Remember Pearl Harbor Mini Study. Sample file

Transcription

1 Remember Pearl Harbor Mini Study Sample file

2 Created and designed by Debbie Martin Remember Pearl Harbor Mini Study The Whole Word Publishing The Word, the whole Word and nothing but the Word." Copyright December 2010 by Debbie Martin 3627 D St. Bremerton, Wa All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce his book in whole or in part for non commercial individual or classroom use only. Permission is not granted for school wide system wide reproduction of materials. All images are public domain. Sample file

3 Sa m ple file Most Americans who were alive in 1941 can remember exactly where they were when they first learned of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. For many of those who served in the armed forces, and families of those who served, the Second World War was the central event of their lives--a source of both pain and pride. National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, which is annually on December 7, 1941 commemorates the attack on Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii, during World War II. Many American service men and women lost their lives or were injured on December 7, National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day is also referred to as Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day or Pearl Harbor Day.

4 Sa m ple file The attack on Pearl Harbor thrust the United States into World War II. The attack had significant and far-reaching political effects on the United States, changing the minds of many who had been opposed to war or who had taken an indifferent stance towards the war in Europe. The increasing diplomatic (polite) confrontations (meetings) and economic sanctions (economic sanctions are economic measures taken against one or more countries to force a change in policies) against Japan by the United States and others, worsened by Japan's undeclared war in China and the weakening of European control in Asian colonies, accelerated the war in the Pacific. The Japanese felt that the time was fitting to conquer British, American, French, Chinese, and Dutch territories in Southeast War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army Asia. This belief pushed Japan to provoke war with the United States. Fearing that the United States Pacific Fleet would pose an great obstacle to Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia, Admiral Isoruko Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief of

5 the Japanese Combined Fleet, visualized a bold attack on the Pacific Fleet while it lay at anchor at Pearl Harbor. Such a surprise strategical attack, bold and daring in its execution, would, he believed, secure the Pacific. Sa m ple file Admiral Isoruko Yamamoto

6 file The attack on Pearl Harbor was the peak of a decade of a crumbling relationship between Japan and the United States over the status of China and the security of Southeast Asia. This breakdown began in 1931 when Japanese army extremists, in defiance of government policy, invaded and overran the northern-most Chinese province of Manchuria. Sa m ple Manchuria Japan ignored American protests, and in the summer of 1937 launched a full-scale attack on the rest of China. Although alarmed by this action, neither the United States nor any other nation with interests in the Far East was willing to use military force to halt the Japanese invasion.

7 Sa m ple file Over the next three years, war broke out in Europe and Japan joined Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the Axis Alliance. The United States applied both diplomatic and economic pressures to try to resolve the conflict. The Japanese government viewed these measures, especially an embargo (ban) on oil, as threats to their national security. By the summer of 1941, both countries had taken positions from which they could not retreat without a serious loss of national influence. Although both governments continued to negotiate their differences, Japan had already decided on war. The attack on Pearl Harbor was part of a grand strategy of conquest in the western Pacific. The objective was to immobilize the Pacific Fleet so that the United States could not interfere with Japan's invasion plans. The leader of the of the attack was Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief of

8 Sa m ple file the Japanese Combined Fleet. Though personally opposed to war with America, Yamamoto knew that Japan's only hope of success in such a war was to achieve quick and decisive victory. If there were a prolonged conflict, America's superior economic and industrial power would likely tip the scales in her favor. On November 26, 1941 the Japanese attack fleet of 33 warships and auxiliary craft, including 6 aircraft carriers, sailed from northern Japan for the Hawaiian Islands. It followed a route that took it far to the north of the normal shipping lanes. By early

9 Sa m ple file morning, December 7, 1941, the ships had reached their launch position, 230 miles north of Oahu. At 6 a.m., the first wave of fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes took off. The night before, some 10 miles outside the entrance to Pearl Harbor, five midget submarines carrying two crewmen and two torpedoes each were launched from larger "mother" subs. Their mission: enter Pearl Harbor before the air strike, remain submerged until the attack got underway, then cause as much damage as possible.

10 Sa m ple file Meanwhile at Pearl Harbor, the 130 vessels of the U.S. Pacific Fleet lay calm and serene. Seven of the fleet's nine battleships were tied up along "Battleship Row" on the southeast shore of Ford Island. Naval aircraft were lined up at Ford Island and Kaneohe Bay Naval Air Stations, and Marine aircraft at Ewa Marine Corps Air Station. At Hickam, Wheeler, and Bellows airfields, aircraft of the U.S. Army Air Corps were parked in groups as defense against possible saboteurs.

