an emergency; b. Provide facilities, services, personnel, equipment and materials to support operations; c. Maintain a current inventory of all emergency resources, including personnel, vehicles, and equipment; 26 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

41 d. Provide essential services and logistical support; e. Assist in the transport of supplies, equipment and personnel; f. Make public, contractual, and volunteer resources available; g. Coordinate staging area activities; h. Provide equipment and crews as requested; i. Coordinate and process requests for resources; j. Provide updated resource information to other sections and jurisdictions; k. Keep records of resources requested, committed, or expended in the course of the emergency; l. Coordinate with other departments and organizations to obtain required resources and fulfill unmet resource needs. In the event that local resources are depleted or committed, request additional resource assistance from the Chief District Officer. m. If needed, arrange for essential goods such as food or medicine to be stockpiled. n. Periodically report to the EOC Chief on resource status and expenditures. o. Provide resource and logistics management-related expenses to the Finance and Administration Officer for potential post-emergency reimbursement p. Be prepared to provide information for the After-Action Report. Responsibilities of the Emergency Finance and Administration Section 16. Responsibilities for the Finance and Administration Section include: a. The Emergency Finance and Administration Section Chief, who may be a city assessor or similar official, is responsible for incident financial management, including incident financial activities, documentation, cost recovery and other administrative aspects; b. Identify required tracking and record-keeping procedures that will be put in place to assure all emergency costs are easily identified; c. Manage financial aspects of the incident; d. Prepare all financial obligation documents; e. Manage existing mutual aid agreements; f. Provide updated resource information to other sections and jurisdictions; g. Provide input to all plans for financial and cost analysis; h. Provide financial and cost analysis information as requested; i. Gather pertinent information from briefings with responsible agencies; j. Ensure personnel time records are accurately completed according to policy; k. Ensure that obligation documents are properly prepared and completed; l. Develop a staffing pattern and relief plan for EOC; m. Recruit additional emergency workers; n. Brief personnel on all incident-related financial issues requiring post-incident follow up; o. When the incident is over, ensure that any open actions are assigned to appropriate agencies/elements for follow up; p. Retain records of incident-related expenses for potential post-incident reimbursement; q. Prepare incident cost summaries, as needed; r. Develop general policies on keeping financial records, reporting, tracking resource needs, tracking source and use of resources, and acquiring ownership of resources; and s. Be prepared to provide input to the After Action Report. 17. Designation of EOC responsibilities and assignments. The KMC Chief of the Emergency Operations Center (i.e. Mayor) will designate the above listed responsibilities and assignments, depending on the situation. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 27

42 2.7 Sequence of Action This section describes incident management actions ranging from initial threat notification, to early coordination efforts to assess and disrupt the threat, to preparatory activation of the Emergency Support Functions, to deployment of resources in support of incident response and recovery operations. These actions do not necessarily occur in sequential order; many may be undertaken concurrently in response to single or multiple threats or incidents. Non-Emergency Normal Operations These are actions that are implemented during non-emergency periods that will give KMC and the wards ample time to prepare for effective emergency response operations: 1. Provide public information and educational materials to the public via municipal newsletters, brochures, publications and web-sites and other media; 2. Develop, review and exercise emergency operations plans and its standard operating procedures; 3. Assure the viability and accuracy of emergency contact lists, resource lists and emergency contracts; and 4. Update, review, and maintain the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP. Pre-Incident Actions These are actions that are implemented if the Emergency Manager receives notice of a potential emergency from the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Metropolitan Weather Service or other reliable sources. 1. Brief the Mayor and department heads of the impending situation. 2. Alert emergency response personnel and develop a staffing pattern for the Emergency Operations Center. 3. Prepare the Emergency Operations Center, as necessary. 4. Determine any protective action measures that need to be implemented in preparation for the situation. Communication alert and warning; Public health and safety; Responder health and safety; Property protection; Possible partial activation of the EOC; and Short-term training of response personnel. Response Actions and Short-term Recovery Actions Response Actions Take the following actions to preserve life, property, the environment, and the social, economic, and political structure of the community: 1. Law enforcement and security; 2. Protection of responder health and safety; 3. Fire response; 4. Emergency medical services; 5. Evacuations; 28 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

43 6. Actions to minimize additional damage; 7. Urban search and rescue; 8. Public health and medical services; 9. Distribution of emergency supplies; 10. Debris clearance, (clear to side of roads. removal and disposal is a recovery operation); 11. Protection and restoration of critical infrastructure; 12. Identification of shelter sites (temporary housing is a recovery operation) 13. Management of volunteers, inter-institutional coordination; 14. Dead body management (identification and storage) 15. Dissemination of public information; and 16. Coordination with major media outlets. Some issues to consider at this point in the incident are: 1. Daily functions of the government that do not contribute directly to the emergency operation may be suspended for the duration of the emergency response. 2. Efforts and resources may be redirected to accomplish an emergency task. 3. Implement evacuation orders, as needed. 4. Open and staff emergency shelters, as needed. Once immediate response missions and life-saving activities conclude, the emphasis shifts from response to relief and recovery operations, and if applicable, hazard mitigation. Relief and Recovery Actions These actions occur after the initial response has been completed. These actions should assist individuals and wards to return to a normal state in as little time as possible. During the recovery period, the following actions need to be implemented: 1. Complete an initial damage assessment and submit a report to the District Disaster Relief Committee. The initial damage assessment follows the preliminary damage assessment within 24 to-48 hours. 2. Assess local infrastructures and determine viability for re-entry of residents. 3. Begin immediate repairs to electric, water and sewer lines and stations. 4. Cleanup and restore public facilities, businesses, and residences; 5. Re-establish natural habitats and prevent subsequent damage to natural resources; 6. Establish a long-term recovery committee to focus on recovery problems, shortfalls, issues, and solutions to be implemented within three-to-six month timeframe. 7. Protect cultural or archeological sites during recovery operations. 8. Open a Joint Field Office (JFO) to assist those impacted by the disaster if the event is declared a disaster. The JFO is the central coordination point among central, regional, district and local agencies and voluntary organizations for delivering available recovery assistance programs to the people and businesses. Mitigation Actions as part of the Recovery Operations Mitigation planning should be undertaken by the Emergency Planning and Intelligence Section. As a result of any major disaster, the following suggested planning actions should be undertaken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their side effects. During the mitigation planning process, these issues need to be addressed: 1. Review existing mitigation plan and update as necessary any mitigation actions that could be of Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 29

44 assistance in preventing similar impacts for future disasters. 2. Seek and develop mitigation grant projects to assist in areas most at risk. 3. Implement mitigation measures in rebuilding infrastructure damaged in a disaster. 4. Grant programs for loss reduction measures (if available); 5. Contract with loss reduction building-science expertise; 6. Coordinate all Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee mitigation programs; 7. Conduct flood recovery mapping to permit expedited and accurate implementation of both recovery and mitigation programs; 8. Consider predictive modeling to understand risk and subsequently, protect critical assets; 9. Conduct early documentation of losses that have been avoided because of previous hazard mitigation measures; 10. Undertake community education and outreach to foster loss reduction activities; and 11. Establish a comprehensive database for earthquake mitigation projects. Additional Direction and Control As KMC adopts the EOP fully into its processes and functions, new emergency management priorities may need to be further developed in the succeeding versions of and improvements in the Plan. These emergency management priorities are listed below. 1. Alert and Warning Communication, Alert and Warning will be provided to the public through all available systems. Identify who is in responsible for Alert and Warning of impending hazards or incident, such as flood, or epidemic? Identify who will communicate the message via Metro FM and KMC Police. 2. Communications Systems What communications systems are available, who manages them, and what are the communications protocols? 3. Reports and Reporting 4. Damage Assessments 5. Emergency Public Information 6. Training and Public Education 7. Liability Coverage 30 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

45 KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART III: Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions PART III: Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions focus on listing the specific responsibilities, tasks and operational actions for each specific emergency operations function. There are 15 Emergency Support Functions in the KMC Emergency Operations Plan. One KMC Department is assigned as the lead department for each Emergency Support Function. One or more Departments and other agencies usually serve in support roles for response. Based on the Emergency Support Functions, each KMC department head can define and exercise department staff roles in a disaster. Department heads are responsible for annual updates for Part III. The KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART I: PART II: PART III: PART IV: PART V: Annex I: Annex II: Introduction Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 31

46 3.1 Emergency Management Responsibilities for Kathmandu Metropolitan City Introduction This Emergency Operations Plan works on the premise that emergency services organizations and operations are structured around existing constitutional government. This section describes KMC s organizational structure, roles and functions for emergency management. Each responding KMC department that has a primary or support role is described in the Emergency Support Function matrix below. District and central government emergency response roles are also summarized. KMC can also add to the ESF matrix the roles of supporting and cooperating agencies. Part III is supplemented by the Emergency Support Function Annexes which include details on specific agency responsibilities (Annex I). Take note that this matrix still needs to be completed in the succeeding versions of the Plan. A successful city emergency management program involves local government officials, local government departments, private sector and non-profit organizations. Their roles are summarized in the following discussions. Responsibilites of Elected Representatives (Mayor, Board, Council) Protect the lives and property of citizens; Establish the KMC Disaster Management Section within the government and establish the Emergency Management System; Appoint the KMC Emergency Management Chief; and Adopt and promulgate the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP. Develop and implement a disaster communications strategy as part of Emergency Support Function No.15, External affairs for dealing with central government, ward leaders, private industry, and nongovernmental organizations. Responsibilities of Head of Emergency Management (Disaster Management Section) For each emergency event, large or small, collect information about the situation in order to: (1) provide warnings and information to the population, (2) determine the need to evacuate endangered areas and (3) determine the need to open the Emergency Operations Center or begin disaster response operations; Exercise direction and control from the Emergency Operations Center during disaster operations; and Hold overall responsibility for maintaining and updating the Emergency Operations Plan. Note: Position may be held by an elected official or political figure. Responsibilities of Coordinator of Emergency Management Ensure that KMC Emergency Operations Center is always ready, in case a disaster strikes; Develop and maintain the Emergency Operations Plan; Assume certain duties in the absence of the Head of Emergency Management; and Ensure that the EOP is reviewed, revised and adopted every two years. Responsibilities of KMC Departments and Divisions Develop and maintain detailed plans and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) relative to primary and support roles as identified in the Emergency Support Function Matrix (Annex I); Identify sources of emergency supplies, equipment, and transportation; 32 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

