Welcome Letter. Dear Delegates,
|
|
- Job Chase
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2 Welcome Letter Dear Delegates, On behalf of the Secretariat and all of NAMUN, I am pleased to welcome you to the 2017 North American Model United Nations Conference and am honoured to serve as your chair for the Coalition High Command and Provisional Authority (Iraq). I m looking forward to meeting you all in person in February, and am anticipating a fantastic conference. With the recent spate of terrorist attacks across America and Europe, and the battles raging across Syria and Iraq, international terrorism and counterinsurgency remain very important topics, and will probably for the immediate future. As such I m anticipating some fascinating debate and strategies as you tackle this issue staring in I hope that our committee will be exciting and a rewarding experience for all of you, and I hope that your enthusiasm and knowledge of international terrorism help make this an excellent Integrated Crisis Simulation. Warmest Regards, Shanzae Khan
3 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Historical Background 4 Issues 11 State of Affairs 14 Suggested Sources 15 Bibliography 15
4 Introduction After the 1991 Gulf War, the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 687 commanded that Iraqi synthetic, organic, atomic, and long range rocket projects be stopped and every such weapon destroyed under UN supervision. 1 The UN weapons inspectors inside Iraq verified the dismantlement of many Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and materials, but there significant compliance issues remained and the inspectors were unable to check every site and verify that Iraq had destroyed all its WMD materiel by their withdrawal in Iraqi-American relations remained quite hostile throughout this period, with no-fly zones imposed over the Northern and Southern parts of Iraq. Ousting Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq also remained a priority for America; to which end they funded the Iraqi National Congress (INC) and its leader Ahmed Chalabi. 3 After the September 11 Attacks in 2001, plans were quickly laid to topple Saddam s Ba ath government and support the transition of Iraq to a democracy. By early 2003, America had transferred enormous forces to bases in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the Persian Gulf and had been justifying their planned invasion by claiming to the world Saddam s government possessed WMDs. 4 Failing to achieve UN authorization, on March 20 th, 2003, US forces invaded Iraq in a highly successful operation, which was followed by problem riddled efforts at state-building and a tenacious insurgency which has contributed to Iraq s current strife. This crisis will deal largely deal with these events. Delegates, you will have an opportunity to plan and execute the 2003 invasion, and then attempt to rebuild and govern Iraq in the face of a multitude of dangers. 1 United Nations Security Council. Resolution 687, (1991), April 3, Accessed December 12, Charles Duelfer, WMD elimination in Iraq: 2003, The Nonproliferation Review 23, (2016): Martin Chulov, Ahmed Chalabi: Iraqi exile whose reputation waned after return, November 3, Accessed December 16, Council on Foreign Relations, Timeline: The Iraq War, Accessed December 17,
5 Historical Background Saddam s Rise and the Iraq-Iran War In July 1979, Iraqi Vice-President Saddam Hussein forced President Ahmed Al- Bakr to resign and himself assumed the presidency. 5 One of Saddam s top concerns was the Islamist Revolution in Iran earlier that year in February which toppled the Shah from power, and resulted in Ayatollah Khomeini s accession to power. 6 Saddam was worried that the new Shia regime in Iran would attempt to destabilize Iraq by fomenting unrest amongst the large Shia minority in the south of the Iraq. 7 Saddam also though saw the Revolution as an opportunity; Iraq s long-time rival Iran had been weakened by the unrest. Its government was in the middle of a dramatic transformation, its secret services and police were busy hunting old allies and supporters of the Shah, and its military commanders were occupied with internal matters. 8 Therefore throughout 1979 and early 1980 Iraqi troops frequently skirmished with Iranian border guards and raided Iranian territory, and in September 1980 Iraqi troops launched a full scale invasion of the country. 9 The initial Iraqi invasion was largely successful, seizing significant Iranian territory. However later that year the advance began to stall as Iranian resistance stiffened and support for the Iranian government solidified. 10 Saddam had hoped his invasion would weaken support for the Ayatollah, but instead it achieved the opposite. Volunteers poured in and the Iranian army began to reorganize itself to deal with the invasion. 11 Through 1981 the war was a stalemate; both sides were dug in to trenches along the front line in scenes reminiscent of World War One, and there were few successful assaults by either side. 12 However by 1982, the Iranian army had sufficiently reorganized itself and began 5 Hal Brands and David Palkki, Conspiring Bastards: Saddam Hussein s Strategic View of the United States, Diplomatic History 36 (2012): Ibid, Ibid. 8 Ibid, William Keylor, A World of Nations: The International Order Since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 10 Keylor, A World of Nations. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid.