11 m ple file At 6:40 a.m., the crew of the destroyer USS Ward spotted the conning tower of one of the midget subs USS Ward headed for the entrance to Pearl Harbor. The Ward sank the sub with depth charges and gunfire, then radioed the information to headquarters. Before 7 a.m. the radar station at Opana Point picked up a signal indicating a large flight of planes approaching from the north. These were thought to be either aircraft flying in from the carrier Enterprise or an anticipated flight of B-17s from the mainland, so no action was taken. Sa The first wave of Japanese aircraft arrived over their target areas shortly before 7:55 a.m. Their leader, Commander Mitsuo Fuchida, sent the coded messages "To, To, To" and "Tora, Tora, Tora," telling the fleet that the attack had begun and that surprise had been achieved.

12 file ple USS Arizona Sa m At approximately 8:10, the USS Arizona exploded, hit by a 1,760-pound armor-piercing shell that slammed through her deck and ignited her forward ammunition magazine. In less than nine minutes, she sank with 1,177 of her crew. The USS Oklahoma, hit by several torpedoes, rolled over, trapping more than 400 men inside. The USS California and USS West Virginia sank at their moorings, while the USS Utah, converted to a training ship, capsized with more than 50 of her crew. The USS Maryland, USS Pennsylvania, and USS Tennessee all suffered significant damage.

13 USS Nevada m ple file The USS Nevada attempted to run out to sea but took several hits and had to be run aground to avoid sinking and blocking the harbor entrance. Sa While the attack on Pearl Harbor intensified, other military installations on Oahu were hit. Hickam, Wheeler, and Bellows airfields, Ewa Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe Bay Naval Air Station, and Schofield Barracks suffered varying degrees of damage, with hundreds of planes destroyed on the ground and hundreds of men killed or wounded. After about five minutes, American anti-aircraft fire began to register hits, although many of the shells that had been improperly fused fell on Honolulu, where residents assumed them to be

14 Sa m ple file Japanese bombs. After a lull, at 8:40 a.m. the second wave of attacking planes focused on continuing the destruction inside the harbor, destroying the USS Shaw, Sotoyomo, a dry dock, and heavily damaging the Nevada, forcing her aground. The Japanese also attacked Hickam and Kaneohe airfields, causing heavy loss of life and reducing American ability to retaliate. USS Shaw

15 Sa m ple file Army Air Corps pilots managed to take off in a few fighters and may have shot down 12 enemy planes. At 10 a.m. the second wave of attacking planes withdrew to the north, and the assault was over. The Japanese lost 29 planes and five midget submarines, one of which was captured when it ran aground off Bellows Field. The attack was a great, but not total, success. Although the U.S. Pacific Fleet was shattered, its aircraft carriers (not in port at the time of the attack) were still afloat and Pearl Harbor was surprisingly intact. The shipyards, fuel storage areas, and submarine base suffered no more than slight damage. More importantly, the American people, previously divided over the issue of U.S. involvement in World War II, rallied together with a total commitment to victory over Japan and her Axis partners.

16 Day of Infamy speech Sa m ple file The Presidential Address to Congress of December 8, 1941 (known as the Infamy Speech or Day of Infamy Speech) was delivered at 12:30 p.m. that day to a Joint Session of Congress by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii. The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as "a date which will live in infamy". Within an hour of the speech, Congress passed a formal declaration of war against Japan and officially brought the U.S. into World War II. The address is regarded as one of the most famous American political speeches of the 20th century.

17 Day of Infamy Franklin D. Roosevelt - Dec. 8, 1941 Yesterday, Dec. 7, a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. ple file The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with the government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Sa m Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleagues delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack. It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.

18 During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. ple file The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. Sa m Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.

19 This morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island. Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. ple file As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. Sa m Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again.

20 Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces - with the unbounding determination of our people - we will gain the inevitable triumph - so help us God. Sa m ple file I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, Dec. 7, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.

21 Sa m ple file A first draft of the Infamy Speech, with changes by President Roosevelt.

22 file The Pearl Harbor Memorial Sa m ple The USS Arizona is the final resting place for many of the ship's 1,177 crewmen who lost their lives on December 7, The 184-foot-long Memorial structure spanning the mid-portion of the sunken battleship consists of three sections: 1) the entry and assembly rooms, 2) a central area designed for ceremonies and general observation, and 3) the shrine room, where the names of those killed on the USS Arizona are engraved on the marble wall. The primary concern of the U.S. Navy immediately after the attack had been to repair the damaged ships as quickly as possible. Early on, it became clear that the USS Arizona would never sail again. While

23 Sa m ple file other ships were restored, she lay under the water, a silent reminder of the "date which will live in infamy." When the navy began to consider raising the ship and recovering the dead, medical examiners advised that many of the men had been cremated by the blast and ensuing fire, and others would be unrecognizable after being submerged for a long time. The navy then decided to maintain the old custom of sailing men: those who die at sea are buried at sea. They would not, however, be forgotten. The names of the Arizona's dead are inscribed on this white marble wall at the Memorial.