47 Negotiate and maintain mutual aid agreements for emergency response, which are identified in the plan; Maintain records of disaster-related expenditures and appropriate documentation; Protect and preserve records essential for the continuity of government; and Establish and maintain list of succession of key emergency personnel. Departmental Roles Identified by Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) An ESF is a grouping of government and certain private-sector capabilities into an organizational structure to provide emergency services. Assigned personnel from KMC departments undertake the roles and functions outlined in the Emergency Support Functions as coordinators, primary response agencies, support agencies, or as required to support incident management activities. The responsibilities of ESFs are to: Develop and maintain detailed plans and Standard Operating Procedures to support their emergency response functional requirements as listed in the ESF Matrix; Identify sources of emergency supplies, equipment, and transportation; Maintain accurate records of disaster-related expenditure and documentation; Safeguard records essential for the continuity of government; and Establish a line of successions for key emergency personnel. Emergency Support Function (ESF) Matrix The KMC departments will manage a large disaster by assigning KMC department heads and staff under 15 functions that arise during major disasters. These 15 functions are called Emergency Support Functions or ESFs. Each ESF is led by one KMC Department or with the Chief District Officer in charge of the District Natural Disaster Relief Committee, composed of Central Government representatives. ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME PRIMARY CITY DEPARTMENT (LEAD PLAN- NING ROLE) 1. Transportation Administrative Dept., Enforcement Division (KMC Police) 2. Communications 3. Public Works and Engineering Admin Dept., Information & Communications Division Metro F.M. radio Public Works Department Table 1. Emergency Support Function Martrix. KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS Environmental Division Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Administrative Dept., Environmental Division CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT MINISTRIES Chief District Officer and District Disaster Relief Committee in charge. Nepal Army, Police, Civil Aviation Authority Chief District Officer and District Disaster Relief Committee supported by the Ministry of Communications & Ministry of Physical Planning. Nepal Telecom (central govt.) Radio Nepal, Television and other Media house. MOPPW, KUKL, DUDBC, Department of Roads, Police, Armed Forces NON GOVERNMEN- TAL SUPPORT ORGA- NIZATIONS Private Transport Company Other private telecom companies, FCAN Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 33

48 ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME PRIMARY CITY DEPARTMENT (LEAD PLAN- NING ROLE) KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT MINISTRIES NON GOVERNMEN- TAL SUPPORT ORGA- NIZATIONS 4. Firefighting Administrative Dept. Enforcement Division Environmental Division KUKL, Valley Traffic Management, *DDRC would mobilize more firefighting from Nepal Army, Police, and Civil Aviation 5. Emergency Management and Information Management Disaster Management Section Admin Dept., UDD, GIS, Social Welfare Division MOHA, Nepal Army, Police, DUDBC FNCCI, UNOCHA, NSET, Media 6. Mass Care, Housing and Human Services Social Welfare Division Admin Dept., UDD, Social Welfare Division, Enforcement Division (KMC Police) MoHA, District Disaster Relief Committee with DUDBC support, Kathmandu District Health Office Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies 7. Resource Support Financial Management Department Admin Dept. Central Government, MOHA, MOF, MOLD, MOHP, Prime Minister s Office Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies 8. Public Health and Medical Services Public Health Division Account Division Hospitals, MOHA, Dept of Health, District Health Office, CDRC Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies 9. Urban Search and Rescue Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Mechanical Section, Environmental Division Nepal Army, Central Police (CSSR & MFR training) International Rescue (INSARAG) 10. Oil and Hazardous Materials Response Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Disaster Management Section, Environmental Division, Admin. Dept., Information and Communication Division Nepal Army, Nepal Oil Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority Association of fuel distributors 11. Agriculture and Natural Resources Disaster Management Section Public Health Department, Environmental Division, Social Welfare Division Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and soil conservation equipment from Ministry of Industry, DMG FAO, UNDP, IUCN, WFP and other agricultural NGOs and INGOs 12. Energy (power, fuel, gas) Disaster Management Section Admin. Dept., Public Works Department Ministry of Energy, Nepal Electricity Authority, Nepal Oil Corp., Dept of Supplies Association of fuel distributors 34 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

49 ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME PRIMARY CITY DEPARTMENT (LEAD PLAN- NING ROLE) KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT MINISTRIES NON GOVERNMEN- TAL SUPPORT ORGA- NIZATIONS 13. Public Safety and Security Enforcement Division Admin. Dept.,, Social Welfare Division MOHA, Nepal Armed Forces for search and rescue Local clubs, Women groups, CBOs 14. Long-term Community Recovery and Mitigation (strong planning capacity) Disaster Management Section UDD, Admin. Dept., Public Works Department Department of Education, Dept. of Public Works, Min. of Irrigation, DWIDP, MOHA, MOLD, NPC, MOPPW, DUDBC UNDP, NSET, NGO s, Expert consultants 15. External Affairs International Relation Secretariat CEO Office MOHA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PM Office Embassy, DDRC, CDRC ESF No.6, Mass Care: At the district level, the District Natural Disaster Relief Committee (DNDRC) is the active agency for coordinating relief support. This committee, chaired by the Chief District Officer, consists of representatives from public sector organizations, such as the District Health Office, the Nepal Red Cross Society, and similar agencies. DDRC is responsible for coordinating the district level relief efforts, including medical support and distribution of food and other essential supplies. ESF General Description of Purpose and Scope of Responsibilities The general description of the purpose and scope of responsibilities for each of the Emergency Support Functions is provided in Annex I. 3.2 Preparedness Responsibilities of the KMC Disaster Management Section Coordination Role: Establish and maintain coordination with other jurisdictions, local officials, private sector responders, voluntary and nongovernment organizations Operations Center Established: Establish a control room or EOC define functions, space, equipment and staffing needs and identify resources to meet those needs. Establish Command and Control Structure: Determine who is in charge and create a system for communicating information about the situation, needs, and orders to and from the authorities. Establish Responsibilities and Lines of Authority: Establish clear lines of authority and assignments of responsibilities. Standard Operating Procedures for Operating the Emergency Operations Center: Develop SOPs and checklists of duties and functions for the Emergency Operations Center Establish a Disaster Information Tracking System for the Emergency Operations Center. Prepare and Train Staff: Prepare staff to carry out Emergency Operations Center functions and duties. Build capability to respond and coordinate operations effectively through training and drills. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 35

50 Test Procedures: Develop, test, and operate mechanisms and systems for directing, organizing and coordinating multi-department response, relief, and recovery operations 3.3 Organizational Relationship of the KMC Disaster Management Section within KMC Under the new KMC New Organization Chart, 2009, Figure 7, the Urban Development Department has been updated to include the Disaster Management Section, highlighted in yellow. Metropolitan Council Metropolitan City Account & Other Committee International Relation Secretariat Mayor Deputy Mayor Departments - 6 Divisions - 15 Sections - 33 Executive Officer Administration and Organizational Dev. Department Economic Management Department Public Health & Social Development Department Physical Development & Construction Department Urban Development Department Environment Management Department Administration Division 1. HRD & Personnel Management Section 2. Internal Administration Section 3. Store Section 4. Vital Registration Section Law Division 1. Litigation Section 2. Misil Section Enforcement Division 1. Monitoring & Contol Section 2. Work Management Section Revenue Division 1. Revenue Planning & Monitoring Section 2. Revenue Collection Section Account & Budgeting Division 1. Account & Budgeting Control Section 2. Account Allocation Control Section 1. Internal Audit Section Public Health Division 1. Urban Health Promotion Section 2. Food & Quality Monitoring Section Social Welfare & Cultural Division 1. Cultural Conservation & Tourism Section 2. Community Development & Social Welfare Section 3. Education & Sports Section Public Infrastructure Development Division 1. Design Section 2. Water Supply, Sewerage & Electricity Section Building & Heritage Division 1. Building & Maintenance Section 2. Heritage Conservation Section Road & Traffic Management Division Urban Development Department 1. Building Permit Section 2. Land Use Planning Section Policy Planning & Monitoring Division 1. Urban Development Administration & Disaster Management Section 2. Geographical Information System Section Environment Division 1. Solid Waste Management Section 2. Land Fill Management Section 3. Park & Greenery Promotion Section 4. Mechanical Section Environment Administration Division Information & Documentation Division 1. Media Section 1. Physical Development & Construction Administration Section 2. Information Technology & Documentation Section Figure 7. Organization Chart for Kathmandu Metropolitan City Showing City Development Administration and Disaster Management Section. 36 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

51 3.4 KMC Reporting Relationships to the Local Disaster Relief Committee Functions and Duties of the Local Disaster Relief Committee Under Section 9a. of the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 2039 (1982 A. D.), the Local Natural Disaster Relief Committee is responsible for the following functions: 1. Damage Assessment. To prepare detailed description of the loss caused by natural calamity and to submit to the District Committee the estimation of means and resources required for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of natural calamity. (reference: Emergency Support Function No. 3, Public Works and Infrastructure). 2. Mass Care. To organize volunteers teams to systematically distribute relief goods (i.e. in cash and in kind) received to the families of the victims of Natural Calamity (reference: ESF No. 6, Mass Care). 3. Emergency Medical Services, Triage. To make necessary arrangement to take the injured to the nearest hospitals and health posts as soon as possible (ESF No. 8 Public Health and Medical Services, Department of Public Health). 4. Evacuation. To make arrangement for the evacuation of the victims of natural calamity to a safe place. (ESF No.13 Public Health and Safety, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Administrative Department, Enforcement Division) 5. Finances. To hand over the goods and cash and the accounts to the District Committee upon completion of Natural Calamity Relief Work. (ESF No. 7, Resources Support, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Administrative Department, Account Division) KMC Department Common Activation and Reporting Procedures At the onset of any disaster, all departments are to follow these common activation and reporting procedures: 1. Alert Personnel. Alert personnel to report to the Emergency Operations Center, review plans, and assist in coordinating response and recovery; 2. Begin Record Keeping. Begin keeping record of expenses and continue for the duration of the emergency; 3. Follow Procurement Rules. Follow procurement rules for spending money; 4. Damage Assessment. Assist in assessing the degree of damage of the community. Prepare to make an initial damage assessment (IDA); 5. Collect and Report Disaster Information; and 6. Activate Resources. Activate the necessary equipment and resources to address the emergency. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 37

52 3.5 KMC Information Tracking and Reporting Procedures ESF No. 5, Emergency Management and Information, ESF No. 2 Communications and Information, and ESF No. 15 Public Information, are in charge of information tracking and reporting. Information from all responders within KMC will be recorded and communicated to the Emergency Operations Center. 1. Coordinate Damage Reports to the Local Committee and District Committee, (ESF No. 5, Disaster Management Section of Urban Development Department) 2. Restore Technical Communications Lines (ESF No. 2, Administrative Department., Information and Communications Division, Administrative Department, and 3. Communicate to the Public through Official Channels (ESF No. 15, CEO Office) 3.6 Central Government Support Role The Ministry of Home Affairs is the focal point for managing the central government s critical support organizations and their roles. The Central Natural Disaster Coordinating Committee is the decision making authority for the central government response and relief operations. The Central Natural Disaster Coordinating Committee will coordinate with the District Natural Disaster Coordinating Committee. The Central Government will coordinate UN agencies and foreign governments response and relief aid to the KMC government. The District Natural Disaster Coordinating Committee will play the coordinating role between KMC and the central government resources and ministries. The Nepal Army and the Police will play a key support role to all emergency response operations by providing requested personnel and resources to stabilize the situation. KMC departments will gain access to Nepal Army and police resources through the Chief District Officer and the District Disaster Relief Committee. 38 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