6 a vicious counterattack. They retook most of the Iranian territory the Iraqis had earlier seized, and had begun to drive into Iraq itself. 13 Throughout the rest of the war, the Iraqis remained largely on the defensive until a UN negotiated ceasefire in 1988 ended the violence. 14 The war had enormous ramifications for the Middle East and the World. Iran and Iraq suffered well over one million casualties, about half of which were civilians. 15 Both sides had committed significant war crimes, including the Iraqi usage of poisonous gas against Iranian troops and widespread Iranian usage of child soldiers. The Iranian and Iraqi economies had also been ravaged, with major infrastructure damage on both sides and large Iraqi foreign debts accrued, particularly to Kuwait. 16 Many other powers had also been involved in the war; the Soviet Union, America, France and much of the Arab world including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar provided arms, money or intelligence to Iraq. 17 This reinforced Khomeini s view that conservative Western-allied or supported Middle Eastern states, and the West itself, especially America, were opposed to Islamist Iran s existence and would continue to be hostile to them. This of course contributed to Iran s recent hostility to America, its status as a rogue nation and its pursuit of WMDs. In 1986, it was discovered that President Raegan had been illegally selling Iran anti-tank missiles and other weapons in exchange for money to fund an anti-communist insurgency in Figure 1: Iranian Revolutionary Guards during the Iran-Iraq War. Image Retrieved from 80%93Iraq_War Nicaragua. Apart from causing an enormous political scandal in the US, the Iran-Contra Affair solidified Saddam s distrust of the US. 18 Always wary of American intentions towards himself and Iraq, after 1986 Saddam became convinced that the US would not allow him and his Ba ath party to rule Iraq indefinitely and would attempt to topple him 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 Encyclopedia Britannica, Iran-Iraq War, September Accessed December 20, Brands and Palkki, Conspiring Bastards, Brands and Palkki, Conspiring Bastards, Ibid,
7 from power. 19 This conviction, a desire to strengthen Iraq through weakening an American ally and acquiring their wealth, and the fact that Iraq owed Kuwait enormous debts because of the war all factored into Saddam s decision in 1990 to invade Kuwait, prompting the First Gulf War st Gulf War In August 1990, the Iraqi army invaded Kuwait. Iraq s forces were more experienced, often better equipped and far outnumbered the beleaguered Kuwaiti military, and within two days Iraq more or less controlled the entire country. 21 The UN Security Council and the Arab League attempted to diffuse the situation and diplomatically pressure Iraq into withdrawing its forces. While this was happening, the US had launched an enormous military build-up called operation Desert Shield in Saudi Arabia, at the Saudi King Fahd s request, and elsewhere Figure 2: Map of Coalition Movements During the First Gulf War. Retrieved from throughout the Persian Gulf. 22 This was to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, with whom tensions had been rising, and gaining control of more than half the world s oil reserves. However, by January 1991 diplomatic efforts had reached a standstill, and an American backed coalition initiated operation Desert Strom, the effort to retake Kuwait. The coalition, while primarily American led, contained large contingents of British, Saudi, French and Egyptian troops, and many other states ranging from New Zealand to the Philippines to Pakistan provided troops, equipment or financial aid. 23 Operation Desert 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid, Council on Foreign Relations, The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Gulf War, September 10, Accessed December 21, Keylor, A world of Nations. 23 CNN, Gulf War Fast Facts, August 2, Accessed November 1,
8 Storm was militarily an enormous success. Following several weeks of artillery bombardment, US and allied forces swept through Kuwait and by late February had ejected Iraqi forces from the country and had actually entered Iraq, inflicting tens of thousands of casualties on the Iraqi army and receiving roughly 1000 in return. 24 However, the Coalition did not advance far into Iraq, and when a ceasefire was declared on February 28, 1991, Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq, with much of his army still intact after having been allowed to retreat. 25 The 1991 Uprisings and No-Fly Zones Very shortly after the end of the First Gulf War during March and April of 1991 there were a series of uprisings in northern and Southern Iraq, largely by disaffected and historically oppressed Iraqi Kurds and Shias. These revolts achieved major early gains, but after America went back on its promises to support these groups, Saddam s army launched a series of counteroffensives which crushed the rebels. As part of this offensive, Iraq has been accused of using poison gas against rebels, reminiscent of the horrific Halabja chemical attack in 1988 during the Iran-Iraq war in which thousands of Iraqi Kurds were killed in an Iraqi military gas attack. 26 The suppression of the rebels in 1991 also triggered fears of attempted ethnic cleansings and genocides by Iraqi armed forces, and the Coalition began enforcing no-fly zones over the northern and southern parts of the country in These no-fly zones would last until 2003, and were largely successful in preventing Iraqi military aircraft from operating within their limits. The Sanctions Regime As early as 1990, following Iraq s initial invasion of Kuwait, the UN imposed comprehensive sanctions on Iraq in an effort to force them to withdraw from Kuwait. Following Iraqi defeat in the 1 st Gulf War, the sanctions continued, now in an effort to 24 Council on Foreign Relations, The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Gulf War. 25 Keylor, A World of Nations. 26 Hamish Gordon, Remembering Halabja Chemical Attack, Al Jazeera March 16, Accessed December 21, BBC News, No-Fly Zones: The Legal Position, February 19, Accessed December 15,
9 discourage Iraqi WMD production and support of terrorism. 28 The sanctions prevented the import of most goods into Iraq with the exception of medicine and sometimes food and other humanitarian supplies, which were tightly controlled. 29 Iraq was permitted to sell a limited quantity of oil to fund the purchase of food and other necessities to avoid a humanitarian crisis. However, the sanctions regime has been widely accused of causing enormous malnutrition, disease and economic problems within Iraq. 30 Some have accused Saddam s government of deliberate misallocation of food and other supplies to exacerbate the problem to breed resentment of the US amongst Iraqis and worldwide. The sanctions regime did though adversely affect the health and food security of many Iraqis, particularly amongst young children who were especially vulnerable. 31 Iraq and Global Islamic Terrorism Iraq s recent history has a major role in explaining the emergence of Al-Qaeda and other Islamic extremist groups. While there is little evidence of major direct cooperation between Saddam s regime and Al-Qaeda, Saddam s decisions and their ramifications indirectly helped to strengthen Al-Qaeda. 32 The presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia during Operation Enduring Freedom and their continued presence as a garrison following the First Gulf War became a key grievance of Osama Bin-Laden and Al-Qaeda. 33 Saudi Arabia contains Medina and Mecca, two of Islam s holiest cities, and Bin-Laden saw the presence of major American forces in the country as desecrating a sacred space. 34 The sanctions regime and its negative impacts on the Iraqi people further served to vilify America and attract funds and recruits to Al-Qaeda, as the US was seen as its main proponent David Reiff, Were Sanctions Right? New York Times July 23, Accessed December 14, Reiff, Were Sanctions Right? 30 Ibid. 31 Reiff, Were Sanctions Right? 32 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States August 21, Ibid. 34 Ibid. 35 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The Final Report.