24 Sa m ple file The USS Arizona Memorial grew out of the desire to establish some sort of shrine at Pearl Harbor to honor those of the USS Arizona and all others who died in the attack. Suggestions for such a memorial began in 1943, but it was not until 1949, when the Territory of Hawaii established the Pacific War Memorial Commission, that the first concrete steps were taken to bring it about. Initial recognition came in 1950 when Admiral Arthur Radford, Commander in Chief, Pacific, ordered that a flagstaff be erected over the sunken battleship. On the ninth anniversary of the attack, a commemorative plaque was placed at the base of the flagstaff. Contrary to popular belief, the USS Arizona is no longer in commission. She is, however, an active U.S. military cemetery. As a special tribute to the ship and her lost crew, the United States flag flies from the flagpole, which is attached to the severed mainmast of the sunken battleship. The USS Arizona Memorial has come to commemorate all military personnel killed in the Pearl Harbor attack. To this day, oil can still be seen rising from the wreckage to the surface of the water. The oil seeping is sometimes referred to as "the tears of the Arizona" or "black tears."

25 President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who helped achieve Allied victory in Europe during World War II, approved the creation of the national Memorial in Its construction was completed in 1961 with private donations and public funds appropriated by Congress. The Memorial was dedicated in Sa m ple file According to its architect, Alfred Preis, the design of the Memorial, "wherein the structure sags in the center but stands strong and vigorous at the ends, expresses initial defeat and ultimate victory...the overall effect is one of serenity. Overtones of sadness have been omitted to permit the individual to contemplate his own personal responses...his innermost feelings."

26 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

27 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

28 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

29 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

30 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may Sample file

31 take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous Sample file

32 might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

33 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated Sample file

34 invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

35 Remember Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor December 7, A date which will live in infamy... No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American Sample file

36 people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. Sample file

37 Optional pictures to decorate your lapbook. Sample file

38 Remember Pearl Harbor Optional Lapbook Booklets What are two other names Sample file for Harbor Remembrance Day? For above booklet. Cut out out booklet, cut on dotted line. Fold in half. Write one item under each flap. Fold tabs over and glue into lapbook. What are economic sanctions? For oval booklet. Cut out, fold in half and write inside. Glue into lapbook.

39 What happened in 1931? Directions: For above booklet, cut out booklet and fold in half. Write inside. Fold tabs over and glue into lapbook. Sample file What two other countries did Japan join with? Directions: Write one country on each of the first two octagon's. On the third octagon write what these three countries were called when they joined together. Cut out booklet. Fold like an accordion and glue into lapbook.

40 What happened on November 26th? Directions: For above booklet, write on lined portion of booklet. Cut out both pieces of booklet, stack and staple at the top. Glue into lapbook. Sample file What was the launch position of the Japanese ships? Directions: For above booklet. Cut out and fold in half. Write inside and glue into lapbook.

41 What happened at 6:40 a.m.? Cut booklet out and fold in half. Write inside and glue into lapbook. Sample file Japanese commander Mitsuo Fuchida, sent two coded messages. What were they and what did they mean? Directions for above booklet. Cut out and fold in half. Write inside and glue into lapbook.

42 Sample file For above booklet. Name six ships that were damaged or sank in the attack on Pearl Harbor. Cut out booklet, fold in half. Cut on dotted lines fold flaps over so ships are on the outside of the flaps. Write the name of one ship under each flap. Glue into lapbook. What is the "Day of Infamy" speech?

43 Directions: For the above booklet. Cut out and write on lined portion of booklet. Stack with cover on top and staple on the left. Glue into lapbook. Sample file Describe how big the Pearl Harbor Memorial is. For above booklet. Cut out fold in half and write inside. Glue into lapbook.

44 When was the construction of the memorial complete and when was it dedicated? Directions: Cut out booklet, fold in half, write inside and glue into lapbook. Sample file Who is the architect of the Pearl Harbor Memorial and what does he say about it? Directions for above booklet: Cut out booklet, fold in half, write inside fold tab over and glue into lapbook.

45 Remember Pearl Harbor Optional Questions 1.) What are two other names for Harbor Remembrance Day? 2.) What are economic sanctions? Sample file 3.) Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet? 4.) What happened in 1931?

46 5.) What two other countries did Japan join with? 6.) What happened on November 26th? 7.) What was the launch position of the Japanese ships? Sample file 8.) What happened at 6:40 a.m.?

47 9.) Japanese commander Mitsuo Fuchida, sent two coded messages. What were they and what did they mean? 10.) Name six ships that were damaged or sank in the attack on Pearl Harbor. Sample file 11.) What is the "Day of Infamy" speech?

48 12.) Describe how big the Pearl Harbor Memorial is. 13.) When was the construction of the memorial complete and when was it dedicated? Sample file 12.) Who is the architect of the Pearl Harbor Memorial and what does he say about it?

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