53 Figure 8. Organization of Disaster Relief Committees of the Central Government KMC interacts with the District Disaster Relief Committee and the Local Disaster Relief Committee. 3.7 International Organizations Support Roles (United Nations) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Emergency Management Structure for Nepal The UNDP supports a disaster risk reduction program for the Kathmandu District that focused on the national ministerial level. There are a total of 1,400 UN employees in Nepal. UNDP has developed a detailed cluster matrix for the Koshi Flood Response and Recovery operations with contact details such as phone numbers. The cluster matrix is titled Cluster/ Sector Lead in Emergency Response based in Kathmandu. The cluster matrix matches Central Disaster Relief Committee Ministries with Sector/Cluster Lead Agencies from the UN, to support the Central Disaster Relief Committee Lead. This handout was produced by the OCHA Kathmandu, dated 17-Dec The UN has Emergency Support Functions organized into eleven (11) clusters. These clusters are similar but not exactly parallel with the 15 ESFs proposed for KMC. The clusters are in parallel with existing UN program areas managed by WFP, FAO, UNICEF, WHO, OHCHR, UNHABITAT, IOM, UNDP. This functional cluster organization was deployed for the Koshi Flood Disaster in southern Nepal and Northeastern India in The UN Response and Recovery Clusters are designated below: 1. Food Security (WFP), 2. Nutrition (UNICEF), 3. Health (WHO), 4. Water and Sanitation (UNICEF), Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 39

54 5. Education (UNICEF), 6. Protection/Child Protection (OHCHR & UNICEF), 7. Shelter (UNHABITAT), 8. Site Planning & Camp Management Task Force (IOM), 9. Early Recovery (UNDP), 10. Logistics (WFP), and 11. Emergency Communications (WFP). The UNDP is neither working directly with anyone at KMC nor with any of the wards at the local level. The UNDP is working with the national Ministries on disaster management namely, with MOHA. However, UNDP and MOHA have no direct emergency response planning program. UNDP encouraged KMC to work at the ward level since UNDP has no initiatives being undertaken at this level. There is also a growing interests among development organizations such as the UN to put in place systems and processes for emergency response operations at the city and ward level. There exists an UN Nepal s inter-agency Disaster Response Preparedness Plan developed by the UN Disaster Management Team, Kathmandu, Nepal, September Additional Resources Support to KMC Certified Search and Rescue Personnel KMC has trained and certified 27 Army and Police personnel in search and rescue techniques. Citizen Disaster Volunteer Teams KMC has citizen volunteer teams, available to assist in emergency preparedness, response and recovery. The citizen volunteer teams include: 1. Sixty (60) persons trained in search and rescue 2. Ward disaster programs 3. Volunteers with police service and fire corps KMC citizen volunteer teams are responsible for : 1. Developing and maintaining lists of trained citizen volunteers; 2. Providing initial response to events as requested by the Head of Emergency Management; and; 3. Assisting in additional emergency response activities as requested by the Head of Emergency Management. 40 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

55 3.9 Private Sector Role in Disasters The private sector may take a number of roles which may include: Private owners of critical infrastructure (either a facility that could be seriously affected by a disaster); A response organization (e.g. private ambulance services, environmental clean-up services); A regulated or responsible party: owner operators of certain regulated facilities may have responsibility under law to prepare for and prevent incidents from occurring; or Provide resources to KMC departments during resources, such as vehicles, bulldozers, and high frequency radios. The private sector has the responsibility to: Plan for personal and business disaster preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery; Have knowledge of local emergency response plans and procedures; and Implement preventive and mitigating actions as requested or required by the Emergency Manager. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 41

56 42 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

57 KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART IV: Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Part IV: Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule. This section should be updated regularly to record all changes involved during the history of this EOP. The KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART I: PART II: PART III: PART IV: PART V: Annex I: Annex II: Introduction Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 43

58 4.1 Plan Development and Maintenance Schedule Plan Maintenance Scheduled Update Every Two Years Every two years, KMC shall conduct a comprehensive review and revision of its Emergency Operations Plan to ensure the plan remains current, and the revised plan shall be adopted formally. Such review shall also be certified in writing by the Disaster Management Section and the Chief Executive Officer and each department head. Drafting an emergency plan is a KMC effort and relies heavily on city administrators and experts to provide comprehensive guidance on hazard analysis, exercise design, evacuation planning, emergency response, recovery, emergency preparedness, and educational awareness. The Plan should be reviewed by the existing Project Planning Team, listed below in Part V. Continued Plan Development on Annual Basis The Coordinator of Emergency Management will update the Emergency Operations Plan annually. The coordinator will coordinate with each emergency resource organization and assure the development and maintenance of an appropriate emergency response capability. The Plan should be reviewed and improved throughout the year 2010 to meet KMC s requirements. It is the responsibility of the Emergency Management Coordinator to assure that the plan is tested and exercised on a scheduled basis. Revision of Plan Required with New Nepal Constitution, 2010 KMC should revise the Emergency Operations Plan in 2010 in order to incorporate relevant finding from first, the new Nepal Constitution, 2010 and second, the National Strategy on Disaster Risk Management for Nepal: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

59 4.2 Promulgation Document (Sample Format) The promulgation document puts the plan in force. It officially announces the plan and makes it official as a public document; giving both authority and responsibility to those organizations identified within it to perform their given tasks. It should describe the process and responsibilities for those tasked with identifying, preparing and maintaining standard operating procedures that explain how the tasks will be completed. It should also commit those organizations tasked to train and exercise as appropriate to successfully implement the plan. Promulgation of the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Emergency Operations Plan SAMPLE FORMAT By virtue of the authority vested in me by authorizing policy/regulation as Mayor of Kathmandu Metropolitan City and as the administrator ultimately responsible for emergency management of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. I hereby promulgate and issue the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Emergency Operations Plan ( the Plan ) dated [provide date]. The Plan provides for Kathmandu Metropolitan City response to emergencies and disasters in order to save lives; protect public health, safety, and property; restore essential services; and enable and assist economic recovery. The Plan complies with the KMC Emergency Management Law and is consistent with the Natural Calamity Act of 1982 as implemented in the Central Government Response Plan adopted in The KMC Head of Emergency Management, on behalf of the KMC Administration, is hereby authorized to activate the KMC Emergency Operations Center ( EOC ) in order to direct and control KMC emergency operations. Opening of the EOC shall constitute implementation of the Plan. Furthermore, the KMC Head of Emergency Management is hereby authorized, in coordination with the City Department Heads, to amend the Plan as necessary to ensure the continued health and safety of the residents and property of the KMC. Assigned in the Plan, the head of each designated KMC department shall appoint a lead and at least one alternate for the department. Each department lead will be assigned to the Emergency Operations Center and have authority to make decisions on behalf of the Department to direct resources with the intent to save lives, reduce further injuries, and protect property. This Promulgation shall be effective upon its signing and shall remain in full force and effect until amended or rescinded by further promulgation. Given under my hand and under the Seal of the Kathmandu Metropolitan City, this date day of Month Year. Mayor and Chief Executive Officer, Kathmandu Metropolitan City: Attest: Witness: Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 45

60 4.3 Approval & Implementation Document (Sample Format) This document introduces the plan, outlines its applicability, and indicates that it supersedes all previous plans. It must include a date and be signed by the senior elected official(s). Resolution Emergency Operations Plan SAMPLE FORMAT WHEREAS the Governing Council of Kathmandu Metropolitan City recognizes the need to prepare for, respond to, and recover from natural and manmade disasters; and WHEREAS Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a responsibility to provide for the safety and wellbeing of its citizens and visitors; and WHEREAS Kathmandu Metropolitan City has established and appointed a Head of Emergency Management. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Mayor, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, this Emergency Operations Plan as revised is officially adopted, and IT IS FUTHER RESOLVED AND ORDERED that the Head of Emergency Management, or his/her designee, is tasked and authorized to maintain and revise as necessary this document over the next two (2) year period or until such time be ordered to come before this council. Chairman, Kathmandu Metropolitan City Governing Council Mayor, City Council ATTEST: Legal Officer Adopted this day of 20## 46 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

61 4.4 Record of Changes Document All updates to this document must be tracked and recorded on the following form. Change Number or Version Number Date of Change Page or Section Changed Table 2. Record of Changes Summary of Change Version First draft First Draft Version presented to KMC & planning officials as an exercise. Version Second Draft Full Plan completed, Additional Concept of Operations for Emergency Operations Center discussed on Sept 24 training with KMC Planners Name of Person Authorizing Change Jim Buika, EMI Jim Buika, EMI Version Third Draft Basic Plan incorporates Incident Command System organization chart for the Emergency Operations Center Emergency Operations Plan organized into Parts I V ESF Maxtrix, version 2 KMC Planning Team input Jim Buika, EMI Version 1.3 Dec , Fourth Draft Changes completed from meeting with Selected Planning Officials at NSET. This version was provided to the DKKV funding institution. KMC Planning Team input to Jim Buika, EMI Additional changes to ESF Matrix finalized by KMC Planning Committee by Dec. 31, Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 47

62 4.5 Record of Distribution Document The record of distribution can be used to prove that those tasked within the plan have acknowledged receipt, reviewed and accepted the plan. Distribution to the public can also be listed, but the public plan should not include any sensitive or personal information. Table 3. Record of Distribution Group Agency/Department Title of Recipient How Distributed (electronic or hard-copy) 48 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

63 4.6 Exercise and Training Schedule for Emergency Operations Plan Exercise Schedule A tabletop exercise of the Emergency Operations Plan will be held twice a year; a functional drill for some portions of the plan will be held once a year; and a full-scale exercise will be held annually. These exercises or drills can be done in conjunction with other scheduled international or ministry exercises or drills, such as the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group exercise in April 2009 or the PACOM exercise in September The coordinator will maintain the schedule and assure that the appropriate resources are available to complete these activities. After each drill, an after-action review will take place. Any findings from these post-event reviews will be incorporated into an update of the plan. Trainings and Exercises Conducted and Accomplished Exercises Conducted International search and rescue advisory group exercise in April 2009 PACOM exercise in September 2009 Conducted a table top exercise, using referenced earthquake scenario in Annex II for invited departmental project planners and stakeholders. Completed training on Emergency Management Systems for 24 KMC department planners and decision makers, September 2009 by Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative. Training Modules Delivered to Disaster Management Section and KMC Planning Personnel The following Emergency Management System training modules were delivered to KMC Disaster Management Section and Planning Personnel during the timeframe, November September 2009, by EMI in conjunction with this project: 1. Context of emergency management at city level 2. Traditional approach versus professional approach to emergency management 3. Concept of operations 4. Emergency management systems * Emergency support functions * Emergency operations center * Incident command system 5. Roles and responsibilities 6. Table top exercise to understand roles and responsibilities 7. Developing the emergency operations plan and the planning process 8. Key emergency response functions * Damage assessment * Disaster declarations * Search and rescue Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 49

64 * Emergency Medical Care & Triage 9. Basic Incident Command System Training & Organization * Head of EOC: Management Team and Operations Section Staffing Patterns * Setting operational priorities and preparing for the press briefing 10. Preparing the CEO for a media briefing, and 11. Briefing on KMC Concept of Operations and Basic Plan 50 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

65 KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART V: Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities PART V: Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities is a collection of all additional information that supplements the Basic Plan and Emergency Support Functions in Parts II and III. This Part includes (1) Plan background, (2) National Emergency Management System information, (3) Additional Guidelines and Procedures for Response Operations, (4) Additional hazard and demographic information, (5) a summarized earthquake risk assessment (also see Annex II), and 6) additional technical capabilities. Part V should be augmented every year with updated and additional information. The KMC Emergency Operations Plan PART I: PART II: PART III: PART IV: PART V: Annex I: Annex II: Introduction Basic Plan on How KMC Responds to a Disaster Response Roles and Responsibilities and Emergency Support Functions Plan Maintenance, Promulgation & Distribution, Exercise & Training Schedule Supplemental Information on Plan Background, Nepal Emergency Management System, Hazards, Demographics, and Capabilities Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 51