10 Iraq and WMDs Throughout the 1980s, during the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq had been conducting several WMD production projects. 36 They were successfully manufacturing large quantities of various toxic gasses and chemical weapons, and had nuclear and biological weapons programs on the go. 37 However, Iraq s nuclear program was severely delayed following the 1981 Israeli air raid on the Osiraq reactor. Saddam used chemical weapons repeatedly against Iranian troops, and in at least once against Kurdish rebels and civilians with horrific effects. 38 Following Iraq s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the UN created the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) to inspect Iraqi WMD facilities and to Figure 3: Iraqi Sarin Rockets Awaiting Destruction by UN Personnel Retrieved From facilitate UN efforts to destroy these weapons and end their production. 39 After the First Gulf War, the UNSCOM inspectors were reluctantly given access to many facilities by Iraq, and much evidence was found indicating enormous nuclear and biological weapons programs. During the immediate post-war years large quantities of Iraqi chemical weapons were destroyed. Iraq remained somewhat cooperative until 1998, when increasing Iraq-US tensions and a UNSCOM investigation into the testing of weaponized anthrax on prisoners by the Iraqi government caused Saddam to expel UNSCOM from the country, which was followed by an Anglo-American bombing campaign targeting WMD production facilities. 40 Iraqi cooperation with the US and the UN on disarmament after that remained extremely limited until However, American intelligence reports 36 Central intelligence Agency, Iraq s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs, April 24, Accessed December 11, /iraq_wmd/Iraq_Oct_2002.htm#key%20judgemetns% Central intelligence Agency, Iraq s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs. 38 Ibid. 39 UNSCOM. United nations Special Commission, Accessed December 21, Micah Zenko, Operation Desert Fox: A Blueprint for Crushing Iran's Nuclear Program? April 15, Accessed December 4,
11 over this period largely agree that Iraqi WMD production efforts seem to have ceased or significantly decreased, and that Iraq never produced a functional nuclear device. 41 However, since 9/ 11, American leadership were terrified of a doomsday scenario wherein Saddam sold or gifted extremist groups WMD material, in particular biological weapons, which would then be used to strike at the US. 42 Iraq s WMD program was used as the primary justification for invading the country in Peter Taylor, Iraq war: the greatest intelligence failure in living memory, The Telegraph March 18, Accessed December 21, Melvin Leffler, The Foreign Policy of the George W. Bush Administration: memoirs, History, Legacy. Diplomatic History 37 (2013):
12 Issues Invading Iraq The first task delegates will face will be to actually plan and execute an invasion of Iraq, with the objectives of capturing Saddam Hussein, taking Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, Kirkuk and other major population centres. Iraq possesses a large army; close to soldiers with more than reservists, as well as around elite Republican guard. 43 They re well equipped with tanks and artillery, and are in many locations dug in and fortified. There is also the possibility that invading American and British troops will encounter Iraqi Special Forces or militia using guerilla tactics to delay and harass the coalition advance. Some experts, as well as the most senior American leadership are also concerned about potential chemical attacks by Iraqi forces, but many intelligence reports are discounting that possibility. Iraqi forces do not have the capability to actually resist an invasion by a large technologically superior American and British force, but they can certainly resist long enough and inflict enough casualties that American and British publics to grow tired of the war if given the opportunity. Throughout the invasion, efforts should also be made to search for and secure any evidence of WMDs existence and production. Of key import is the balance between the speed of the invasion and risk to coalition lives and the damage to Iraqi infrastructure and population. Generally, if the invasion is to be conducted quickly and with minimal military casualties, there is a high chance of extreme damage to Iraqi hospitals, bridges, schools, mosques, factories etc. and a high chance of heavy fighting or bombing of civilian areas due to the tactics used. 44 Delegates should then bear this in mind, as following the invasion delegates will have to govern and rebuild Iraq. Reconstruction and State Building No matter how the invasion is conducted, there will be damage to Iraq s infrastructure and considerable suffering inflicted upon the civilian population. Delegates will have to repair damage done during the fighting, ensure food, water and medicine 43 Sharon Otterman, IRAQ: Iraq s Pre-War Military Capabilities, Council on Foreign Relations April 24, Accessed December 7, The more a force focuses on speed and mitigating their own casualties, the more they tend to rely on heavy artillery and air bombardment, and with large quantities of those indirect fires, particularly around population centres, the chances of civilian casualties skyrockets.
13 continue to be accessible throughout the country, house and care for internally displaced persons and deal with potential unrest resulting from the breakdown of the Iraqi security and police apparatus. Iraq s economy will also be severely disrupted, and efforts must be made to strengthen it and integrate Iraq into the world economic system after a decade of sanctions and isolation. Delegates will also, if successful in their invasion, have to create a new government. Much of Iraq s bureaucracy will have been disrupted during the war, and may still be full of Saddam sympathisers and Ba athist party members. Delegates will have to decide how to proceed; should some of the old institutions remain, or should the Iraqi government be rebuilt from scratch? Should delegates aim for a well-functioning and free democracy, or should they concede to pragmatism and arrive at some mixed semiauthoritarian system? How much power should ministers in the new system have, and who will those ministers be? Delegates will have to decide these questions, rebuild the government s material capacity, and decide how much power the occupying foreign forces and leaders will exercise over the new government. Human Rights Abuses, Minorities, and Remaining Opposition The Iraqi government under Saddam perpetrated innumerable human rights abuses ranging from chemical weapons attacks against civilians to arbitrary arrest and torture to executing political opponents. 45 This has left a mark on the country, and delegates will have to do their best to help the country recover from this traumatic period, and hopefully avoid committing human rights abuses themselves. Of major importance is that opposition to Saddam came disproportionately from the Kurdish and Shia minorities in the country, and so those groups suffered more under the regime than the Sunni Arab majority. 46 As such, there is considerable alienation and hostility between these groups, potentially leading to violence and even attempts at secession or irredentism which delegates may have to deal with. 45 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses, November Accessed December 21, man_rights.pdf 46 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses.