66 5.1 Background on Plan Development Origins of Project KMC, EMI, and NSET entered into a partnership in This project emerged from EMI s ongoing Cross-cutting Capacity Development Program, , Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities, piloted in Kathmandu and Metro Manila. Project Draws on Past Expert Studies. The project builds on several past, dedicated, research institute and government support efforts on earthquake risk reduction in KMC. These include Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan, Pacific Disaster Center, USA, University of Kobe, Japan, UNDP -- Nepal and Geneva, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), Paris, and Provention Consortium, Geneva. Problem Statement Kathmandu faces a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. Seismic studies conducted in Nepal recognized that KMC faces high risk from earthquake hazards. The risk could be similar to the scope and scale of the magnitude 8.1 Gujarat Earthquake that struck India in 2001 where 20,000 people were left dead, 167,000 injured, and nearly a million homes destroyed. Need for Emergency Response is High. The need for emergency response to a large earthquake in Kathmandu is inevitable and could be required at any moment. KMC has not previously developed an Emergency Operations Plan. Currently, KMC does not have in place an EOP nor a fully developed emergency management governmental organization, or the capacity to respond in a well-coordinated and organized manner. Requests by Officials to Develop an Emergency Response Operations Plan. Interviews conducted by EMI, NSET, KMC Team in 2005 with ministries and KMC departments revealed that majority of respondents want to develop a viable Emergency Operations Plan. Addressing the Problem KMC has established a new Disaster Management Section within the Urban Development Department, Planning and Monitoring Division, Urban Development Administration and Disaster Management Section, Policy, in EMI has developed the following draft support documents to facilitate institutionalization of the Disaster Management Section: * Mission Statement * Vision and Challenge Statement * Five Job Position Descriptions * Sample Emergency Management Ordinance EMI continues to provide training sessions to KMC planners, staff, and officials (nine training modules delivered in ). EMI has assisted KMC to Develop an Emergency Operations Plan that conforms to international standards. The `Emergency Operations Plan framework builds on organized and functional 52 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

67 emergency management systems that reflect over 20 years of experience in the United States and worldwide. KMC Protocols with Districts, Ministries and the UN. The EOP describes KMC protocols with the District Disaster Relief Committee, national ministries and international organizations such as the UN to access and fund timely response personnel and resources. KMC Requires a Professional Approach to Emergency Management. The internationally accepted professional approach to emergency management requires most government departments to play both primary and support roles during emergency response. KMC departments will manage its own response, with liaisons to resource support organizations. The Emergency Operations Plan Identifies Training Opportunities. The Plan identifies KMC current capabilities, identifies gaps, and outlines required training requirements to increase response readiness. The Plan should be used as an opportunity to document sound practices for future funding and continuous improvement. Development of the KMC Emergency Operations Plan This Emergency Operations Plan was developed in a participatory process that involved KMC department heads and staff. The meetings were organized by the KMC Disaster Management Section. EMI and NSET- Nepal developed the initial draft incorporating the inputs from KMC Department planners and using international best practices in emergency management. A training on EMS was also conducted during the meetings. A series of table top exercises on earthquake scenarios was conducted with the following objectives: a. Develop common operating procedures, known as the Concept of Operations, for how KMC will respond in a disaster; b. Define which KMC departments have major roles and responsibilities to respond to a disaster; c. Define the organizational relationships between KMC departments for emergency response operations. These departmental responsibilities are referred to as horizontal relationships and linkages since they are between departments and at the same organizational level of government; d. Understand and document departmental relationships to the central government responders, ward leaders, and NGOs that provide assistance during response operations; e. These roles and responsibilities and organizational relationships, and operating procedures are defined in Parts II and III of the EOP. 5.2 Emergency Management Structure for Nepal This section of the report presents the findings and analysis in regard to the existing Emergency Management Structures/System and emergency management capabilities as based on the different activities conducted for data gathering. Below are some excerpts from the EMI Technical Reports, February, 2008: Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 53

68 Nepal Disaster Management Structure under the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, of 1982 In the past 20 years, the Nepalese government has formulated a number of natural disaster preparedness plans, programs, and acts. The most prominent of them is the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, of 1982, which defines the official disaster management system at central, regional, district, and local levels. Ministry of Home Affairs, Narcotics, Drug Control, and Disaster Management Functions & Responsibilities The Ministry of Home Affairs through its department of Narcotics, Drug Control, and Disaster Management, is the national agency focal point responsible for disaster management in Nepal. The Disaster Management Section is managed by the Joint Secretary Planning and Special Service Division Joint Secretary: Management Division Minister for Home Affairs State Minister for Home Affairs Secretary Joint Secretary: Personnel Administration Division Citizenship & Arms Section Internal Management Section Financial Administration Section Parlour & Ceremony Management Section Joint Secretary: Law and Order Division Law & Order Maintenance Section Border and Immigration Section Local Administration Section Personnel Administration Section Police Administration Section Acts & Rules Consultation Section Joint Secretary: Planning and Special Service Division Disaster Management Section Narcotics Control Section Planning and Monitoring Section Figure 9. Ministry of Home Affairs Joint Secretary organization and responsibilities 54 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

69 MOHA s vital functions are: 1. Formulation of national policies and their implementation; 2. Preparedness and disaster mitigation; 3. Immediate rescue and relief works; 4. Data collection and dissemination; and 5. Collection and distribution of funds and resources. MOHA s national network to cope with natural disasters is integrated by 75 Chief District Officers, one in each of the administrative districts, who act as the crisis manager in the event of a natural disaster. The main function of the department (Disaster Management Section) is to actively and efficiently co-ordinate and carry out emergency preparedness and disaster management activities with concerned agencies. Disaster Management Team in MOHA ( ) 1. Hon. Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister Mr. Bamdev Gautam 2. Home Secretary Dr. Govind Prasad Kusum 3. Division Head, Joint Secretray Mr. Shankar Prasad Koirala 4. Section Head, Under Secretary Mr. Thir Bahadur G.C. 5. Under Secretary Mr. Ishwarraj Regmi 6. Section Officer Mr. Suman Ghimire 7. Admin. Asst, Mr. Dipak Neupane 8. Computer Operator Mr. Pradip Giri Ministry of Home Affairs as National Focal Point on Disaster Management: (from web site) 1. Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee under the Chairpersonship of Home Minister and comprising of related ministries and security agencies along with voluntary organization like Red Cross. 2. To support the functioning of Central Committee, there are Working Committee, Relief and Treatment Sub-committee and Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Sub-committee 3. Regional Natural Disaster Relief committee under the Chairpersonship of Regional Administrator and comprising of related government agencies and security agencies along with voluntary organization like Red Cross. 4. District Natural Disaster Relief Committee 5. Local Natural Disaster Relief Committee 6. The Royal Nepal Army and Nepal Police play important roles in rescue operations. Police officials collect first-hand information of a disaster and inform concerned officials. In the event of a catastrophic disaster, Nepal Police establish command posts to facilitate rescue operations. Moreover, Nepal Police personnel collect most of the disaster data and information. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 55

70 Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee Working Committee Relief and Treatment Sub-Committee Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Sub-Committee Regional Natural Disaster Relief Committee District Disaster Relief Committee Local Disaster Relief Committee Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) Composition The CDRC oversees the disaster response system. Headed by the Minister of Home Affairs, CDRC consists of the following members: Honorable Home Minister Honorable Physical Planning and Construction Minister Honorable Health and Population Minister Secretary, Ministry of Finance Secretary, Ministry of Defense Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs Secretary, Ministry of Labour and Transport Management Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources Secretary, Ministry of Information and Communication Secretary, Ministry of Forest and Soil-Conservation Secretary, Ministry of Women. Children and Social Welfare Secretary, Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies Secretary, Secretariat of national Planning Commission Brigadier, Nepal Army Inspector General of Police, Police Headquarters Representative, Social Service National Coordination Council Representative, Nepal Red Cross Society Representative, Nepal Scout Director General, Department of Mining and Geology Director General, Department of Metrology Two reputed persons nominated by Nepal Government Joint Secretary (Planning and Special Service Division), Home Ministry Chairman Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Secretary 56 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

71 Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) Functions (from MOHA Web Site) Following a disaster, CDRC meets as required to address the needs of the affected population. The committee is also involved in coordination of rehabilitation efforts. The main functions and duties of the Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) are to: 1. Formulate national policies on relief works including the rehabilitation of the victims and reconstruction in areas affected by natural disasters. CDRC is also tasked to prepare programs in accordance with the said policy and submit them to Nepal Government. 2. Implement the policies and programs formulated pursuant to the clause above after they have been approved by Nepal Government. 3. Keep the money, food stuff, clothes, medicines, construction materials and other goods as aid or donation under Central Disaster Relief Aid fund and to send such goods as required for relief work in disaster areas; 4. Associate the social organizations in natural disaster relief works and coordinate the activities of those organizations; 5. Form teams and send them to disaster area to assist in natural disaster relief works; 6. Give directions to the district committee and local committee on the matters relating to relief works; and 7. Perform the works specified by Nepal Government for the execution of natural disaster relief works. Regional Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Membership Regional Administrator Regional Head, Nepal Army Regional Head, Nepal Armed Police Regional Chief, Health Directorate Regional Chief, Roads Directorate Regional Chief, Irrigation Directorate Divisional Chief, Water Supply and Sanitation Regional Chief, Forest Directorate Two reputed Social Workers (nominated by chairman) Regional Chief, National Planning Commission Regional Representative, Nepal Red-cross Society Regional Representative, Nepal Scout Deputy Regional Administrator Chairman Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Secretary Regional Disaster Relief Committee (RDRC) Functions (from MOHA Web Site) The main functions and duties of the RDRC are to: 1. Provide necessary suggestions to the CDRC. 2. Formulate regional and district level plans on natural disaster. 3. Coordinate district disaster relief committees regarding disaster. 4. Provide disaster-related information to CDRC. 5. Implement directions of the CDRC. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 57

72 District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Membership Chief District Officer District Level Representative of the National Level Political Parties Chief of Nepal Army Unit Chief of the District Police Office In Charge, Public Health Office/Hospital Representative, Nepal Red Cross Society Engineer, District Housing and Town Development Office Chief, District Irrigation Office Chief, District Agriculture Development Bank Reputed Social Worker Local Development Officer Chairman Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Secretary District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) Functions At the district level, DDRC is the active agency for coordinating relief support. This committee, chaired by the Chief District Officer, consists of representatives from public sector organizations, such as the District Health Office, the Nepal Red Cross Society, and similar agencies. DDRC is responsible for coordinating the district level relief efforts, including medical support and distribution of food and other essential supplies. The main functions and duties of the DDRC are to: 1. Coordinate with local committees regarding natural disaster relief works; 2. Formulate district level plans on disaster relief works and submit such plans to the regional committee; 3. Monitor the disaster relief works conducted by local committees and support the ongoing works; 4. Provide information to the regional committee about natural disaster relief works from time to time; and 5. Work in accordance with the directives of the central and regional committees. 5.3 Role: Ministry of Water Resources Department of Water-induced Disaster Prevention Given the severe and recurrent impact of floods in Nepal, the Ministry of Water Resources relies on the well-trained and specialized Department of Water-Induced Disaster Prevention - the lead agency in this sector. Established as a Technical Center in 1991 after an agreement between the Government of Nepal and the Government of Japan, the Ministry of Water Resources was changed to department category in 2000 to carry out different activities related to water-induced disaster prevention and mitigation. Despite this growth, its mandate, authority, and resources did not expand to cover its coordinating role. 58 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

73 5.4 Medical Response as Described by the Disaster Health Working Group Summary Link: This is a national level document prepared by the Disaster Health Working Group (DHWG) which details response roles and priority response actions. The Plan is managed by the DHWG Secretariat. Medical Response Policies for a Concept of Operations 1. Perform rapid field assessments within 24 hours 2. Inform donors organizations of what Nepal health organizations DO NOT need 3. Health Sector Response is guided by SPHERE standards view/27/84/ 4. Scope of immediate health response includes Search and Rescue, first aid, curative care, medical evacuation, and public health 5. The most important public health issues after disaster are restoring safe drinking water and provide adequate sanitation measures (Ministry of Health and Dept of Water Supply and Sanitation). 6. Implement disease surveillance. 7. Policy in effect NOT to give immunizations for cholera and typhoid, as the immunizations have been ineffective and not a good use of resources. 8. Use radio to provide public information on health issues. 9. Setup advanced medical field sites 10. Plan for mobile hospitals. Evaluate requirement for mobile hospitals if fixed hospitals are vulnerable to earthquakes. Additional Remarks There is a series of public health response documents resulting from several years of projects in early 2000 s by Disaster Health Working Group and the DHWG Secretariat. NSET was involved. Some of it was the USAID PEER training for hospitals. 5.5 Other Organizations and Agencies involved in Disaster Management in Nepal from MOHA web site: MoHA, MoHP, MoPPC, MoWE and several government agencies are involved in disaster risk reduction. These agencies work closely with various international agencies such as JICA, ADRC, ADPC, UNDP, WHO, UNISDR, UNOCHA, UNDAC, USAID/OFDA, UMN, CARE, WFP, SCF alliance, GTZ, LWF, Action Aid Nepal, ADRA, etc. Various professional organizations and NGOs like NRCS have beenproviding highly valuable support in emergency situations. Other organizations in Nepal like DWIDP, DP-NET NSET, NCDM, NGS, NLSS, NDMF, and few others have contributed significantly by conducting research and capacity building programs to enhance public awareness in the country. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 59

74 5.6 Municipal Level Emergency Management System Source: EMI Technical Document The majority of the municipalities in Nepal have yet to establish and sustain their own Emergency Management System. KMC is currently undergoing reorganization and has created a more sustainable Disaster Management Section, clearly identifying its roles and responsibilities with guidance from the EMI team. 6 Among the municipalities within the Kathmandu Valley, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (LSMC) has made advances in emergency planning. Through the LSMC Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan, supported by UNICEF, EU and NSET, several disaster preparedness activities have already been accomplished including the identification of evacuation sites and areas for placing deep tube wells for emergency water supply. As an outcome of the project, a Disaster Preparedness and Response Framework (DPRF) was developed considering the different response activities of LSMC, although this has yet to be detailed for implementation. Another activity within the said project was training for masons, implemented by NSET, which later established as the Lalitpur Earthquake Resistant Mason Group Ward/Community Level Emergency Management System Source: EMI Technical Document Several community level activities have proven effective in disseminating information and have motivated concerned stakeholders to understand and appreciate their roles in achieving a successful Emergency Management System. It was also found that there is a large gap in emergency management practices between national, regional, municipal, and community levels. 8 Further, a community-based emergency management system rarely becomes sustainable if not linked to the governance structures and functions of local government. Therefore, any emergency management structure should charge KMC with the responsibility of providing guidance and support mechanisms to community level initiatives to ensure their continuity and sustainability. A community outreach and awareness activity was undertaken on 13 December 2009 as part of the EOP development project. Next steps include integrating ward-level response planning activities into the KMC Emergency Operation Plan. 6 This information came from the CEO himself, during a Key Informant Meeting on February 10, Information is based on Engr. Niyam Maharjan s presentation in the Workshop on Emergency Management conducted on February 7, Engr. Maharjan is the Section Head of the Building Permit Section in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (LSMC). 8 Information is also based on discussions held during the Workshop on Emergency Management. 60 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

75 5.8 Additional Guidelines and Procedures for Response Operations Ministry of Home Affairs National Action Plan, 1996 MoHA has formulated a National Action Plan in It is a plan of action for disaster mitigation in the country in close cooperation with various governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Disaster Management System in Nepal, September 2001 This document was developed by MoHA, Department of Narcotics Control and Disaster Management, Kathmandu, Nepal. This document references the Natural Calamity Relief Act, 2039, (1982 AD), as amended. It contains a list of Agencies and NGOs involved in Disaster Management (page 5-6). It also enumerates Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee Membership, Functions, and Duties: 1. Disaster declarations; 2. Disaster relief policies and Programs; 3. Implement disaster relief policies and programs; 4. Provide relief funds and aid; 5. Form disaster teams and deploy to areas; and 6. Direct local committees on disaster relief work. The document also outlines District Natural Disaster Relief Committee Membership, Functions and Duties: 1. Coordinate relief operations with local committees; 2. Formulate district-level plans on natural disaster relief works and submit such plans to the regional committee; 3. Monitor the natural disaster relief works being conducted by the local committees and support the ongoing works; 4. Provide information to the regional committee about natural disaster relief works from time to time; and 5. Work in accordance with the directives of the central and regional Committees. 5.9 KMC Legal Status of Disaster Management Section According to Mr. Basanta Acharya, Legal Official, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, the Disaster Risk Management Section cannot be institutionalized at the City level (KMC Government has no power to create Ordinances) while at the country level, the constraint to establishing KMC-level ordinances is the on-going constitutional review. The 2009 KMC organizational chart indicates that the Disaster Management Section has been created within the Urban Development Department. Organizational Structure of Disaster Management Section In a letter to EMI, dated 24 April 2008, then CEO Thapaliya states that the Disaster Management Section was created with Mr. Dhruba Kumar Kafle as the Section Head. He further stated in his letter that he authorized the structuring of this unit as CEO with the consent of the KMC board. See Letter of Authorization. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 61

76 Metropolitan Council Metropolitan City Account & Other Committee International Relation Secretariat Mayor Deputy Mayor Departments - 6 Divisions - 15 Sections - 33 Executive Officer Administration and Organizational Dev. Department Economic Management Department Public Health & Social Development Department Physical Development & Construction Department Urban Development Department Environment Management Department Administration Division 1. HRD & Personnel Management Section 2. Internal Administration Section 3. Store Section 4. Vital Registration Section Law Division 1. Litigation Section 2. Misil Section Enforcement Division 1. Monitoring & Contol Section 2. Work Management Section Revenue Division 1. Revenue Planning & Monitoring Section 2. Revenue Collection Section Account & Budgeting Division 1. Account & Budgeting Control Section 2. Account Allocation Control Section 1. Internal Audit Section Public Health Division 1. Urban Health Promotion Section 2. Food & Quality Monitoring Section Social Welfare & Cultural Division 1. Cultural Conservation & Tourism Section 2. Community Development & Social Welfare Section 3. Education & Sports Section Public Infrastructure Development Division 1. Design Section 2. Water Supply, Sewerage & Electricity Section Building & Heritage Division 1. Building & Maintenance Section 2. Heritage Conservation Section Road & Traffic Management Division Urban Development Department 1. Building Permit Section 2. Land Use Planning Section Policy Planning & Monitoring Division 1. Urban Development Administration & Disaster Management Section 2. Geographical Information System Section Environment Division 1. Solid Waste Management Section 2. Land Fill Management Section 3. Park & Greenery Promotion Section 4. Mechanical Section Environment Administration Division Information & Documentation Division 1. Media Section 1. Physical Development & Construction Administration Section 2. Information Technology & Documentation Section Organizational Structure of Kathmandu Metropolitan City 62 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

77 Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 63

78 5.10 Natural Hazards & Recent Disasters Recent Disasters Rugged and fragile geophysical structures, steep slopes, complex geology, variable climatic conditions, active tectonic processes, unplanned settlements, dense and increasing population, poor economic conditions, and a low literacy rate have made Nepal vulnerable to various types of natural disasters. Figure 10 shows the Geographical Location of Recent Major Disasters in Nepal (UN Nepal s Inter-Agency Disaster Response Preparedness Plan, 2001). Figure 10. Geographical Distribution of Recent Major Disasters The middle hills are mainly prone to landslides, while the flat Tarai region is prone to floods and fire. Thus, flood, landslides, and fire are the most frequent natural disasters causing loss of life and severe damage to property in Nepal. While earthquakes are not frequent, historically Nepal has experienced several destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000 people killed in four major earthquakes in the past century. Earthquakes The main source of seismic activity in Nepal is the subduction of the Indian plate under the Tibetan plate or Himalayas. Another source of earthquakes in the Valley is the identified seismic gap zone in the middle of Nepal. Seismic records for Nepal date back to 1255 A.D. Since that time, destructive earthquakes occurred in the years 1408, 1681, 1810, 1833, and 1866 with the 1833 earthquake being the most destructive. In 1934, an 8.4 magnitude earthquake struck Kathmandu Valley killing 4,300 people, destroying 20 percent of all structures and damaging another 40 percent of the Valley s buildings. In Kathmandu, a quarter of all homes were destroyed along with a number of temples in Bhaktapur. In recent decades Nepal experienced two major earthquakes: a 6.5 magnitude earthquake in the Bajhang district that killed 178 people and destroyed about 40,000 houses and a 6.6 magnitude earthquake in 1988 in the Udayapur district that killed 721 people and destroyed 64,467 houses. 64 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

79 Earthquake Hazard Assessment The JICA study, A Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom of Nepal, identified and described four earthquake events.. Each of the four Earthquake Scenarios in the JICA study will produce different damage results for Kathmandu Valley: 1934 Earthquake magnitude 8.4, Bihar-Nepal Earthquake, KM Valley would experience the highest intensities of all four earthquakes VIII & IX in eastern valley Mid-Nepal Earthquake (8.0) VIII in valley, moderate liquefaction potential in some areas along the Bagmati River. North Bagmati Earthquake (6.0). Earthquake clusters just north of the valley. (VI or VII). No liquefaction from this earthquake, below threshold. Local Earthquake (5.7). IX intensity directly along valley fault lineament. Other parts of the valley (VII or VIII). Some liquefaction expected along the Bagmati River. Floods, Landslides and Debris Flow There are more than 6,000 rivers and streams in Nepal, most of which flow from north to south generally at high velocity due to steep river gradient. A majority of the large rivers are snow-fed from the Himalayas. Since the topography of the country is steep and rugged, with high-angle slopes and complex geology, large quantities of rainfall during the monsoon season leads to floods, landslides, and debris flows in a number of cities. Settlements and structures are built without considering natural hazards that pose high risk to the public. In addition, landslides caused by the torrential rains add enormous volume to streams and rivers causing floods and debris flow downstream. This, in turn, can pose a serious threat to lives and can inflict immense harm to agricultural lands, crops, and properties. In July 1993 the Tarai region experienced a destructive flood that claimed the lives of 1,336 people and affected another 487,534 people. In 1998, floods and landslides affected various parts of the country, mainly the Tarai and the middle hill region killing 273, injuring 80, and impacting 33,549 families. The floods and landslides also ruined 45,000 hectares of crops. Similar flooding occurred in 1999 and continues to occur annually. Fire Fires are common during the dry season (between April and June) when temperatures in the Tarai region reach higher than 35 Celsius and it seldom rains. Fires are common to the rural Tarai and Hill regions where 90.8 percent of the total population lives in poor housing conditions. Houses in rural regions are built of straw or timber and tend to be very close to each other, increasing the risk of fire and fire spread. A 1999 blaze killed 39 people, injured 10, and affected 1,065 families. The fire, with estimated total losses of NRs $45.23 million, destroyed 1,035 houses, 52 cattle sheds, and 148 livestock. Epidemic In most cases the epidemics of cholera, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, meningitis, typhoid, jaundice, malaria and so forth occur during the summer and rainy season. This type of disaster occurs mainly because of the lack of proper health care and sanitation. In 1999, 1,207 people died of epidemics affecting 6,119 families in various parts of the country. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 65