14 It is also inconceivable that in the initial invasion absolutely all of Saddam s supporters and members of terrorist groups will be captured or killed. As such, there s a good chance of some violence against occupying forces and the new government which delegates will have to deal with, probably in the form of an insurgency. Evidence suggests that Al-Qaeda does have some presence in the country, which will undoubtedly complicate the post-war situation. State of Affairs The crisis will begin in early March, Hundreds of thousands of British and American troops are stationed on ships in the Persian Gulf, in Airbases in Kuwait and Turkey, and along the Kuwaiti and Turkish borders. US and British Special Forces have entered the country, and are working with Kurdish militias in the north in preparation for assaults southward. American intelligence has been working to destabilize and compromise the morale of main line Iraqi army units. The UN Security Council continues to debate whether to authorize the invasion or not, with stiff resistance from France and Russia. With or without it, it seems inevitable that the invasion will happen.
15 Suggested Sources Keylor, William. A World of Nations: The International Order Since Oxford: Oxford University Press, Leffler, Melvin. The Foreign Policy of the George W. Bush Administration: memoirs, History, Legacy. Diplomatic History 37 (2013): The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States August 21, The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States August 21, Otterman, Sharon. IRAQ: Iraq s Pre-War Military Capabilities. Council on Foreign Relations April 24, Accessed December 7, The Accidental Guerilla, David Kilcullen. Counterinsurgency, David Kilcullen.
16 Bibliography BBC News. No-Fly Zones: The Legal Position. February 19, Accessed December 15, Brands, Hal and David Palkki. Conspiring Bastards: Saddam Hussein s Strategic View of the United States. Diplomatic History 36 (2012): Central intelligence Agency. Iraq s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs. April 24, Accessed December 11, /iraq_wmd/Iraq_Oct_2002.htm#key%20judgemetns%201 Chulov, Martin. Ahmed Chalabi: Iraqi exile whose reputation waned after return. November 3, Accessed December 16, CNN. Gulf War Fast Facts. August 2, Accessed November 1, Council on Foreign Relations. The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Gulf War. September 10, Accessed December 21, Council on Foreign Relations. Timeline: The Iraq War Accessed December 17, Duelfer, Charles WMD elimination in Iraq: The Nonproliferation Review 23, (2016): Encyclopedia Britannica. Iran-Iraq War. September Accessed December 20, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses. November Accessed December 21, er_on_iraq/pdf/iraq_human_rights.pdf Hamish Gordon. Remembering Halabja Chemical Attack. Al Jazeera March 16, Accessed December 21,
17 Keylor, William. A World of Nations: The International Order Since Oxford: Oxford University Press, Leffler, Melvin. The Foreign Policy of the George W. Bush Administration: memoirs, History, Legacy. Diplomatic History 37 (2013): The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States August 21, The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States August 21, Otterman, Sharon. IRAQ: Iraq s Pre-War Military Capabilities. Council on Foreign Relations April 24, Accessed December 7, Reiff, David. Were Sanctions Right? New York Times July 23, Accessed December 14, Taylor, Peter. Iraq war: the greatest intelligence failure in living memory. The Telegraph March 18, Accessed December 21, UNSCOM. United nations Special Commission Accessed December 21, United Nations Security Council. Resolution 687, (1991). April 3, Accessed December 12,
SSUSH23 Assess the political, economic, and technological changes during the Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, George W.
SSUSH23 Assess the political, economic, and technological changes during the Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, George W. Bush, and Obama administrations. a. Analyze challenges faced by recent presidents
More informationActivity: Persian Gulf War. Warm Up: What do you already know about the Persian Gulf War? Who was involved? When did it occur?
Activity: Persian Gulf War Warm Up: What do you already know about the Persian Gulf War? Who was involved? When did it occur? DESERT STORM PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990-91) WHAT ABOUT KUWAIT S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
More informationMiddle Eastern Conflicts
Middle Eastern Conflicts Enduring Understanding: Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world s attention no longer focuses on the tension between superpowers. Although problems rooted in the
More informationHostile Interventions Against Iraq Try, try, try again then succeed and the trouble
Hostile Interventions Against Iraq 1991-2004 Try, try, try again then succeed and the trouble US Foreign policy toward Iraq from the end of the Gulf war to the Invasion in 2003 US policy was two fold --
More informationSHOWDOWN IN THE MIDDLE EAST
SHOWDOWN IN THE MIDDLE EAST IRAN IRAQ WAR (1980 1988) PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990 1991) WAR IN IRAQ (2003 Present) WAR IN AFGHANISTAN (2001 Present) Iran Iraq War Disputes over region since collapse of the
More informationThreats to Peace and Prosperity
Lesson 2 Threats to Peace and Prosperity Airports have very strict rules about what you cannot carry onto airplanes. 1. The Twin Towers were among the tallest buildings in the world. Write why terrorists
More informationSS.7.C.4.3 International. Conflicts
SS.7.C.4.3 International Conflicts WORLD WAR I 1914-1918 (US JOINED IN 1915) BRAINPOP: HTTPS://WWW.BRAINPOP.COM/SOCIALSTUDIES/USHISTORY/WORLDWARI/ Why did the U.S. become involved? On May 7, 1915 the British
More information1 Nuclear Weapons. Chapter 1 Issues in the International Community. Part I Security Environment Surrounding Japan
1 Nuclear Weapons 1 The United States, the former Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China. France and China signed the NPT in 1992. 2 Article 6 of the NPT sets out the obligation of signatory
More informationChapter 4 The Iranian Threat
Chapter 4 The Iranian Threat From supporting terrorism and the Assad regime in Syria to its pursuit of nuclear arms, Iran poses the greatest threat to American interests in the Middle East. Through a policy
More informationIntro. To the Gulf War
Intro. To the Gulf War Persian Gulf War, conflict beginning in August 1990, when Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait. The conflict culminated in fighting in January and February 1991 between Iraq
More informationSSUSH23 Assess the political, economic, and technological changes during the Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, George W.
SSUSH23 Assess the political, economic, and technological changes during the Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, George W. Bush, and Obama administrations. a. Analyze challenges faced by recent presidents
More informationCHAPTER 8. Key Issue Four: why has terrorism increased?
CHAPTER 8 Key Issue Four: why has terrorism increased? TERRORISM Terrorism by individuals and organizations State support for terrorism Libya Afghanistan Iraq Iran TERRORISM Terrorism is the systematic
More informationChapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 3
Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 3 Objectives 1. Summarize American foreign policy from independence through World War I. 2. Show how the two World Wars affected America s traditional
More informationUpdate Paper - Battle for Mosul and US strategy for Iraq
Ever since the city of Mosul was taken over by the ISIS in June 2014, the Iraqi army along with Turkish and Kurdish Peshmerga forces, assisted by the Coalition forces have made substantial inroads into
More informationINSS Insight No. 459, August 29, 2013 US Military Intervention in Syria: The Broad Strategic Purpose, Beyond Punitive Action
, August 29, 2013 Amos Yadlin and Avner Golov Until the publication of reports that Bashar Assad s army carried out a large attack using chemical weapons in an eastern suburb of Damascus, Washington had
More informationPresident Obama and National Security
May 19, 2009 President Obama and National Security Democracy Corps The Survey Democracy Corps survey of 1,000 2008 voters 840 landline, 160 cell phone weighted Conducted May 10-12, 2009 Data shown reflects
More informationKENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR Kennedy followed the Cold War policies of his predecessors. He continued the nuclear arms buildup begun by Eisenhower. He continued to follow Truman s practice of containment.
More informationSS.7.C.4.3 Describe examples of how the United States has dealt with international conflicts.
SS.7.C.4.3 Benchmark Clarification 1: Students will identify specific examples of international conflicts in which the United States has been involved. The United States Constitution grants specific powers
More informationGlobal Interventions From 1990
Global Interventions From 1990 Overview The significance of stealth aircraft The role of air power in the Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) The role of air power in Operation Enduring Freedom The role
More informationConflict and Change. Chapter 10
Conflict and Change Chapter 10 Lesson 1 Conflicts After WWII The United Nations was created in 1945 at the end of WWII. Countries joined the UN to work together for peace. The United States and the Soviet
More informationHOMELAND SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE-4. Subject: National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction
[National Security Presidential Directives -17] HOMELAND SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE-4 Unclassified version December 2002 Subject: National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction "The gravest
More informationCRS Report for Congress
Order Code RS21376 Updated March 25, 2003 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Iraq: Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Capable Missiles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Summary Andrew
More informationTHE LESSONS OF MODERN WAR: VOLUME II THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR. By Anthony H. Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner
THE LESSONS OF MODERN WAR: VOLUME II THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR By Anthony H. Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner To David Boulton and Fred Praeger for their patient efforts and support. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTIONI
More informationOffensive Operations: Crippling Al-Qaeda. MSG H.A. McVicker. United States Army Sergeants Major Academy. Class 58. SGM Feick.
Offensive Operations 1 Running head: OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS: CRIPPLING AL-QAEDA Offensive Operations: Crippling Al-Qaeda MSG H.A. McVicker United States Army Sergeants Major Academy Class 58 SGM Feick 26
More informationGeneral Assembly First Committee. Topic A: Nuclear Non-Proliferation in the Middle East
General Assembly First Committee Topic A: Nuclear Non-Proliferation in the Middle East Above all else, we need a reaffirmation of political commitment at the highest levels to reducing the dangers that
More informationNuclear Physics 7. Current Issues
Nuclear Physics 7 Current Issues How close were we to nuclear weapons use? Examples (not all) Korean war (1950-1953) Eisenhower administration considers nuclear weapons to end stalemate Indochina war (1946-1954)
More informationChapter , McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 17 The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy The cold war era and its lessons Containment Vietnam Bipolar (power structure) 17-2 The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy The post-cold war
More informationIraq s Use of Chemical Weapons against Iran: UN Documents Shahriar Khateri
Iraq s Use of Chemical Weapons against Iran: UN Documents 1984 1988 Shahriar Khateri Background: History of Chemical Warfare Throughout ancient and medieval times poisons (e.g. poison arrows) were commonly
More informationGLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM
Adjunct Professor of International Affairs United States Military Academy at West Point GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM BARRY R. McCAFFREY GENERAL, USA (RETIRED) ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT
More informationInternational Nonproliferation Regimes after the Cold War
The Sixth Beijing ISODARCO Seminar on Arms Control October 29-Novermber 1, 1998 Shanghai, China International Nonproliferation Regimes after the Cold War China Institute for International Strategic Studies
More informationI. The Pacific Front Introduction Read the following introductory passage and answer the questions that follow.