80 5.11 Earthquake Risk Analysis (Hypothetical Only for Planning) Below are the summarized earthquake impacts for Kathmandu assuming the Mid-Nepal Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake. This information is extracted from JICA s The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom of Nepal. See Annex II for a Table Top Exercise based on this same Mid Nepal Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake, that has been the basis for response plan training exercises as part of this plan development. This analysis is used for response planning purposes and is hypothetical only: Social Turmoil: Time of the day for earthquake will influence the social impacts. The highest impacts will occur during the work day or school day when members of the family are dispersed. Central government fails to function right after the earthquake. Immediate request for international aid will take several days to arrive and one week to administer Self help in activities in the ward offices and municipalities is successful Coordination capacity of the central government resumes in about 2 days. Building Damages 20 percent of buildings are heavily damaged especially those built from materials like earthenmud, stone and adobe. Low percentage of damage in BC and RC buildings, but there could also be significant damage. Many houses collapse with bricks iron, timber, furniture, and dust. The number of damaged buildings is greater in the urban center than rural areas, with more than half of all buildings in the whole Valley experiencing some kind of damage. Casualties Casualties can reach up to 18,000 due primarily to houses and other structures that will collapse in the event of an earthquake. Most corpses remain in the debris of buildings for a number of days and the capacity for proper cremations was overtaxed. Most of the 147,000 injuries were from building collapse and falling objects. Over one half the deaths and injuries consisted of older people, children, and women. Fire Blockage and Debris Fires break out but do not conflagrate because of the nonflammable building materials Access by fire vehicles to the Central City core and commercial areas is blocked by debris. Schools have been retrofitted and suffered only minor damages. Medical Care and Hospitals Serious injuries requiring hospital care reached 53,000 with other injuries at 94,000. Limited resources of doctors, nurses, medicines and other resources or facilities are critical. Assistance required from abroad but arrived several days after the earthquake. Homeless, Refugees, Shelters 500,000 people left homeless have gathered in shelters or open spaces, searching for family and 66 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

81 relatives. Water is limited to river water. Water is limited to serve homeless people. 10,000 people stay in shelters for a long time. Not only the people in the shelters but also many others complained about the government s inadequate preparation and management of the crisis. Education and Schools Sixty percent of schools were damaged because they were poorly built and vulnerable. Over 40,000 school children affected. Many schools will be used for shelters for homeless for a long period of time. Infrastructure (Roads, Bridges, Earthquake) Roads and bridges survived the earthquake fairly well. Just blockage of roads by collapsed buildings Western mountainsides, slope failure occurred, and suspension of access to and from India. Bridge failures in lowlands due to liquefaction. Difficult access between big settlements was the most significant problem for at least a few days, the most important days for emergency response. The airport suffered only slight damages. Only a few days of power outage. Resumption of transportation activities after a few days. Water Supply and Sewage 80% of water pipelines damaged in municipal areas. Water supply trucks move through accessible villages Insufficient water supplies to municipal people last a very long time. Power Supply Damage to power lines is concentrated in Kathmandu Municipality. Many power lines were cut. Electricity is the most important lifeline facility. Nepal Electric Authority focus is restoring power lifelines to Kathmandu. Restoration of power becomes an immediate priority to enhance ability to rescue, relief, and recovery activities. Communications and Information Telecommunications stopped completely, and the earliest information of the tragedy was transmitted by satellite phone to the world. After several days, telecommunications has been restored and mobile phones played a role. Media (TV, radio, internet, and newspaper) Power failure caused a suspension to broadcasting. Half of the FM radio stations have their own home power generator. Broadcast resumes in 24 hours after recovering power. Broadcast is about safety information, information about relief supplies for victims, and requests for volunteers in the Valley. Newspaper buildings and equipment suffered seriously. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 67

82 5.12 Kathmandu Demographics, Facts, and Land Use (From the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office ) Setting and Facts Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) is the capital and largest city of Nepal. It is the cosmopolitan heart of the Himalayan Region. It has a glorious history going back 2,000 years, and a refined culture that ranks among the highest in Asia. It is also a modern financial and business hub, exotic tourist destination, and a sacred goal for pilgrims. Kathmandu is situated in a bowl-shaped valley in central Nepal. The Kingdom extends about 885 km. east to west and 193 km. in width north to south. The entire terrain is like a steep incline, descending from the icy Himalayan heights to the hot Terai flatland within a short distance. The country has an area of 147,181 sq. km., and is positioned between to North Latitude and to East Longitude. It is bordered by China in the north and by India in the south, west and east. Nepal is a totally landlocked country. Founded : Tenth Century by Gunakamdeva (Kathmandu existed as two settlements Yamby and Yamgal prior to that) Longitude/Latitude : East / Region : South Asia Country/Capital : Nepal/Kathmandu Elevation : 1350 m City Area : 5067 ha (50.67 sq. km.) Population : 671,846(CBScensus2001) Annual Growth Rate : 4.6% Population Density : 13,225 / sq. km. Number of household : (CBScensus 2001) Residential Buildings : 66,236 Rate of Building Construction : 18.4% (5309 in F.Y. 2003) Average household size : 4.4/ hh Average pop-density : 175.7per/ha Per capita income : 360 US$ Average Dwelling size : 2.30hh/house Major religions : Hinduism, Buddhism Principal Language : Nepali, Nepal Bhasa (Newari) Absolute extreme temperatures : Maximus 35 C (April) and minimum 1 C (January) Annual rainfall : 1,407 millimeters (mostly during June-August) Average humidity : 75 percent KMC s Wards : 35 World Heritage Sites : Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath 68 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

83 Rivers Main economic activities Literacy rate Health services Person per hospital bed Total Length of roads Major Water Supply line Major Sewerage/Trunk Lines Airport : Bagmati, Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Samakhusi, tukucha, Bhaucha Khusi, Balkhu, Manamati : Trade, tourism, carpets, garments, cottage industries : 83 percent : 50 hospitals and nursing homes : 381 : 1036 km approx Blacktopped 31 % Graveled 16 % Earthen 26 % Others 27 %) : 373km approx : 365.6km approx : Tribhuvan International Airport Land use : Residential 53.12% Agricultural 17.87% Business 1.87% Service 10.94% Greenery 6.13% Mixed use 7.01% Others 3.06% Population Kathmandu has been a densely inhabited urban center from historical times. The indigenous people and the creator of its unique are the Newars. They still make up a large segment of the population. Over the centuries various peoples have come to settle here, and the present demography is very cosmopolitan in makeup. Kathmandu, thus, offers a delightful array of different traditions and cultural practices. Attracted by the economic opportunities, modern comforts and the bright light of the city, the capital has in recent years experienced a flood of migrants. The population, as a result, has been swelling rapidly. According to the census of 2001, KMC is the home to 671,846 residents. Location and Physical Setting of Kathmandu Source: Urbanization and urban planning in Kathmandu From Reports: Urbanization and Urban Planning in Kathmandu Kathmandu Valley, where Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) lies, situated between the latitudes of and north and longitudes and east. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 69

84 It covers the area of about 667 sq. km and consists of five Municipalities - Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur. Apart from 5 Municipalities there are 110 village development committees within Kathmandu Valley. The elevation of Kathmandu valley is 1350m above mean sea level. The valley is bowl shaped with rivers draining towards the center of the basin. The total population of Kathmandu Valley in 1991 was 15,71,583 and is expected to be 20, 20,404 in The Kathmandu Metropolitan City covers an area of about 50.8 sq.km.and is divided into 35 wards of which the old city core encompasses 12 wards. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City is considered as a historic, touristic, cultural and the business center of NEPAL. The total population of KMC according to the latest census 2001 is 671,846. It was 421,258 in 1991 and 235,160 in It shows that the population in KMC is growing unprecedented. The population growth rate of KMC is 5.65% in which is one of the highest of the towns and cities of Nepal. With same population growth rate population in Kathmandu Metropolitan City in 2011 is expected to be 1,051,438. Migration had been a major source of population growth in the Kathmandu valley because of the centralization of services and economic opportunity within the valley. National Land-Use Management System and Relevant Legislation Source: EMI Disaster Risk Management City Profile - Kathmandu - Cityriskpedia, 2006 Land use regulations and development are a function of both the City and national governments. Large-scale infrastructure within the City is under the central government s jurisdiction. However, city roads, solid waste management, street lighting, and such are operated and promoted by City government. Land use management, though not currently existing in an integrated form, is the responsibility of the City government. Nepal has 5 development regions and 75 administrative districts. The districts are further divided into smaller units called Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) present, there are 3,913 VDCs and 58 Municipalities in the country. A VDC consists of 9 wards and the Municipalities consist from 9 to 35 wards. Existing Land Use of KMC According to a study carried out in 2001 during preparation of Integrated Action Plan of KMC, the prevailing land use of Kathmandu is given in Table 4. Refer attached table for reference. Table 4. Existing Land Use of KMC S.N. Land Use Area (In Ha) In % 1 Residential Predominantly residential-high density Predominantly residential-medium density Predominantly residential-low density Agriculture Institutional Road Greenery Other Residential cum Commercial mixed Recreational Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

85 S.N. Land Use Area (In Ha) In % 9 Commercial Fully commercial Predominantly commercial Water Bodies Industrial Religious Total Due to rapid unplanned and haphazard urbanization of the entire valley including Kathmandu Metropolitan City, the expansion and improvement of infrastructure services has always remained far behind the physical expansion of the city, resulting in inadequate or even total absence of the city. Infrastructure development is a major tool to guide urban expansion. However due to lack of integration of services based on a national land use plan, backed by institutional capacity for implementation, as well as poor co-ordination among the concerned agencies, infrastructure has tended to follow rather than guide development. If the prevailing trend of unplanned and haphazard growth of the city is continued about 60% of the entire valley (about 34,000 hectre) would be urbanized by 2020 and would lead to the loss of fertile agricultural land, environmental degradation, depletion of water resources, poor and deficient infrastructure (water, sewerage, road etc), improper disposal of industrial and domestic waste and pollution of air, water and land. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 71