I. The Pacific Front Introduction Read the following introductory passage and answer the questions that follow. The United States entered World War II after the attack at Pearl Harbor. There were two theaters
More informationSep. 11, 2001 Attacks are made against USA
10 Years Later Sep. 11, 2001 Attacks are made against USA Terrorist hijack four commercial aircraft making cross-country journeys and fly two into the World Trade Center in NYC, one into the Pentagon in
More informationAUSA BACKGROUND BRIEF
( AUSA BACKGROUND BRIEF No. 42 April 1992 SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES: A PRIMER Introduction A small but critical portion of the Total Force is made up of the special operations forces (SOF) of the Army,
More information2 Articles on Just Published State Department Country Reports on
2 Articles on Just Published State Department Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 Worldwide terrorist attacks decreased by 23 percent in 2017 THE HILL BY JOHN BOWDEN 09/19/18 N i l i l i a l k. a t h a Nathan
More information1
Understanding Iran s Nuclear Issue Why has the Security Council ordered Iran to stop enrichment? Because the technology used to enrich uranium to the level needed for nuclear power can also be used to
More informationSSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States.
SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States. The Cold War The Cold War (1947-1991) was the era of confrontation and competition beginning
More informationThe Global War on Terrorism
The Global War on Terrorism - Operation ENDURING FREEDOM - Operation IRAQI FREEDOM The Global War on Terrorism Almost every captain in the Air Force who flies airplanes has combat experience virtually
More informationSYRIA: Another Chemical Weapon False Flag on the Eve of Peace Talks in Brussels
SYRIA: Another Chemical Weapon False Flag on the Eve of Peace Talks in Brussels The NATO and Gulf State funded White Helmets, handling alleged Sarin gas attack victims with bare hands goes against all
More informationUnit Six: Canada Matures: Growth in the Post-War Period ( )
Unit Six: Canada Matures: Growth in the Post-War Period (1945-1970) 6.4: Canada s role on the international stage: emergence as a middle power, involvement in international organizations Meeting the Aliens
More informationNukes: Who Will Have the Bomb in the Middle East? Dr. Gary Samore. WCFIA/CMES Middle East Seminar Harvard University October 4, 2018
Nukes: Who Will Have the Bomb in the Middle East? Dr. Gary Samore WCFIA/CMES Middle East Seminar Harvard University October 4, 2018 I d like to thank Lenore Martin and the WCFIA/CMES Middle East Seminar
More informationA/55/116. General Assembly. United Nations. General and complete disarmament: Missiles. Contents. Report of the Secretary-General
United Nations General Assembly Distr.: General 6 July 2000 Original: English A/55/116 Fifty-fifth session Item 74 (h) of the preliminary list* General and complete disarmament: Missiles Report of the
More informationIRAQ SURVEY GROUP STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD OCTOBER 2004
IRAQ SURVEY GROUP STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD OCTOBER 2004 Brigadier General Joseph J. McMenamin, U.S. Marine Corps Commander Iraq Survey Group STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD BRIGADIER GENERAL JOSEPH J. MCMENAMIN,
More informationGuerrilla fighting in the south and clashes between southern and northern forces along the 38th parallel intensified during
The Korean War June 25th, 1950 - July 27th, 1953 In 1948 two different governments were established on the Korean Peninsula, fixing the South-North division of Korea. The Republic of Korea (South Korea)
More informationNATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE. The Strategic Implications of Sensitive Site Exploitation
NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE The Strategic Implications of Sensitive Site Exploitation COL Thomas S. Vandal, USA 5605 Doing Military Strategy SEMINAR H PROFESSOR Dr. David Tretler ADVISOR
More informationAUSA BACKGROUND BRIEF
AUSA BACKGROUND BREF No.62 April1994 SPECAL OPERATONS FORCES: A PRMER ntroduction A small but critical part of the U.S. Armed forces is made up of the special operations forces (SOF) of the Army, Navy
More informationSECTION 4 IRAQ S WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
SECTION 4 IRAQ S WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Introduction 1. Section 4 addresses: how the Joint Intelligence Committee s (JIC) Assessments of Iraq s chemical, biological, nuclear and ballistic missile
More information1. INSPECTIONS AND VERIFICATION Inspectors must be permitted unimpeded access to suspect sites.
As negotiators close in on a nuclear agreement Iran, Congress must press American diplomats to insist on a good deal that eliminates every Iranian pathway to a nuclear weapon. To accomplish this goal,
More informationSenate Armed Services Committee Statement on Counter-ISIL Campaign. delivered 28 October 2015, Washington, D.C.
Ashton Carter Senate Armed Services Committee Statement on Counter-ISIL Campaign delivered 28 October 2015, Washington, D.C. AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio Thank
More informationCOALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY ORDER NUMBER 91 REGULATION OF ARMED FORCES AND MILITIAS WITHIN IRAQ
COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY ORDER NUMBER 91 REGULATION OF ARMED FORCES AND MILITIAS WITHIN IRAQ Pursuant to my authority as Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), and under the
More informationThe Military Option: The Conduct and Consequences of War in the Persian Gulf
1 AIR FORCE Magazine The Military Option: The Conduct and Consequences of War in the Persian Gulf By Rep. Les Aspin, Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives January 8, 1991 I. Introduction
More informationContainment. Brinkmanship. Detente. Glasnost. Revolution. Event Year Policy HoW/Why? Name
Brinkmanship Containment Name Event Year Policy HoW/Why? Detente Glasnost Revolution Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962 the Soviet Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The United States blockaded
More informationU.S. AIR STRIKE MISSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
U.S. AIR STRIKE MISSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST THE QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES OF TODAY S AIR CAMPAIGNS IN CONTEXT AND THE IMPACT OF COMPETING PRIORITIES JUNE 2016 Operations to degrade, defeat, and destroy
More informationBiological and Chemical Weapons. Ballistic Missiles. Chapter 2
Section 2 Transfer and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Transfer and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons, or of ballistic missiles
More informationQuestion of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and of weapons of mass destruction MUNISH 11
Research Report Security Council Question of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and of weapons of mass destruction MUNISH 11 Please think about the environment and do not print this research report unless
More informationBush Faces Rising Public Doubts On Credibility and Casualties Alike
ABC NEWS/WASHINGTON POST POLL: BUSH and IRAQ 7/10/03 EMBARGO: 6:30 P.M. BROADCAST, 8 P.M. PRINT/WEB, Friday, July 11, 2003 Bush Faces Rising Public Doubts On Credibility and Casualties Alike Americans
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The realm of policy decisions concerned primarily with relations between the United States
More information** INTRODUCTION ** SINCE THE ONSET OF THE PETROLEUM AGE IN THE 1860 s, WHAT NATION HAS BEEN THE LEADING CONSUMER OF OIL?
LIGHTHOUSE CPA SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT ECONOMICS VIDEO STUDY GUIDE # 3 - RECENT HISTORY OF OIL BLOOD AND OIL THIS VIDEO NOT ONLY COVERS THE CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF OIL ( 1945 TO THE PRESENT ), BUT ALSO
More informationAddress to the Nation on the Threat of Iraq. delivered 7 October 2002, Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati, Ohio
George W. Bush Address to the Nation on the Threat of Iraq delivered 7 October 2002, Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati, Ohio Thank you for that very gracious and warm Cincinnati welcome. I'm honored
More informationThe US Retaliates in Yemen
The US Retaliates in Yemen Oct. 14, 2016 The war in Yemen could shut down shipping lanes, which the U.S. can t afford. By Jacob L. Shapiro Last Sunday, two missiles were launched at U.S. warships, the
More informationAs Americans continue to debate fervently the justification for
P e r s p e c t i v e s Saddam s Table Talk I nter view with Williamson Murray As Americans continue to debate fervently the justification for going to war against Saddam Hussein s Iraqi regime in 2003,
More informationWar in Yemen Congress Member s Wreck CDC Director Loses Job Ten-second Trivia
Assignment 35 Thursday February 1,2018 Story War in Yemen Congress Member s Wreck CDC Director Loses Job Ten-second Trivia Now Playing: Rock a Insert Bye by Clean Bandit Student Music 1 paragraph summary
More informationChapter 6 Canada at War
Chapter 6 Canada at War After the end of World War I, the countries that had been at war created a treaty of peace called the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles Germany had to take full responsibility
More informationIRAQ STRATEGY REVIEW
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IRAQ STRATEGY REVIEW NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL JANUARY 2007 Summary Briefing Slides Guiding Principles Success in Iraq remains critical to our national security and to success in the
More informationName: Reading Questions 9Y
Name: Reading Questions 9Y Gulf of Tonkin 1. According to this document, what did the North Vietnamese do? 2. Why did the United States feel compelled to respond at this point? 3. According to this document,
More informationCh 25-4 The Korean War
Ch 25-4 The Korean War The Main Idea Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world. Content
More informationPREPARED TESTIMONY BY U.S. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DONALD H. RUMSFELD SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE July 9, 2003
PREPARED TESTIMONY BY U.S. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DONALD H. RUMSFELD SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE July 9, 2003 Mr. Chairman, thank you for this opportunity to meet with the Committee. Let me begin by
More informationThe First Years of World War II
The First Years of World War II ON THE GROUND IN THE AIR ON THE SEA We know that Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and that both Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939.
More informationSTANDARD VUS.13a. STANDARD VUS.13b
STANDARD VUS.13a The student will demonstrate knowledge of United States foreign policy since World War II by describing outcomes of World War II, including political boundary changes, the formation of
More informationMore Data From Desert
USAF has released additional information about the Persian Gulf War, which opened five years ago this month. More Data From Desert PERATION Desert Storm Obegan on January 17, 1991, led off by a ferocious
More informationThe Iraqi Public on the US Presence and the Future of Iraq -A WorldPublicOpinion.org Poll-
The Iraqi Public on the US Presence and the Future of Iraq A WorldPublicOpinion.org Poll Questionnaire and Methodology Dates of Survey: September 4, 26 Margin of Error: +/ 3 % Sample Size: + 5 oversample
More informationLabel Fort Sumter on your map
FORT SUMTER The Election of Lincoln as president in 1860 was a turning point in relations between the North and the South. The South felt they no longer had a voice in national events or policies; they
More informationIraq: One Year Later
No. 825 Delivered March 17, 2004 March 23, 2004 Iraq: One Year Later James Phillips One year after the onset of the war in Iraq, I think it is safe to say that the United States is better off than it was
More informationMonday Warm-Up 9/12 What do you know about September 11, 2001?
Monday Warm-Up 9/12 What do you know about September 11, 2001? Know 9/11 Terrorism Al-Qaeda Do Summarize the events of September 11, 2001 by completing a timeline Overview September 11 th, 2001: 19 extremist
More information1. How was the downing of the statue of Saddam Hussein a metaphor of what happened in Iraq?
NAME: LOSING IRAQ THE STORY OF HOW WE LOST IRAQ AND GAINED ISIS IN THE PROCESS 1. How was the downing of the statue of Saddam Hussein a metaphor of what happened in Iraq? 2. What happened after the statue
More informationIn your spiral create 8 graphic organizers over the material provided. The graphic organizers may only have 3 spokes; therefore you will need to
In your spiral create 8 graphic organizers over the material provided. The graphic organizers may only have 3 spokes; therefore you will need to summarize/combine/rewrite the information. They may look
More informationAdopted by the Security Council at its 5710th meeting, on 29 June 2007
United Nations S/RES/1762 (2007) Security Council Distr.: General 29 June 2007 Resolution 1762 (2007) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5710th meeting, on 29 June 2007 The Security Council, Recalling
More informationWork Period: WW II European Front Notes Video Clip WW II Pacific Front Notes Video Clip. Closing: Quiz
Standard 7.0 Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the US and the nation s subsequent role in the world. Opening: Pages 249-250 and 253-254 in your Reading Study Guide. Work Period:
More informationAmerican Anthem. Modern American History. Chapter 8. The First World War Columbus statute in Rhode Island
American Anthem Modern American History Chapter 8 Columbus statute in Rhode Island The First World War 1914-1920 Copyright 2010, Mr. Ellington Ruben S. Ayala High School Chapter 8: The First World War,
More informationDoes President Trump have the authority to totally destroy North Korea?