86 Due to the physical setting of Valley, the land available for urban expansion is very limited and the current trend of urban expansion (horizontal ) through fragmentation of prime agricultural land need to discouraged and controlled immediately. The construction of the private buildings in a small piece of land without the provision of infrastructure services (water, sewerage, road etc) in Kathmandu city has increased tremendously since last 10 years and many parts of the city have converted into a slum pattern of development. The provision of infrastructure services in such area have become very difficult. In order to discourage and control such a haphazard and unplanned growth of the city, the national and local government needs to promote compact settlement through implementation of planned housing (multi storey apartments) focusing lower and middle income people and to make use of the existing infrastructure to its optimum level Additional Emergency Response Capabilities Response Resources Available (NSET personal communications, ) 1. In greater Kathmandu, there exist 27 Certified Search and Rescue personnel in the Army and Police. 2. KMC has 60 persons trained in Light Search and Rescue. 3. KMC has five (5) stock locations of stored emergency supplies Web Sites of Agencies & Organizations that Respond to Disasters in Nepal 1. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICIMOD 2. Below is a diagram that can be used to define additional resources. CENTRAL AUTHORITIES Policy and Regulation NGOs CIVIL SOCIETY Local Authorities Development Planning Public Works Building & Construction Emergency Management Social Services Public Safety Physical Planning Education & Recreations Academia Media Business CBOs Resources and Oversight Legal and Institutional Figure 11. Mainstreaming Model for Local-Level Disaster Risk Management Local Implementation, Central Coordination, Participation (Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative 2009) 72 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

87 5.15 International Trainings Available to Nepal and Accomplished 1. Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER). Several training courses are being conducted in Kathmandu, with one project including training specifically on Emergency Management. A five-year project ( ) co-sponsored by the Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) and NSET offered training in: (1) Medical First Responder, (2) Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue and (3) Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies. To date, over 300 persons have participated in such training. 2. United Nations International Search and Rescue Advisory Group Training, A three day United Nations International Search and Rescue Advisory Group training was conducted for Nepal in April United States Pacific Command Exercise, A United States Pacific Command Exercise was conducted with the Nepalese Army in September References Acknowledgements 1. Emergency Operations Plan Format partially adopted from and modified from website: Local Emergency Operations Plan Template can be found at: library/plans/local_eop.cfm 3. Additional Basic Plan formatting adopted from the FEMA Emergency Planning Independent Study February 2006, the independent study course can be taken on line at: fema.gov/emiweb/is/is235.asp References Existing disaster management references and plans for Kathmandu Metropolitan City that are related to the Emergency Operations Plan include the following: 1. Ministry of Home Affairs, 1982, Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 2039 (1982 A. D), Kathmandu, Nepal 2. Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2002, The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom of Nepal. 3. International Federation of the Red Cross, 2005, NEPAL: Laws, Policies, Planning and Practices on International Disaster Response, July 2005, IDRL Asia-Pacific Study 4. United Nations Disaster Management Team, UN Nepal s Inter-Agency Disaster Response Preparedness Plan: Hazard Analysis and Response Guidelines Part I, September FEMA, Producing Emergency Plans, A guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning for State, Territorial, Local, and Tribal Governments, INTERIM Version 1.0, July 11, 2008 (Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101) 6. FEMA, Developing Effective Standard Operating Procedures, For Fire and EMS Departments, FA-197, Maui County Emergency Operations Plan, 2006 Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 73

88 8. National Strategy on Disaster Risk Management for Nepal: is under development by the Ministry of Home Affairs with assistance from NSET and support from UNDP-BCPR and EC. 9. United Nations, 2008, Hyogo Framework of Action , Activity 5: Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response Operations 10. Department of Homeland Security, Incident Management/Unified Command Training Manual (Jim Buika) 11. UN Disaster Management Logistics Support Working Group, May 2004, Disaster Response Implementation Manual: Logistics Support, reference page 18 of IDRL doc 12. UNDP Strengthening Disaster Preparedness Capabilities in Kathmandu Valley for His Majesty s Government of Nepal (June ) Draft 9 Sept Project s objective is To develop community and municipalities capacity in the Kathmandu Valley to cope with the earthquake risk, thus reducing the impact of a potential disaster and gradually reducing risk. 13. UN Nepal Disaster Response Plan. 14. Regional Disaster Plan for Public and Private Organizations in King County, Washington. The Basic Plan, EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION (ESF) 7: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Page 4, Version: (Printed 4/7/2004) Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative Reference Documents 15. Phase I Report: Kathmandu Emergency Management Technical Report, March Training Needs Assessment (Appendix to Phase I Report) 17. Provention Curriculum Development Sessions: City-level Disaster Management Organization and Operations, drafts 18. Kathmandu City Profile, developed by EMI, NSET, and KMC (online) 19. Field Trip reports from seven past EMI-KMC engagements, Sept 2005, June 2006, November 2006, February 2008, November 2008, March 2009, & September Points of Contact for Project, Project Team Members, & Project Planning Team Points of Contact for Project 1. Bimal Rijal, KMC, Head, Urban Development Department bimalrijal@gmail.com 2. Dhurba Kumar Kafle, KMC, UDD, Disaster Risk Management Section, madabikafle@hotmail.com 3. Ram Kandel, NSET, , rkandel@nset.org.np 4. Surya Prasad Acharya, NSET, , , sacharya@nset.org.np 5. Jim Buika, Project Lead, EMI +1 (808) , buikaj001@hawaii.rr.com 6. Rajjan Man Chitrakar, Local Project Coordinator, EMI rajjanc@emi-megacities.org 7. Shirley Mattingly, EMI, Program Manager, abovethebay@earthlink.net 8. Jerome Zayas, EMI, Project Coordinator, jeromez@emi-megacities.org Project Team Members 9. Bimal Rijal, Head, Urban Development Department (UDD), (KMC) 10. Dhruba K. Kafle, Chief, Disaster Risk Management and Citizen Safety Section, KMC 11. Tribhuvan M. S. Pradhan, Chief, GIS Section, KMC 12. Kumari Rai, Chief, Social Welfare and Development Section, KMC 74 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

89 13. Basanta Acharya, Chief, Legal Division, KMC 14. Surendra Rajkarnikar, Civil Engineer, UDD, KMC 15. Bishnu Prasad Joshi, Town Inspector, Enforcement Division, KMC 16. Mr. Surya Narayan Shrestha, Deputy Executive Director, National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET) 17. Rajjan Man Chitrakar, Local Project Coordinator, Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) Project Planning Team Contact List Table 5. Project Planning Team Contact List Name of the participants Organization Telephone No. 1 Bishnu Prashad Joshi Enforcement Division, KMC joshibishnu@yahoo.com 2 Surya P. Acharya NSET sacharya@nset.org.np 3 Ganesh K. Jimee NSET gjimee@nset.org.np 4 Bijay Upadhayay NSET bupadhayay@nset.org.np 5 Raju Pandey KMC raju_pandey1971@yahoo.com 6 Lila Raj Gachha Enforcement Division, KMC Murari Bhattarai Fire Brigade, KMC Narayan Babu Bhattarai KMC narayan_babu@hotmail.com 9 Prem B. Shrestha KMC prem@enet.com.np 10 Indra Man Singh Suwal UDD, KMC isuwal@gmail.com 11 Tribhuvan Man Singh Pradhan ISU, KMC tribhuvan_pradhan@yahoo.com 12 Surendra P. Rajkarnikar UDD, KMC rajkarnikar_suresndra@yahoo.com 13 Kumari Rai Social Welfare Department, KMC kumsrai@yahoo.com 14 Roshan Shrestha UDD, KMC roshan.shrestha.chamati@gmail.com 15 Rabin Man Shrestha Environmental Department, KMC 16 Hari Kumar Shrestha Heritage Conservation Department, KMC 17 Dhruba K. Kafle Disaster Management Section, UDD, KMC rms916@hotmail.com shrestha2020@hotmail.com madabikafle@hotmail.com 18 Bimal Rijal UDD, KMC bimalrijal@gmail.com 19 Nem Gopal Darshandhari KMC ngd_123@hotmail.com 20 Narendra Man Bajracharya KMC narendra.bajracharya@gmail.com 21 Rajjan M. Chitrakar EMI rajjanc@emi-megacities.org 22 Yadav Ghimire KMC Jim Buika EMI Buikaj001@hawaii.rr.com Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 75

90 Additional Project Planning Team Contact List 1 Name of the Participant Organization Telephone No Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

91 ANNEX I - Emergency Support Function Matrix & Annexes Emergency Support Function Matrix The KMC departments will manage a large disaster by assigning KMC Department Heads and staff under 15 functions that arise during large disasters. These fifteen functions are called ESFs. Each ESF is led by one KMC Department or with the Chief District Officer in charge of the District Disaster Relief Committee, composed of Central Government representatives. ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONS Draft for Departmental Review, version 3, PRIMARY CITY DE- PARTMENT (LEAD PLANNING ROLE) 1. Transportation Administrative Dept., Enforcement Division (KMC Police) 2. Communications Admin Dept., Information & Communications Division 3. Public Works and Engineering Metro F.M. radio Public Works Department 4. Firefighting Administrative Dept. Enforcement Division 5. Emergency Management and Information Management 6. Mass Care, Housing and Human Services Disaster Management Section Social Welfare Division KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS Environmental Division Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Administrative Dept., Environmental Division Environmental Division Admin Dept., UDD, GIS, Social Welfare Division Admin Dept., UDD, Social Welfare Division, Enforcement Division (KMC Police) CENTRAL GOVERN- MENT SUPPORT MINIS- TRIES Chief District Officer and District Disaster Relief Committee in charge. Nepal Army, Police, Civil Aviation Authority Chief District Officer and District Disaster Relief Committee supported by the Ministry of Communications & Ministry of Physical Planning. Nepal Telecom (central govt.) Radio Nepal, Television and other Media house. MOPPW, KUKL, DUDBC, Department of Roads, Police, Armed Forces KUKL, Valley Traffic Management, *DDRC would mobilize more firefighting from Nepal Army, Police, and Civil Aviation MOHA, Nepal Army, Police, DUDBC MoHA, District Disaster Relief Committee with DUDBC support, Kathmandu District Health Office NON GOVERN- MENTAL SUP- PORT ORGANI- ZATIONS Private Transport Company Other private telecom companies, FCAN FNCCI, UNO- CHA, NSET, Media Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 77

92 ESF No. Emergency Support Function NAME PRIMARY CITY DE- PARTMENT (LEAD PLANNING ROLE) 7. Resource Support Financial Management Department 8. Public Health and Medical Services 9. Urban Search and Rescue 10. Oil and Hazardous Materials Response 11. Agriculture and Natural Resources 12. Energy (power, fuel, gas) 13. Public Safety and Security 14. Long-term Community Recovery and Mitigation (strong planning capacity) KMC SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS Admin Dept. CENTRAL GOVERN- MENT SUPPORT MINIS- TRIES Central Government, MOHA, MOF, MOLD, MOHP, Prime Minister s Office Public Health Division Account Division Hospitals, MOHA, Dept of Health, District Health Office, CDRC Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Enforcement Division (KMC Police) Disaster Management Section Disaster Management Section Enforcement Division Disaster Management Section 15. External Affairs International Relation Secretariat Mechanical Section, Environmental Division Disaster Management Section, Environmental Division, Admin. Dept., Information and Communication Division Public Health Department, Environmental Division, Social Welfare Division Admin. Dept., Public Works Department Admin. Dept.,, Social Welfare Division UDD, Admin. Dept., Public Works Department CEO Office Nepal Army, Central Police (CSSR & MFR training) Nepal Army, Nepal Oil Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and soil conservation equipment from Ministry of Industry, DMG Ministry of Energy, Nepal Electricity Authority, Nepal Oil Corp., Dept of Supplies MOHA, Nepal Armed Forces for search and rescue Department of Education, Dept. of Public Works, Min. of Irrigation, DWIDP, MOHA, MOLD, NPC, MOPPW, DUDBC MOHA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PM Office Notes: ESF No.6, Mass Care: At the district level, the District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) is the active agency for coordinating relief support. This committee, chaired by the Chief District Officer, consists of representatives from public sector organizations, such as the District Health Office, the Nepal Red Cross Society, and similar agencies. DDRC is responsible for coordinating the district level relief efforts, including medical support and distribution of food and other essential supplies. NON GOVERN- MENTAL SUP- PORT ORGANI- ZATIONS Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies Red Cross, FNCCI, INGO, NGOs, CBOs, Local Clubs, NSET, UNOCHA UNHCR, other international agencies International Rescue (INSARAG) Association of fuel distributors FAO, UNDP, IUCN, WFP and other agricultural NGOs and INGOs Association of fuel distributors Local clubs, Women groups, CBOs UNDP, NSET, NGO s, Expert consultants Embassy, DDRC, CDRC 78 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