Does President Trump have the authority to totally destroy North Korea? Prof. Robert F. Turner Distinguished Fellow Center for National Security Law University of Virginia School of Law Initial Thoughts
More informationCommitment to Restore Order in Iraq Balances Criticisms of Bush & the War
ABC NEWS/WASHINGTON POST POLL: THE WAR IN IRAQ 6/26/05 EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE AFTER 5 p.m. Monday, June 27, 2005 Commitment to Restore Order in Iraq Balances Criticisms of Bush & the War A sense of obligation
More informationBy Helen and Mark Warner. Teaching Packs - World War II - Page 1
By Helen and Mark Warner Teaching Packs - World War II - Page 1 In this section, you will learn about... 1. When the two World Wars took place. In the 20th century, there were two World Wars. The First
More informationWhy Japan Should Support No First Use
Why Japan Should Support No First Use Last year, the New York Times and the Washington Post reported that President Obama was considering ruling out the first-use of nuclear weapons, as one of several
More informationProvisional text of the resolution on Iraq acted upon by the Security Council on Friday, 8 November 2002.
Provisional text of the resolution on Iraq acted upon by the Security Council on Friday, 8 November 2002. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: draft resolution
More informationOctober 13th, Foreword
An agreement regarding the temporary U.S. presence in Iraq and its activities and withdrawal from Iraq, between the United States and the Iraqi government October 13th, 2008 Foreword Iraq and the U.S.,
More informationProgress in Iraq First Quarter Report Card
Progress in Iraq 2006 First Quarter Report Card Progress in Iraq: 2006 First Quarter Report Card -------------------------------------------------- Subject Grade --------------------------------------------------
More informationJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy: Foreign Policy. A Strategic Power Point Presentation Brought to You by Mr. Raffel
John Fitzgerald Kennedy: Foreign Policy A Strategic Power Point Presentation Brought to You by Mr. Raffel A Cold War Inaugural Address Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall
More informationThe 19th edition of the Army s capstone operational doctrine
1923 1939 1941 1944 1949 1954 1962 1968 1976 1905 1910 1913 1914 The 19th edition of the Army s capstone operational doctrine 1982 1986 1993 2001 2008 2011 1905-1938: Field Service Regulations 1939-2000:
More informationThe Executive Branch: Foreign Policy
The Executive Branch: Foreign Policy for eign pol i cy noun - a government's strategy in dealing with other nations. U.S. Foreign Policy is this country s actions, words, and beliefs towards other countries.
More informationWelcoming the restoration to Kuwait of its sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity and the return of its legitimate Government.
'5. Subject to prior notification to the Committee of the flight and its contents, the Committee hereby gives general approval under paragraph 4 (b) of resolution 670 (1990) of 25 September 1990 for all
More informationThe War in Europe 5.2
The War in Europe 5.2 On September 1, 1939, Hitler unleashed a massive air & land attack on Poland. Britain & France immediately declared war on Germany. Canada asserting its independence declares war
More informationMay 8, 2018 NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM/NSPM-11
May 8, 2018 NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM/NSPM-11 MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF STATE THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL THE SECRETARY OF ENERGY THE
More informationThe. Most Devastating War Battles
The 7 Most Devastating War Battles Prepared By: Kalon Jonasson, Ashley Rechik, April Spring, Trisha Marteinsson, Yasmin Busuttil, Laura Oddleifsson, Alicia Vernaus The Vietnam War took place from 1957
More informationStatement by the Administrative Board of the United States Catholic Conference (1980).
"[W]e support the right of selective conscientious objection as a moral conclusion which can be validly drawn from the classical moral teaching of just-war theory." Statement by the Administrative Board
More information5/27/2016 CHC2P I HUNT. 2 minutes
18 CHC2P I HUNT 2016 CHC2P I HUNT 2016 19 1 CHC2P I HUNT 2016 20 September 1, 1939 Poland Germans invaded Poland using blitzkrieg tactics Britain and France declare war on Germany Canada s declaration
More informationThe Syria Crisis: Assessing Foreign Intervention
Breaking News 15 December 2011 The Witness The Syria Crisis: Assessing Foreign Intervention December 15, 2011 0951 GMT By Scott Stewart The ongoing unrest, violence and security crackdowns in Syria have
More informationDear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2014 Montessori Model United Nations Conference.
Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2014 Montessori Model United Nations Conference. The following pages intend to guide you in the research of the topics that will be debated at MMUN
More informationTopic Page: Cuban Missile Crisis
Topic Page: Cuban Missile Crisis Definition: Cuban missile crisis from The Macquarie Dictionary 1. an international crisis occurring in October 1962, when the US demanded the removal of Soviet rockets
More informationTHE WAR IN IRAQ September 4 8, 2007
CBS NEWS/NY TIMES POLL For release: Sunday September 9, 2007 6:30 PM EDT THE WAR IN IRAQ September 4 8, 2007 The reports on Iraq from General David Petraeus, Ambassador Ryan Crocker and the Administration
More informationUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: draft resolution
United Nations S/2002/1198 Security Council Provisional 25 October 2002 Original: English United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: draft resolution The Security
More information