93 Emergency Support Function Annexes (15) ESF No. EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION NAME EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE & SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILI- TIES 1. Transportation Coordinate the KMC s transportation resources to respond to an emergency. Identify the need for resources. Administrative Department, Enforcement Division should coordinate with other municipalities, the Nepal Army, Police, and Civil Aviation Authority to ensure that potential resources are available in the time of an emergency. Develop Memorandums of Understandings and mutual aid agreements. Support Evacuation Maintain ingress/egress Maintain Traffic control 2. Communications To use available communication resources to respond to an incident: Alert and warn the community of a threatened or actual emergency. Continue to communicate with the community through a variety of media to inform of protective actions Inform the community of a threatened or actual emergency. Ensure that KMC has the ability to notify the community of a disaster or emergency situation and that the emergency notification and warning system words are missing here Support the KMC with the restoration and reconstruction of telecommunications equipment, computers, and other technical resources. Communication includes transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals writing, images, and sounds or intelligence of any natures by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. 3. Public Works and Engineering Assess the overall damage to KMC after a disaster. Perform all public works functions such as maintenance, inspections, buildings and grounds repairs, debris removal, and facilities management Assist with the recovery The Scope of Work may include the following, but is not limited to: Assess extent of damage Repair and maintenance Debris removal Provide maintenance of the buildings and grounds and engineeringrelated support Clear roadways 4. Firefighting Directs and controls operations regarding fire prevention, fire detection, fire suppression, rescue, and hazardous materials incidents; Assists with warning and alerting, communications, evacuation, and other operations as required during an emergency. ESF No. 4 manages and coordinates firefighting activities including the detection and suppression of fires, and provides personnel, equipment, and supplies to support to the agencies involved in the firefighting operations. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 79

94 ESF No. EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION NAME 5. Emergency Management and Information Management EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE & SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILI- TIES ESF No. 5 coordinates the response of all the departments within KMC and the use of community resources to provide emergency response. Identify actions to be taken in the pre-incident prevention phase. Coordinate with agencies and outside organizations when capabilities are exceeded Identify post-incident response phase activities. Examples of functions that support and facilitate planning and coordination are: * Alert and notification, * Deployment and staffing of emergency response teams, * Incident action planning, * Coordination of operations with local government for logistics and material, * Direction and control, * Information management, * Facilitation of requests for assistance, * Resource acquisition and management (to include allocation and tracking), * Worker safety and health, * Facilities management, * Financial management, * Other support as required Develop, maintain, and update plans and procedures for use during an emergency; Educate and train Department and support agency personnel in order to stay up to date with education and training that is required for a safe and efficient response to an incident; Provide a multi-departmental command system. Manage operations at the in KMC level; The Incident Command System can be used in any size or type of disaster to control response personnel, facilities, and equipment. ESF No. 5 staff supports the implementation of mutual aid agreements to ensure seamless resource response. Departments and agencies participate in the incident action planning process which is coordinated by ESF No Mass Care, Housing and Human Services ESF No. 6 Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services, addresses the non-medical mass care, housing, and human services needs of individuals and/or families impacted by natural and/or technological incidents. The services and programs may include the following: * Sheltering * Food Service * Counseling * Provision of Family Assistance Centers * Family Reunification Services 80 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

95 ESF No. EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION NAME EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE & SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILI- TIES 7. Resource Support Resource Management & Support works with all other ESFs to determine what resources are available. ESF No. 7 also identifies potential sites for receiving, storing, and distributing resources in order to receive outside assistance and resources. Resource support may continue until the disposition of excess and surplus property is completed. During an incident if demand for resources exceeds the KMC s capabilities and inventories, then outside requests will be made based on Memoranda of Understanding in place, Mutual Aid agreements and city and Central Government policy. Logistics. This group coordinates the actual movement of resources into areas where a need (or needs) exists. This includes the warehousing and tracking of resources, the packaging and loading and subsequent transportation of resources to affected areas, and the disposal of used and/or unused resources following a disaster. Resource Management. This group is responsible for the acquisition of all types of resources that are identified as needed following a disaster. This group will make arrangements to purchase needed resources if it is determined the city does not have the resources itself to supply a requirement in the field. The payment of debts and other encumbrances generated as a result of the emergency is handled by this group as well. Staging Areas. To prevent a rapid and overwhelming influx of resources into affected areas, Staging Areas are utilized as temporary marshaling sites for collecting and gradually directing emergency resources into those areas. This group coordinates the activation and utilization of city-operated staging areas and marshaling points during emergency situations. 8. Public Health and Medical Services The purpose of ESF No. 8 is to provide health and medical services to the residents of KMC during and after an emergency situation. Guide a response using KMC resources and to coordinate a response with the Central Government and United Nations organizations when the incident exceeds the KMC s capabilities. When an incident exceeds the KMC s capabilities, outside assistance should be requested through Memoranda of Understanding, Mutual Aid Agreements and the coordination of this plan with the line agency of the Central Government s Emergency Operations Plan. 9. Urban Search and Rescue Provide for coordination and effective use of search and rescue activities to assist people in potential or actual distress Communities are susceptible to many different natural and technical hazards that may result in the damage or collapse of structures within the city. Search and Rescue must be prepared to respond to emergencies and provide specialized assistance. Operational activities can include locating, extricating, and providing on site medical treatment to victims trapped in collapsed structures. Additionally, people may be lost, missing, disoriented, traumatized, or injured, in which case the Mechanical Section must be prepared to respond to these incidents and implement appropriate tactics to assist those, in distress or imminent danger. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 81

96 ESF No. EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION NAME 10. Oil and Gas Response KMC has no Hazardous Materials Response EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE & SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILI- TIES The KMC Police is to assume primary operational control of all hazardous materials incidents. Other support departments may provide support to the KMC Police, depending on their capabilities. The Scope of Work may include the following, but is not limited to: The initial response will be handled by the KMC police department. Other Departments may be called upon depending on the nature of the incident KMC should determine which departments have the capability to support a hazard material response, which Departments require hazardous materials response training, and seek specialized training. 11. Agriculture and Natural Resources (FOOD SECURITY) Agriculture and Natural Resources works to address the provision of nutrition assistance; control and eradication of an outbreak of a highly contagious or economically devastating animal disease, highly infective plant disease, or economically devastating plant pest infestation; assurance of food safety and security; and protection of cultural resources and historic property resources during an incident. The Scope is determined based on the communities capabilities and may include: Identify food assistance needs; Obtain appropriate food supplies; Arrange for transportation of food supplies to the designated area; Implement an integrated response to an outbreak of highly contagious or economically devastating animal disease, infective exotic plant disease or an economically devastating plant pest infestation; Coordinate with Public Health and Medical Services to ensure that animal/veterinary/and wildlife issues are supported; Inspect and verify food safety in distribution and retail sites; Conduct food borne disease surveillance and field investigations; Coordinate appropriate response actions to conserve, rehabilitate, recover, and restore natural, cultural, and historic properties resources. 12. Energy (power, fuel, gas) Estimate the impact of energy system outages to KMC: Help to prioritize facilities and infrastructure so that power may be restored or other energy supplies may be provided in such a way to enable life to be restored to full capacity as soon as possible. ESF No.12 will collect, evaluate, and share information on energy system damage. Estimate the impact of energy system outages in KMC. Provide information concerning the energy restoration process such as: 1. Projected schedules, 2. Percent completion of restoration, 3. Determine schedule for reopening facilities The incident may impact KMC only or it may be part of a larger incident that impacts the entire valley or the region. 82 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

97 ESF No. EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION NAME EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE & SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILI- TIES 13. Public Safety and Security The ESFNo. 13 should identify public safety and security capabilities for the city. Provide public safety and security for the city. Determine factors, laws, and regulations when a disaster may require outside security resources to respond to the event, such as Central Government (MOHA, Nepal Army), due to circumstances of the event, or example, a terrorist event Provide traffic control, crime control, jail control, and evacuation and movement to safe areas. ESF No.13 responds to a city emergency using existing procedures. Maintain law and order Coordinate public warning Provide security of city facilities Provide security of unsafe areas or potential crime scenes Provide security if the city opens a shelter Provide Traffic Control. This group works closely with the ESF 1 group to affect the orderly flow of traffic into, out of, and around areas affected by a disaster. Security/Crime Control. This group addresses the provision of security in disaster areas, as well as the actual policing functions normally associated with law enforcement activities, including riot control, explosive ordinance removal, counterterrorism, etc. Institutions/Jails. This group is responsible for coordinating prisoner recapture, the utilization of prisons and facilities following disasters, and the moving of prisoners from damaged facilities to undamaged ones. Evacuation/Movement. This group is responsible for coordinating the citiy s assistance in carrying out evacuations. 14. Long-term Community Recovery and Mitigation To facilitate both short-term and long-term recovery following a disaster. The recovery process begins with an impact analysis of the incident and support for available programs and resources and to coordinate programs to assist in the comprehensive economic, social, and physical recovery and reconstruction of the community impacted by the emergency. Scope: The full scope of ESF No. 14 should be based on the community s resources, capabilities, and community master plans. Long-term recovery and mitigation efforts are forward-looking and market-based, focusing on permanent restoration of infrastructure, housing, and the local economy, with attention to mitigation of future impacts of a similar nature, when feasible. The strategy for long-term recovery should encompass, but not be limited to, land use, public safety, housing, public services, transportation services, education. National Ministries or International agencies may be requested to continue to provide recovery assistance under independent authorities to the District and local governments; the private sector; and individuals, while coordinating activities and assessments of need for additional assistance. Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 83

98 ESF No. EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION NAME EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE & SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILI- TIES 15. External Affairs Provide for efficient and coordinated continuous flow of timely information and instructions to the public using all available communications media prior to, during, and following an emergency or disaster. Communicate with Embassies and other important external organizations. The Scope of Work may include the following, but is not limited to: Provide emergency public information actions before, during, and following any emergency. Potential public information response could involve personnel from all jurisdictions, organizations and agencies within the affected area Potential public information response could involve personnel from all jurisdictions, organizations, agencies, and areas outside the affected area, including Embassies and international news organizations. 84 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot Application in Manila and Kathmandu

99 ANNEX II - KMC Table Top Earthquake Scenario for a Magnitude 8.0 Earthquake Emergency Operations Plan: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal 85

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